Ocythoe tuberculata: Difference between revisions
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More comprehensive and substantiative information was added on what was known of this species such as accepted observations on size, reproduction and predation of this species |
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{{Short description|Species of cephalopods}} |
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{{for|the harpy of Greek mythology|Ocypete}} |
{{for|the harpy of Greek mythology|Ocypete}} |
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{{redirect|Football octopus|the oracular animal|Paul the Octopus}} |
{{redirect|Football octopus|the oracular animal|Paul the Octopus}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Tuberculate pelagic octopus |
| name = Tuberculate pelagic octopus |
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| image = Ocythoe tuberculata3.jpg |
| image = Ocythoe tuberculata3.jpg |
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| image_caption = Specimen preserved in [[formaldehyde]] |
| image_caption = Specimen preserved in [[formaldehyde]] |
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| image2 = Ocythoe tuberculata.jpg |
| image2 = Ocythoe tuberculata (Merculiano).jpg |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Allcock, L. |date=2014 |title=''Ocythoe tuberculata'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T163075A969155 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163075A969155.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| grandparent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849 |
| grandparent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849 |
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| genus = Ocythoe |
| genus = Ocythoe |
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=== Morphology === |
=== Morphology === |
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''Ocythoe'' are one of the |
''Ocythoe'' are one of the few [[cephalopod]]s to have a swimbladder.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Packard|first1=A|last2=Wurtz|first2=M|date=28 May 1994|title=An Octopus, Ocythoe, with a Swimbladder and Triple Jets|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|volume=344|issue=1309|pages=261–275|doi=10.1098/rstb.1994.0065}}</ref> In captivity, two specimens were observed controlling their buoyancy and shooting water "forwards, upwards, sideways, and backwards" from the upper channel of the mantle cavity. ''Ocythoe'' achieves this by altering the dorso-lateral corners of the mantle opening.<ref name=":0" /> The entire swimbladder structure rests on the "visceral mass" and connects to the mantle cavity. It is also innervated and vascular.<ref name=":0" /> Juvenile and adult swimbladders exhibit key differences. Juveniles tend to have thicker and "gelatinous" walls with more spherical cells.<ref name=":0" /> Adults on the other hand have a less gelatinous appearance and a constitutively open lumen.<ref name=":0" /> Dwarf males do not possess swimbladders.<ref name=":0" /> ''Ocythoe'' is the only cephalopod to possess a proper gas bladder, based on specimens kept in captivity, although the origins of the gas is still an area of research.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Sexual |
=== Sexual dimorphism === |
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Female and male tuberculate pelagic octopuses have distinct morphological differences. Females exhibit a larger dorsal mantle length upon maturity around 300 millimeters, while males only reach a dorsal mantle length of around 30 millimeters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal| |
Female and male tuberculate pelagic octopuses have distinct morphological differences. Females exhibit a larger dorsal mantle length upon maturity around 300 millimeters, while males only reach a dorsal mantle length of around 30 millimeters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Roper|first1=Clyde|last2=Sweeney|first2=Michael|date=March 1976|title=THE PELAGIC OCTOPOD OCYTHOE TUBERCULATA RAFINESQUE, 1814|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/11332/iz_roper_1975.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the American Malacological Union|pages=21–28|via=The Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> The females are around {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} long when full-grown. The males are considerably smaller, around {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Males also have a well-developed hectocotylus on the third arm.<ref name=":1" /> This structure contains the spermatophores and is dislodged and detached in the mantle of the female during mating and remains for an extended period of time for fertilization.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Young females and mature males have been observed residing inside [[salp]]s, although little is known about this relationship. |
Young females and mature males have been observed residing inside [[salp]]s, although little is known about this relationship. |
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=== Distribution === |
=== Distribution === |
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''O. tuberculata'' have been well |
''O. tuberculata'' have been well known for inhabiting mainly northern hemisphere waters, typically in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the eastern and western parts of the North Atlantic.<ref name=":1" /> ''O. tuberculata'' has also been found in the northern Pacific waters, with very few individuals found in the southern hemisphere, either in the Indian or Pacific oceans.<ref name=":1" /> ''O. tuberculata'' has typically been found in warmer waters. There is some speculation that warm ocean currents moving eastward from the Indian Ocean are responsible for the small sample of specimens found in northern pacific waters, but this has yet to be confirmed or denied.<ref name=":1" /> |
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''O. tuberculata'' is a near-surface dwelling pelagic octopus, living between depths of 100 and 200 meters.<ref name=":1" /> |
''O. tuberculata'' is a near-surface dwelling pelagic octopus, living between depths of 100 and 200 meters.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Lifespan and |
