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{{Short description|Sudanese al-Qaeda co-founder imprisoned in the US (born 1958)}}
{{Infobox criminal
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Mamdouh Mahmud Salim<br/>ممدوح محمود سالم
| name = Mamdouh Mahmud Salim
| native_name = {{lang|ar|ممدوح محمود سالم}}
| image_name = Mamdouh Mahmud Salim.jpg
| image_name = Mamdouh Mahmud Salim.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption =
| image_size = 150px
⚫
| image_caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Sudan]]
| birth_place = [[Sudan]]
| death_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| cause =
| death_place =
⚫
| cause =
| alias =Abu Hajer al-Iraqi<ref name="arnie">Fitzgerald, Patrick J. United States of America v. Enaam M. Arnaout, "[http://news.findlaw.com/wsj/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf Governments Evidentiary Proffer Supporting the Admissibility of Co-Conspirator Statements]", before Hon. Suzanne B. Conlon</ref><br/>أبو هاجر العراقي
| alias = Abu Hajer al-Iraqi<ref name="arnie">Fitzgerald, Patrick J. United States of America v. Enaam M. Arnaout, "[http://news.findlaw.com/wsj/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf Governments Evidentiary Proffer Supporting the Admissibility of Co-Conspirator Statements]", before Hon. Suzanne B. Conlon</ref><br/>{{lang|ar|أبو هاجر العراقي}}
⚫
| motive =
| charge =Terrorism
| motive =
| conviction =Attempted murder
| charge = Terrorism
| conviction_penalty =
| conviction = Attempted murder
| conviction_status = Life without parole
| conviction_penalty = Life imprisonment without parole
| conviction_status = Incarcerated at [[ADX Florence]]
⚫
| occupation =
| spouse =
| occupation =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| children =
| nationality = [[Kurds|Kurdish]] from Iraq, born in Sudan<ref>The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11; Lawrence Wright; p. 193</ref>
}}
}}
⚫
'''Mamdouh Mahmud Salim''' ({{lang-ar|ممدوح محمود سالم}}, ''Mamdūḥ Maḥmūd Sālim''; b. 1958 in [[Sudan]]) is a Sudanese co-founder of the Islamist terrorist network [[al-Qaeda]]. He was arrested on 16 September 1998 near [[Munich]].<ref name="r911">[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf Complete report] of the 9-11 Commission (large PDF file)</ref> On 20 December 1998 he was extradited to the United States, where he was charged<ref name="indicted">[http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf Copy of indictment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906010435/http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf |date=2012-09-06 }} USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]]</ref> with participating in the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]].


⚫
'''Mamdouh Mahmud Salim''' ({{lang-ar|ممدوح محمود سالم}}, ''Mamdūḥ Maḥmūd Sālim''; b. 1958 in [[Sudan]]) is a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] co-founder of the Islamist terrorist network [[al-Qaeda]]. He was arrested on 16 September 1998 near [[Munich]].<ref name="r911">[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf Complete report] of the 9-11 Commission (large PDF file)</ref> On 20 December 1998, he was extradited to the United States, where he was charged<ref name="indicted">[http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf Copy of indictment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906010435/http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf |date=2012-09-06 }} USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]]</ref> with participating in the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]].
Since then he has been convicted of attempted murder, after stabbing one prison guard during an attempted escape. He was sentenced to 32 years for the crimes.<ref name="alq">Williams, Paul L., "Al Qaeda: Brotherhood of Terror", 2002</ref><ref name="convicted">[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/03/attacks.prison.stabbing/index.html Bin Laden aide sentenced to 32 years in prison for jail stabbing], [[CNN]], 4 March 2004</ref>
In 2008, however, a Federal Appeals judge ruled that the judge in the case was in error when he ruled that the stabbing was not part of a terrorism plot. He ordered resentencing.<ref name=NYTimes2008-12-02>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/nyregion/03sentence.html
|title=Panel Rules Jail Stabbing Constituted Terrorism
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|author=[[Benjamin Weiser]]
|date=2008-12-02
|accessdate=2008-12-04
|quote=
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F03%2Fnyregion%2F03sentence.html&date=2008-12-04
|archivedate=2008-12-04
|df=
}}
</ref>


