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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{italictitle}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
|name=White alder
| image = Alnus rhombifolia NPS.jpg
|image=Alnus rhombifolia NPS.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Foliage and fruit
|image_caption=Foliage and fruit
|status=LC
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|status_system=IUCN3.1
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |author=Stritch, L. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Alnus rhombifolia'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=208 |at=e.T194648A2355642. |publisher=[[IUCN]] |year=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194648A2355642.en |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
⚫
|genus=Alnus
| ordo = [[Fagales]]
|parent=Alnus subg. Alnus
| familia = [[Betulaceae]]
⚫
|species=rhombifolia
⚫
| genus = ''[[Alder|Alnus]]''
⚫
|authority=[[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]
| subgenus = ''Alnus''
|range_map=Alnus rhombifolia range map 1.png
⚫
| species = '''''A. rhombifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Alnus rhombifolia''
|range_map_caption=Natural range of ''Alnus rhombifolia''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]
}}
}}


'''''Alnus rhombifolia''''', the '''White Alder''', is an [[alder]] native to western [[North America]], from [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] east to western [[Montana]] and south to [[California]], occurring at altitudes of 100–2400 m.<ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500038 ''Alnus rhombifolia'']</ref><ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?316543 ''Alnus rhombifolia'']</ref> It has not been reported from northern [[Baja California]] but has been predicted to occur there on the basis of its climatic adaptation.<ref name=fna/>
'''''Alnus rhombifolia''''', the '''white alder''', is an [[alder]] tree native to western [[North America]], from [[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] east to western [[Montana]], southeast to the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], and south through the [[Peninsular Ranges]] and [[Colorado Desert]] oases in Southern [[California]].<ref name="ucjeps">{{cite web |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Alnus+rhombifolia |title=UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for ALNUS rhombifolia |website=ucjeps.berkeley.edu |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref> It occurs in [[riparian zone]] [[habitat]]s at an altitudes range of {{convert|100|–|2400|m|ft}}.<ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500038 ''Alnus rhombifolia'']</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> While not reported in northern [[Baja California]], it has been predicted on the basis of its climatic adaptation to occur there also.<ref name=fna/> ''Alnus rhombifolia'' is primarily found in the [[California chaparral and woodlands|chaparral and woodlands]], [[montane]], and [[temperate forest]]s [[ecoregion]]s.<ref name="ucjeps" />


==Description==
''Alnus rhombifolia'' is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to {{convert|15|–|25|m|ft}} (rarely to {{convert|35|m|ft}}) tall, with pale gray bark, smooth on young trees, becoming scaly on old trees. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, rhombic to narrow elliptic, {{convert|4|–|10|cm|in}} long and {{convert|2|–|5|cm|in}} broad, with a finely serrated margin and a rounded to acute apex; they are thinly hairy below.<ref name="calphoto">http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-lifeform=any&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=Alnus+rhombifolia&rel-namesoup=matchphrase&where-namesoup=&rel-location=matchphrase&where-location=&rel-county=eq&where-county=any&rel-state=eq&where-state=any&rel-country=eq&where-country=any&where-collectn=any&rel-photographer=contains&where-photographer=&rel-kwid=equals&where-kwid=&max_rows=24 calphoto . accessed 9/29/2010</ref>


''Alnus rhombifolia'' is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 15–25 m (rarely to 35 m) tall, with pale gray bark, smooth on young trees, becoming scaly on old trees. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, rhombic to narrow elliptic, 4–10 cm long and 2–5 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin and a rounded to acute apex; they are thinly hairy below. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[catkin]]s. The male catkins are pendulous, slender, 3–10 cm long, yellowish, and produced in clusters of two to seven; pollination is in early spring, before the leaves emerge. The female catkins are ovoid, when mature in autumn 10–22 mm long and 7–10 mm broad, on a 1–10 mm stem, superficially resembling a small [[conifer cone]]. The small winged [[seed]]s disperse through the winter, leaving the old woody, blackish 'cones' on the tree for up to a year after.<ref name=fna/><ref name=jeps>Jepson Flora: [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Alnus+rhombifolia ''Alnus rhombifolia'']</ref><ref name=osu>Oregon State University: [http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/alrho.htm ''Alnus rhombifolia'']</ref>
The [[flower]]s are produced in [[catkin]]s. The male catkins are pendulous, slender, {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in}} long, yellowish, and produced in clusters of two to seven; pollination is in early spring, before the leaves emerge. The female catkins are ovoid, when mature in autumn {{convert|10|–|22|mm|in}} long and {{convert|7|–|10|mm|in}} broad, on a {{convert|1|–|10|mm|in}} stem, superficially resembling a small [[conifer cone]].<ref name="calphoto" /> The small winged [[seed]]s disperse through the winter, leaving the old woody, blackish 'cones' on the tree for up to a year after.<ref name="ucjeps" /><ref name=fna/><ref name=osu>Oregon State University: [https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/alnus-rhombifolia ''Alnus rhombifolia'']</ref>