== Lifespan and reproduction == |
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Female tuberculate pelagic octopuses are known to have a high fecundity, producing nearly 100,000 eggs. One female specimen caught in May 2003 had a record-breaking 1 million eggs, the most of any Octopoda.<ref>{{Cite journal| |
Female tuberculate pelagic octopuses are known to have a high fecundity, producing nearly 100,000 eggs. One female specimen caught in May 2003 had a record-breaking 1 million eggs, the most of any Octopoda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salman|first1=Alp|last2=Meryem|first2=Akalin|date=2012|title=A Rare Pelagic Cephalopod Ocythoe tuberculata (Octopoda: Argonautoidea): The Record Fecundity for Octopoda and New Data on Morphometry|url=http://www.trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_511.pdf|journal=Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=12|issue=2 |pages=339–344|doi=10.4194/1303-2712-v12_2_20 |via=Direct}}</ref> Egg size is typically very small, measuring 1.75 mm long and 1.00 mm wide.<ref name=":1" /> This has been seen as a trend in other pelagic octopus species. Tuberculate pelagic octopuses is said to be viviparous, meaning their offspring develop with in the body of the parent.<ref name=":1" /> However, several different authors dispute exactly how and where this development occurs. The general consensus is the eggs develop in expanded oviducts.<ref name=":1" /> Fertilization occurs when the hectocotylus is deposited from the male in the female's mantle cavity.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Argonautoidea): The Record Fecundity for Octopoda and New Data on |
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Morphometry|url=http://www.trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_511.pdf|journal=Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=12|pages=339-344|via=Direct}}</ref> Egg size is typically very small, measuring 1.75 mm long and 1.00 mm wide.<ref name=":1" /> This has been seen as a trend in other pelagic octopus species. Tuberculate pelagic octopuses is said to be viviparous, meaning their offspring develop with in the body of the parent.<ref name=":1" /> However, several different authors dispitute exactly how and where this development occurs. The general consensus is the eggs develop in expanded oviducts.<ref name=":1" /> Fertilization occurs when the hectocotylus is deposited from the male in the female’s mantle cavity.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Diet == |
== Diet == |
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The diet of ''Ocythoe'' is undocumented, however most octopuses are predatory. It is known that open ocean octopuses typically feed on prawns, fish, or other cephalopods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/octopus-and-squid/page-3|title=3. |
The diet of ''Ocythoe'' is undocumented, however most octopuses are predatory. It is known that open ocean octopuses typically feed on prawns, fish, or other cephalopods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/octopus-and-squid/page-3|title=3. – Octopus and squid – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> |
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== Predators == |
== Predators == |
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There are a number of known predators that prey on Ocythoe. These are lancet fishes (''Alepisaurus borealis'' and ''A. ferox''), tunas (''Thunnus alalunga, T. thunnus, and Germon germon)'', and |
There are a number of known predators that prey on Ocythoe. These are lancet fishes (''Alepisaurus borealis'' and ''A. ferox''), tunas (''Thunnus alalunga, T. thunnus, and Germon germon)'', and Risso's dolphin (''Grampus griseus'').<ref name=":1" /> These predators have a large vertical range, and typically prey on ''O. tuberculata'' between 100 and 200 meters.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Ocythoe tuberculata |
File:Ocythoe tuberculata (Merculiano).jpg|Male with attached [[hectocotylus]] that has broken free from its sac |
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Image:Ocythoe tuberculata viscera |
Image:Ocythoe tuberculata viscera.jpg|Cut-away drawing of the viscera |
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Image:Ocythoe tuberculata hectocotylus |
Image:Ocythoe tuberculata hectocotylus.jpg|Details of the hectocotylus |
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File:Ocythoe tuberculata paralarva |
File:Ocythoe tuberculata paralarva.jpg|''O. tuberculata'' [[paralarva]] |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Ocythoe tuberculata}} |
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{{CephBase Species|692}} |
{{CephBase Species|692}} |
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*[http://www.tolweb.org/tree?group=Ocythoe_tuberculata&contgroup=Argonautoidea Tree of Life web project: ''Ocythoe tuberculata''] |
*[http://www.tolweb.org/tree?group=Ocythoe_tuberculata&contgroup=Argonautoidea Tree of Life web project: ''Ocythoe tuberculata''] |
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[[Category:Molluscs of North America]] |
[[Category:Molluscs of North America]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of California]] |
[[Category:Fauna of California]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Cephalopods described in 1814]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] |
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{{octopus-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:53, 25 November 2023
| Tuberculate pelagic octopus | |
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| Specimen preserved in formaldehyde | |
.jpg)
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Octopoda |
| Family: | Ocythoidae Gray, 1849 |
| Genus: | Ocythoe Rafinesque, 1814[2] |
| Species: | O. tuberculata
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| Binomial name | |
| Ocythoe tuberculata Rafinesque, 1814
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Ocythoe tuberculata, also known as the tuberculate pelagic octopus or football octopus, is a pelagic octopus. It is the only known species in the family Ocythoidae.