He was convicted of attempted murder after stabbing one prison guard during an attempted escape on 1 November 2000. He was sentenced to 32 years for the crimes in May 2004.<ref name="alq">Williams, Paul L., "Al Qaeda: Brotherhood of Terror", 2002</ref><ref name="convicted">[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/03/attacks.prison.stabbing/index.html Bin Laden aide sentenced to 32 years in prison for jail stabbing], [[CNN]], 4 March 2004</ref> In December 2008, however, a federal appeals judge ruled that the judge in the case was in error when he ruled that the stabbing was not part of a terrorism plot. He ordered resentencing.<ref name=NYTimes2008-12-02>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/nyregion/03sentence.html |title=Panel Rules Jail Stabbing Constituted Terrorism |work=[[New York Times]] |author=Benjamin Weiser |author-link=Benjamin Weiser |date=2008-12-02 |access-date=2008-12-04 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115201111/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/nyregion/03sentence.html|archive-date=2018-01-15}} </ref>
⚫
He was re-sentenced to life without parole in August 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-08-31-bin--laden-aide-prison_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Ex-bin Laden aide gets life for prison stabbing | date=2010-08-31}}</ref> He is now an inmate of the [[ADX Florence]] facility in [[Florence, Colorado]] (reg.nr. 42426-054).

⚫
He was re-sentenced to life without parole in August 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-08-31-bin--laden-aide-prison_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Ex-bin Laden aide gets life for prison stabbing | date=2010-08-31}}</ref> He is now an inmate of the [[ADX Florence]] facility.


==Founding al-Qaeda in 1988==
==Founding al-Qaeda in 1988==
Line 46: Line 35:
According to [[Jamal al-Fadl]], Salim instructed militant recruits in the works of [[Ibn Taymiyyah]].<ref name="sacredcows">Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. "The Age of Sacred Terror", 2002</ref> Other allegations suggest he travelled to China, Japan or Hong Kong with [[Mohammed Loay Bayazid]] in 1990 to facilitate the purchase of communications equipment for the Sudanese government.<ref name="int">[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/16981200/T1-B24-Various-Interrogation-Reports-Fdr-4298-FBI-Investigation-Source Interview of anonymous source], May 15, 1998</ref> In [[Khartoum]], he travelled to [[Hilat Koko]] with [[Jamal al-Fadl]] in late 1993 or early 1994, and met with [[Amin Abdel Marouf]] to discuss chemical weapons.<ref name="sacredcows"/>
According to [[Jamal al-Fadl]], Salim instructed militant recruits in the works of [[Ibn Taymiyyah]].<ref name="sacredcows">Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. "The Age of Sacred Terror", 2002</ref> Other allegations suggest he travelled to China, Japan or Hong Kong with [[Mohammed Loay Bayazid]] in 1990 to facilitate the purchase of communications equipment for the Sudanese government.<ref name="int">[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/16981200/T1-B24-Various-Interrogation-Reports-Fdr-4298-FBI-Investigation-Source Interview of anonymous source], May 15, 1998</ref> In [[Khartoum]], he travelled to [[Hilat Koko]] with [[Jamal al-Fadl]] in late 1993 or early 1994, and met with [[Amin Abdel Marouf]] to discuss chemical weapons.<ref name="sacredcows"/>