It is closely related to [[Red Alder]], differing in the leaf margins being flat, not curled under. Like other alders, it is able to [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the air, and thrives on infertile soils.<ref name=osu/>
The white alder is closely related to the [[Alnus rubra|red alder (''Alnus rubra'')]], differing in the leaf margins being flat, not curled under. Like other alders, it is able to [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]], and tolerates infertile soils.<ref name=osu/>


==Uses==
==Medicinal use==
Some [[Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau|Plateau Indian]] tribes used white alder for the treatment of "female problems". <ref name="hunn">{{cite book |last= Hunn |first= Eugene S. |title= Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year= 1990 |isbn= 0-295-97119-3| page=351}}</ref>
Some [[Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau|Plateau Indian]] tribes use white alder for female health treatment needs.<ref name="hunn">{{cite book |last=Hunn |first=Eugene S. |title=Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=1990 |isbn=0-295-97119-3| page=351}}</ref>

==Gardens==
''Alnus rhombifolia'' is cultivated in the [[horticulture]] trade as an [[ornamental tree]] for traditional, [[native plant]], and [[habitat garden]]s, and various types of municipal and commercial sustainable landscape projects.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{CommonsCat|Alnus rhombifolia}}
{{Commons category|Alnus rhombifolia|position=left}}
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=12722 Jepson Manual treatment- ''Alnus rhombifolia'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PISA2 USDA: ''Alnus rhombifolia'' - data and range maps]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-lifeform=any&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=Alnus+rhombifolia&rel-namesoup=matchphrase&where-namesoup=&rel-location=matchphrase&where-location=&rel-county=eq&where-county=any&rel-state=eq&where-state=any&rel-country=eq&where-country=any&where-collectn=any&rel-photographer=contains&where-photographer=&rel-kwid=equals&where-kwid=&max_rows=24 ''Alnus rhombifolia'' - Photo gallery]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2666303}}


[[Category:Alnus|rhombifolia]]
[[Category:Alnus|rhombifolia]]
[[Category:Trees of the West Coast (U.S.)]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Trees of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1842]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada region (U.S.)]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Trees of California]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Trees of Washington (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Trees of Montana]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]


[[es:Alnus rhombifolia]]

Latest revision as of 13:19, 23 December 2023

White alder
Foliage and fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae
Genus: Alnus
Subgenus: Alnus subg. Alnus
Species:
A. rhombifolia
Binomial name
Alnus rhombifolia
Natural range of Alnus rhombifolia

Alnus rhombifolia, the white alder, is an alder tree native to western North America, from British Columbia and Washington east to western Montana, southeast to the Sierra Nevada, and south through the Peninsular Ranges and Colorado Desert oases in Southern California.[2] It occurs in riparian zone habitats at an altitudes range of 100–2,400 metres (330–7,870 ft).[3][4] While not reported in northern Baja California, it has been predicted on the basis of its climatic adaptation to occur there also.[3] Alnus rhombifolia is primarily found in the chaparral and woodlands, montane, and temperate forests ecoregions.[2]

Description[edit]

Alnus rhombifolia is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 15–25 metres (49–82 ft) (rarely to 35 metres (115 ft)) tall, with pale gray bark, smooth on young trees, becoming scaly on old trees. The leaves are alternate, rhombic to narrow elliptic, 4–10 centimetres (1.6–3.9 in) long and 2–5 centimetres (0.79–1.97 in) broad, with a finely serrated margin and a rounded to acute apex; they are thinly hairy below.[5]

The flowers are produced in catkins. The male catkins are pendulous, slender, 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) long, yellowish, and produced in clusters of two to seven; pollination is in early spring, before the leaves emerge. The female catkins are ovoid, when mature in autumn 10–22 millimetres (0.39–0.87 in) long and 7–10 millimetres (0.28–0.39 in) broad, on a 1–10 millimetres (0.039–0.394 in) stem, superficially resembling a small conifer cone.[5] The small winged seeds disperse through the winter, leaving the old woody, blackish 'cones' on the tree for up to a year after.[2][3][6]

The white alder is closely related to the red alder (Alnus rubra), differing in the leaf margins being flat, not curled under. Like other alders, it is able to fix nitrogen, and tolerates infertile soils.[6]

Medicinal use[edit]

Some Plateau Indian tribes use white alder for female health treatment needs.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2014). "Alnus rhombifolia". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 208. IUCN. e.T194648A2355642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194648A2355642.en.
  2. ^ a b c "UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for ALNUS rhombifolia". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  3. ^ a b c Flora of North America: Alnus rhombifolia
  4. ^ "Alnus rhombifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-lifeform=any&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=Alnus+rhombifolia&rel-namesoup=matchphrase&where-namesoup=&rel-location=matchphrase&where-location=&rel-county=eq&where-county=any&rel-state=eq&where-state=any&rel-country=eq&where-country=any&where-collectn=any&rel-photographer=contains&where-photographer=&rel-kwid=equals&where-kwid=&max_rows=24 calphoto . accessed 9/29/2010
  6. ^ a b Oregon State University: Alnus rhombifolia
  7. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 351. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alnus rhombifolia.
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