Ocythoe tuberculata is found in warm and temperate seas, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, such as the North Pacific Ocean off California.
Description[edit]
Morphology[edit]
Ocythoe are one of the few cephalopods to have a swimbladder.[3] In captivity, two specimens were observed controlling their buoyancy and shooting water "forwards, upwards, sideways, and backwards" from the upper channel of the mantle cavity. Ocythoe achieves this by altering the dorso-lateral corners of the mantle opening.[3] The entire swimbladder structure rests on the "visceral mass" and connects to the mantle cavity. It is also innervated and vascular.[3] Juvenile and adult swimbladders exhibit key differences. Juveniles tend to have thicker and "gelatinous" walls with more spherical cells.[3] Adults on the other hand have a less gelatinous appearance and a constitutively open lumen.[3] Dwarf males do not possess swimbladders.[3] Ocythoe is the only cephalopod to possess a proper gas bladder, based on specimens kept in captivity, although the origins of the gas is still an area of research.[3]
Sexual dimorphism[edit]
Female and male tuberculate pelagic octopuses have distinct morphological differences. Females exhibit a larger dorsal mantle length upon maturity around 300 millimeters, while males only reach a dorsal mantle length of around 30 millimeters.[4] The females are around 1 m (3.3 ft) long when full-grown. The males are considerably smaller, around 10 cm (3.9 in). Males also have a well-developed hectocotylus on the third arm.[4] This structure contains the spermatophores and is dislodged and detached in the mantle of the female during mating and remains for an extended period of time for fertilization.[4]
Young females and mature males have been observed residing inside salps, although little is known about this relationship.
Distribution[edit]
O. tuberculata have been well known for inhabiting mainly northern hemisphere waters, typically in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the eastern and western parts of the North Atlantic.[4] O. tuberculata has also been found in the northern Pacific waters, with very few individuals found in the southern hemisphere, either in the Indian or Pacific oceans.[4] O. tuberculata has typically been found in warmer waters. There is some speculation that warm ocean currents moving eastward from the Indian Ocean are responsible for the small sample of specimens found in northern pacific waters, but this has yet to be confirmed or denied.[4]
O. tuberculata is a near-surface dwelling pelagic octopus, living between depths of 100 and 200 meters.[4]
Lifespan and reproduction[edit]
Female tuberculate pelagic octopuses are known to have a high fecundity, producing nearly 100,000 eggs. One female specimen caught in May 2003 had a record-breaking 1 million eggs, the most of any Octopoda.[5] Egg size is typically very small, measuring 1.75 mm long and 1.00 mm wide.[4] This has been seen as a trend in other pelagic octopus species. Tuberculate pelagic octopuses is said to be viviparous, meaning their offspring develop with in the body of the parent.[4] However, several different authors dispute exactly how and where this development occurs. The general consensus is the eggs develop in expanded oviducts.[4] Fertilization occurs when the hectocotylus is deposited from the male in the female's mantle cavity.[4]
Diet[edit]
The diet of Ocythoe is undocumented, however most octopuses are predatory. It is known that open ocean octopuses typically feed on prawns, fish, or other cephalopods.[6]
Predators[edit]
There are a number of known predators that prey on Ocythoe. These are lancet fishes (Alepisaurus borealis and A. ferox), tunas (Thunnus alalunga, T. thunnus, and Germon germon), and Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus).[4] These predators have a large vertical range, and typically prey on O. tuberculata between 100 and 200 meters.[4]
Gallery[edit]
-
Male with attached hectocotylus that has broken free from its sac -
Cut-away drawing of the viscera -
Details of the hectocotylus -
O. tuberculata paralarva
.jpg)
.jpg)
Lower (left) and upper beaks of female Ocythoe tuberculata in lateral view
3D red cyan glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
3D red cyan glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.References[edit]
- ^ Allcock, L. (2014). "Ocythoe tuberculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163075A969155. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163075A969155.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b Serge Gofas (2017). "Ocythoe Rafinesque, 1814". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Packard, A; Wurtz, M (28 May 1994). "An Octopus, Ocythoe, with a Swimbladder and Triple Jets". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 344 (1309): 261–275. doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0065.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Roper, Clyde; Sweeney, Michael (March 1976). "THE PELAGIC OCTOPOD OCYTHOE TUBERCULATA RAFINESQUE, 1814" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Malacological Union: 21–28 – via The Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Salman, Alp; Meryem, Akalin (2012). "A Rare Pelagic Cephalopod Ocythoe tuberculata (Octopoda: Argonautoidea): The Record Fecundity for Octopoda and New Data on Morphometry" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 12 (2): 339–344. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v12_2_20 – via Direct.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "3. – Octopus and squid – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocythoe tuberculata.
- "CephBase: Ocythoe tuberculata". Archived from the original on 17 August 2005.
- Tree of Life web project: Ocythoe tuberculata