He is also credited by al-Fadl's testimony with a 1992 [[fatwa]] issued at the request of Al Qaeda leadership,<ref name=kadri-171-2/> described as pivotal in Al-Qaeda's development as it provided the group with justification for the killing of Muslim civilians and bystanders in the course of killing Americans and other non-Muslim enemies.<ref name=kadri-171-2/><ref name=wright-174>{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Lawrence|title=''Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11|date=2006|publisher=Knopf|location=NY|pages=174-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dCnb4uR63EC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=%22One+Thursday+evening,+Abu+Hajer+addressed+the+ethics+of+killing+innocent+people&source=bl&ots=10D_P3_qN-&sig=-oklyoyHY0dDDdzsOgmF9sOOK0s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMI4NClyOemyAIVCYUNCh1DRwmQ#v=onepage&q=%22One%20Thursday%20evening%2C%20Abu%20Hajer%20addressed%20the%20ethics%20of%20killing%20innocent%20people&f=false|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref> The fatwa is putatively based on [[Ibn Taymiyyah#Third invasion and fatwa|one]] by the influential 14th-century [[Salafi]] scholar [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] ("Ibn al Tamiyeh") permitting the killing of Muslim supporters of the "Tartars" ([[Ibn_Taymiyyah#Involvement_in_Mongol_invasion|Mongols]]) who threatened to invade the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Egypt.<ref name=kadri-171-2/><ref name=wright-174/> In testimony al-Fadl was asked:
He is also credited by al-Fadl's testimony with a 1992 [[fatwa]] issued at the request of Al Qaeda leadership,<ref name=kadri-171-2/> described as pivotal in al-Qaeda's development as it provided the group with justification for the killing of Muslim civilians and bystanders in the course of killing Americans and other non-Muslim enemies.<ref name=kadri-171-2/><ref name=wright-174>{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Lawrence|title=Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11|date=2006|publisher=Knopf|location=NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/174 174]-5|isbn=9780375414862 |url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|quote=One Thursday evening, Abu Hajer addressed the ethics of killing innocent people.|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> The fatwa is putatively based on [[Ibn Taymiyyah#Third invasion and the Anathematization of the Mongols|one]] by the influential 14th-century [[Salafi]] scholar [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] ("Ibn al Tamiyeh") permitting the killing of Muslim supporters of the "Tartars" ([[Ibn Taymiyyah#Involvement in the Mongol invasions|Mongols]]) who threatened to invade the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Egypt.<ref name=kadri-171-2/><ref name=wright-174/> In testimony al-Fadl was asked:
<blockquote>Q. Can you tell us now what Abu Hajer al Iraqi said about Ibn al Tamiyeh?<BR>
<blockquote>Q. Can you tell us now what Abu Hajer al Iraqi said about Ibn al Tamiyeh?<BR>
A. He said that our time now is similar like in that time, and he say Ibn al Tamiyeh, when a tartar come to Arabic war, Arabic countries that time, he say some Muslims, they help them. And he says Ibn al Tamiyeh, he make a fatwah. He said anybody around the tartar, he buy something from them and he sell them something, you should kill him. And also, if when you attack the tartar, if anybody around them, anything, or he's not military or that -- if you kill him, you don't have to worry about that. If he's a good person, he go to paradise and if he's a bad person, he go to hell.<ref name=transcript>{{cite web|title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. USAMA BIN LADEN, et al., Day 2 of the trial.|url=https://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-02.htm|website=Natsios Young Architects|publisher=Digital file from the Court Reporters Office, Southern District of New York.|accessdate=3 October 2015|date=February 6, 2001}}</ref><ref name=kadri-171-2>{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... |date=2012 |publisher=macmillan |isbn=9780099523277 |pages=171-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAWoVChMIob7syrnZxwIVhg6SCh0fYg3Z#v=onepage&q=Heaven%20on%20Earth%3A%20A%20Journey%20Through%20Shari'a%20Law&f=false|}}</ref></blockquote>
A. He said that our time now is similar like in that time, and he say Ibn al Tamiyeh, when a tartar come to Arabic war, Arabic countries that time, he say some Muslims, they help them. And he says Ibn al Tamiyeh, he make a fatwah. He said anybody around the tartar, he buy something from them and he sell them something, you should kill him. And also, if when you attack the tartar, if anybody around them, anything, or he's not military or that -- if you kill him, you don't have to worry about that. If he's a good person, he go to paradise and if he's a bad person, he go to hell.<ref name=transcript>{{cite web|title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. USAMA BIN LADEN, et al., Day 2 of the trial.|url=https://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-02.htm|website=Natsios Young Architects|publisher=Digital file from the Court Reporters Office, Southern District of New York.|access-date=3 October 2015|date=February 6, 2001}}</ref><ref name=kadri-171-2>{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=macmillan|isbn=9780099523277 |pages=171–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law}}</ref></blockquote>


He was arrested approximately September 8, 1998 in Germany, and extradited to the United States. However, his joint bank account with [[Mamoun Darkanzali]] was not investigated, and the latter transferred the funds to a militant who would later participate in the [[9/11|9/11 hijackings]].<ref name="sacredcows"/>
He was arrested approximately September 8, 1998, in Germany, and extradited to the United States. However, his joint bank account with [[Mamoun Darkanzali]] was not investigated, and the latter transferred the funds to a militant who would later participate in the [[9/11|9/11 hijackings]].<ref name="sacredcows"/>


==Indictment for the embassy bombings==
==Indictment for the embassy bombings==
Salim's name occurs frequently in 157-page indictment, sometimes alongside the name of [[Osama bin Laden]] and no one else. According to the indictment
Salim's name occurs frequently in 157-page indictment, sometimes alongside the name of [[Osama bin Laden]] and no one else. According to the indictment:
* he was a member of the ''majlis al shura'' of al-Qaeda
* He was a member of the ''majlis al shura'' of al-Qaeda
* he managed al-Qaeda [[Afghan training camp|training camps]] and [[al Qaida guest house|guesthouses]] in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]
* He managed al-Qaeda [[Afghan training camp|training camps]] and [[al Qaida guest house|guesthouses]] in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]
* he purchased land for training camps
* He purchased land for training camps
* he purchased warehouses for storage of items including explosives, and purchased communications and electronics equipment
* He purchased warehouses for storage of items including explosives, and purchased communications and electronics equipment
* he transferred funds between corporate accounts
* He transferred funds between corporate accounts
* he transported money and weapons to members of al-Qaeda and associated terrorist organizations
* He transported money and weapons to members of al-Qaeda and associated terrorist organizations
* he traveled, on behalf of al Qaeda and its affiliated groups, to [[Malaysia]], [[China]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Germany]]
* He traveled, on behalf of al Qaeda and its affiliated groups, to [[Malaysia]], [[China]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Germany]]
* he worked with [[Wadih el-Hage]] in various of bin Laden's companies
* He worked with [[Wadih el-Hage]] in various of bin Laden's companies
* he helped to obtain communications equipment for the Sudanese intelligence service
* He helped to obtain communications equipment for the [[Sudanese intelligence]] service
* he made efforts [in 1993] to obtain the components of nuclear weapons
* He made efforts [in 1993] to obtain the components of nuclear weapons
* in September 1998, he lied to German and American law enforcement regarding al-Qaeda, [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]], and the embassy bombings
* In September 1998, he lied to German and American law enforcement regarding al-Qaeda, [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]], and the embassy bombings
* in 2000, while under arrest by American civil authorities, he participated in the capture and assault of a prison guard (who was seriously and permanently injured) and tried to take other hostages
* In 2000, while under arrest by American civil authorities, he participated in the capture and assault of a prison guard (who was seriously and permanently injured) and tried to take other hostages
* several times around 1992 and again around 1996, he "met with an Iranian religious official in [[Khartoum]] as part of an overall effort to arrange a tripartite agreement between al Qaeda, the National Islamic Front of [[Sudan]], and elements of the Government of [[Iran]] to work together against the [[United States]], [[Israel]] and other Western countries".
* Several times around 1992 and again around 1996, he "met with an Iranian religious official in [[Khartoum]] as part of an overall effort to arrange a tripartite agreement between al Qaeda, the National Islamic Front of [[Sudan]], and elements of the Government of [[Iran]] to work together against the [[United States]], [[Israel]] and other Western countries".


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Al-Qaeda}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Salim, Mamdouh Mahmud}}
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[[Category:Inmates of ADX Florence]]
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[[Category:People convicted of terrorism charges]]
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[[Category:People extradited from Germany]]
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[[Category:People extradited to the United States]]
[[Category:People extradited to the United States]]

Latest revision as of 21:31, 12 April 2024

Mamdouh Mahmud Salim
ممدوح محمود سالم
Born1958 (age 65–66)
Sudan
NationalityKurdish from Iraq, born in Sudan[2]
Other namesAbu Hajer al-Iraqi[1]
أبو هاجر العراقي
Criminal statusIncarcerated at ADX Florence
Conviction(s)Attempted murder
Criminal chargeTerrorism
PenaltyLife imprisonment without parole

Mamdouh Mahmud Salim (Arabic: ممدوح محمود سالم, Mamdūḥ Maḥmūd Sālim; b. 1958 in Sudan) is a Kurdish co-founder of the Islamist terrorist network al-Qaeda. He was arrested on 16 September 1998 near Munich.[3] On 20 December 1998, he was extradited to the United States, where he was charged[4] with participating in the 1998 United States embassy bombings.

He was convicted of attempted murder after stabbing one prison guard during an attempted escape on 1 November 2000. He was sentenced to 32 years for the crimes in May 2004.[5][6] In December 2008, however, a federal appeals judge ruled that the judge in the case was in error when he ruled that the stabbing was not part of a terrorism plot. He ordered resentencing.[7]

He was re-sentenced to life without parole in August 2010.[8] He is now an inmate of the ADX Florence facility.

Founding al-Qaeda in 1988[edit]

Salim was trained as a communications engineer.[9] He attended two meetings from August 11–20 in 1988, along with Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Mohammed Atef, Jamal al-Fadl, Wael Hamza Julaidan, and Mohammed Loay Bayazid and eight others, to discuss the founding of "al-Qaeda".[10][11]

According to Jamal al-Fadl, Salim instructed militant recruits in the works of Ibn Taymiyyah.[12] Other allegations suggest he travelled to China, Japan or Hong Kong with Mohammed Loay Bayazid in 1990 to facilitate the purchase of communications equipment for the Sudanese government.[13] In Khartoum, he travelled to Hilat Koko with Jamal al-Fadl in late 1993 or early 1994, and met with Amin Abdel Marouf to discuss chemical weapons.[12]

He is also credited by al-Fadl's testimony with a 1992 fatwa issued at the request of Al Qaeda leadership,[9] described as pivotal in al-Qaeda's development as it provided the group with justification for the killing of Muslim civilians and bystanders in the course of killing Americans and other non-Muslim enemies.[9][14] The fatwa is putatively based on one by the influential 14th-century Salafi scholar Ibn Taymiyyah ("Ibn al Tamiyeh") permitting the killing of Muslim supporters of the "Tartars" (Mongols) who threatened to invade the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt.[9][14] In testimony al-Fadl was asked:

Q. Can you tell us now what Abu Hajer al Iraqi said about Ibn al Tamiyeh?
A. He said that our time now is similar like in that time, and he say Ibn al Tamiyeh, when a tartar come to Arabic war, Arabic countries that time, he say some Muslims, they help them. And he says Ibn al Tamiyeh, he make a fatwah. He said anybody around the tartar, he buy something from them and he sell them something, you should kill him. And also, if when you attack the tartar, if anybody around them, anything, or he's not military or that -- if you kill him, you don't have to worry about that. If he's a good person, he go to paradise and if he's a bad person, he go to hell.[15][9]

He was arrested approximately September 8, 1998, in Germany, and extradited to the United States. However, his joint bank account with Mamoun Darkanzali was not investigated, and the latter transferred the funds to a militant who would later participate in the 9/11 hijackings.[12]

Indictment for the embassy bombings[edit]

Salim's name occurs frequently in 157-page indictment, sometimes alongside the name of Osama bin Laden and no one else. According to the indictment:

  • He was a member of the majlis al shura of al-Qaeda
  • He managed al-Qaeda training camps and guesthouses in Afghanistan and Pakistan
  • He purchased land for training camps
  • He purchased warehouses for storage of items including explosives, and purchased communications and electronics equipment
  • He transferred funds between corporate accounts
  • He transported money and weapons to members of al-Qaeda and associated terrorist organizations
  • He traveled, on behalf of al Qaeda and its affiliated groups, to Malaysia, China, the Philippines, and Germany
  • He worked with Wadih el-Hage in various of bin Laden's companies
  • He helped to obtain communications equipment for the Sudanese intelligence service
  • He made efforts [in 1993] to obtain the components of nuclear weapons
  • In September 1998, he lied to German and American law enforcement regarding al-Qaeda, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and the embassy bombings
  • In 2000, while under arrest by American civil authorities, he participated in the capture and assault of a prison guard (who was seriously and permanently injured) and tried to take other hostages
  • Several times around 1992 and again around 1996, he "met with an Iranian religious official in Khartoum as part of an overall effort to arrange a tripartite agreement between al Qaeda, the National Islamic Front of Sudan, and elements of the Government of Iran to work together against the United States, Israel and other Western countries".

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fitzgerald, Patrick J. United States of America v. Enaam M. Arnaout, "Governments Evidentiary Proffer Supporting the Admissibility of Co-Conspirator Statements", before Hon. Suzanne B. Conlon
  2. ^ The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11; Lawrence Wright; p. 193
  3. ^ Complete report of the 9-11 Commission (large PDF file)
  4. ^ Copy of indictment Archived 2012-09-06 at the Wayback Machine USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies
  5. ^ Williams, Paul L., "Al Qaeda: Brotherhood of Terror", 2002
  6. ^ Bin Laden aide sentenced to 32 years in prison for jail stabbing, CNN, 4 March 2004
  7. ^ Benjamin Weiser (2008-12-02). "Panel Rules Jail Stabbing Constituted Terrorism". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  8. ^ "Ex-bin Laden aide gets life for prison stabbing". USA Today. 2010-08-31.
  9. ^ a b c d e Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... macmillan. pp. 171–2. ISBN 9780099523277.
  10. ^ Wright, Lawrence. "The Looming Tower", 2006. p. 131-134
  11. ^ Indictment of Enaam Arnaout Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine in 2002, archived at the United States Department of Justice
  12. ^ a b c Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. "The Age of Sacred Terror", 2002
  13. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation, Interview of anonymous source, May 15, 1998
  14. ^ a b Wright, Lawrence (2006). Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. NY: Knopf. pp. 174-5. ISBN 9780375414862. Retrieved 3 October 2015. One Thursday evening, Abu Hajer addressed the ethics of killing innocent people.
  15. ^ "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. USAMA BIN LADEN, et al., Day 2 of the trial". Natsios Young Architects. Digital file from the Court Reporters Office, Southern District of New York. February 6, 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
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