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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Italic title}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{distinguish|Pruvotella}}
{{Distinguish|Pruvotella}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Prevotellaceae
| image =
| taxon = Prevotella
| authority = Shah and Collins 1990
| image_caption =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| subdivision = See text
| phylum = [[Bacteroidetes]]
| synonyms = * ''Xylanibacter'' <small>Ueki ''et al''. 2006</small>
| classis = [[Bacteroidia]]
| ordo = [[Bacteroidales]]
| familia = [[Prevotellaceae]]
| genus = '''Prevotella'''
}}
}}


'''''Prevotella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative bacteria]].
'''''Prevotella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative bacteria]].


''Prevotella'' species are widely distributed across varied ecological habitats, with 57 characterized species spanning both human and other mammalian hosts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Tett |first1=Adrian |last2=Pasolli |first2=Edoardo |last3=Masetti |first3=Giulia |last4=Ercolini |first4=Danilo |last5=Segata |first5=Nicola |date=September 2021 |title=Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34050328/ |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=585–599 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00559-y |issn=1740-1534 |pmid=34050328|hdl=11572/316673 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In mammals, this genus is notably prevalent in the swine gut microbiome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaofan |last2=Tsai |first2=Tsungcheng |last3=Deng |first3=Feilong |last4=Wei |first4=Xiaoyuan |last5=Chai |first5=Jianmin |last6=Knapp |first6=Joshua |last7=Apple |first7=Jason |last8=Maxwell |first8=Charles V. |last9=Lee |first9=Jung Ae |last10=Li |first10=Ying |last11=Zhao |first11=Jiangchao |date=2019-07-30 |title=Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria |journal=Microbiome |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=109 |doi=10.1186/s40168-019-0721-7 |doi-access=free |issn=2049-2618 |pmc=6664762 |pmid=31362781}}</ref>
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''Prevotella'' [[spp.]] are members of the oral, [[List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women|vaginal]], and [[gut microflora|gut microbiota]] and are often recovered from [[anaerobic infection]]s of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary [[empyema]], and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. They have been isolated from [[abscesses]] and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, [[bites]], [[paronychia]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[brain abscess]]es, [[osteomyelitis]], and [[bacteremia]] associated with upper respiratory tract infections. ''Prevotella'' spp. predominate in periodontal disease and [[periodontal abscess]]es.<ref name="pmid18524268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, etal |title=The relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella melaninogenica in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor |journal=J Clin Pediatr Dent |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=195–200 |year=2008 |pmid=18524268 |doi= 10.17796/jcpd.32.3.vp657177815618l1}}</ref>

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In humans, ''Prevotella'' [[species]] are members of the oral, [[List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women|vaginal]], and [[gut microflora|gut microbiota]] and are often recovered from [[anaerobic infection]]s of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary [[empyema]], and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. They have been isolated from [[abscesses]] and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, [[bites]], [[paronychia]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[brain abscess]]es, [[osteomyelitis]], and [[bacteremia]] associated with upper respiratory tract infections. ''Prevotella'' spp. predominate in periodontal disease and [[periodontal abscess]]es.<ref name="pmid18524268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, etal |title=The relationship of ''Prevotella intermedia'', ''Prevotella nigrescens'' and ''Prevotella melaninogenica'' in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor |journal=J Clin Pediatr Dent |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=195–200 |year=2008 |pmid=18524268 |doi= 10.17796/jcpd.32.3.vp657177815618l1|doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Role in gut microbiota ==
== Role in gut microbiota ==
Research of human microbiota show that human gut is mainly inhabited by two phyla of bacteria – ''[[Firmicutes]]'' and ''[[Bacteroidetes]]'', the latter mostly dominated by ''[[Bacteroides]]'' and ''Prevotella'' genera. ''Prevotella'' and ''Bacteroides'' are thought to have had a common ancestor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ley|first=Ruth E.|date=February 2016|title=Gut microbiota in 2015: Prevotella in the gut: choose carefully|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=69–70|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2016.4|issn=1759-5053|pmid=26828918}}</ref> Formally, the two genera were differentiated in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=H. N.|last2=Collins|first2=D. M.|date=April 1990|title=Prevotella, a new genus to include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and related species formerly classified in the genus Bacteroides|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=40|issue=2|pages=205–208|doi=10.1099/00207713-40-2-205|issn=0020-7713|pmid=2223612|doi-access=free}}</ref> However classification is still undergoing, for example ''[[Bacteroides melaninogenicus]]'' has been reclassified and split into ''Prevotella melaninogenica'' and ''[[Prevotella intermedia]]''.<ref name="urlBacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine">{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview|title=Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine|access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Either ''Prevotella'' or ''Bacteroides'' dominates the gut and they were proposed to be antagonistic. ''Prevotella'' is more common in non-Westernised populations consuming [[plant-based diet|plant-rich diet]]. In Western populations it has also been associated with vegetarian or Mediterranean diets rich in fruits and vegetables. In accordance, genome analysis of ''Prevotella copri'' showed it was deficient in the ability to degrade host [[glycan]]s and is more genetically equipped for plant glycan degradation.<ref name=":0" /> In a study of gut bacteria of children in [[Burkina Faso]] (in Africa), ''Prevotella'' made up 53% of the gut bacteria, but were absent in age-matched European children.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1005963107|title=The impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota is revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa|year=2010|last1=De Filippo|first1=C.|last2=Cavalieri|first2=D.|last3=Di Paola|first3=M.|last4=Ramazzotti|first4=M.|last5=Poullet|first5=J. B.|last6=Massart|first6=S.|last7=Collini|first7=S.|last8=Pieraccini|first8=G.|last9=Lionetti|first9=P.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=33|pages=14691–6|pmid=20679230|pmc=2930426|url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/162970/1/2010-PNAS-deFilippo.pdf|bibcode=2010PNAS..10714691D}}</ref> Studies also indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition—those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats typical of Western diet have predominantly ''[[Bacteroides]]'' bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates, especially fibre, the ''Prevotella'' species dominate.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD |title= Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages= 105–8 |date=October 7, 2011 |pmc=3368382 |pmid=21885731 |doi= 10.1126/science.1208344 |bibcode= 2011Sci...334..105W }}</ref> However, ''Prevotella'' has been also associated with gut inflammation. It was demonstrated that increased levels of ''P. copri'' might contribute to chronic inflammation in HIV patients. One single species isolate ''P. copri'' CB7 has been used for different studies that showed it can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the context.<ref name=":0" /> ''Prevotella'' is a large genus with high species diversity and high genetic diversity between strains. A recent study on ''Prevotella'' derived from humans compared the gene repertoires of its species derived from different body sites of human. It also reported an open pan- genome showing a vast diversity of the gene pool.<ref name="Gupta2015">{{cite journal|author1=Vinod Kumar Gupta|author2=Narendrakumar M Chaudhari|author3=Suchismitha Iskepalli|author4=Chitra Dutta|date=March 5, 2015|title=Divergences in gene repertoire among the reference Prevotella genomes derived from distinct human body sites|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=16|pages=153|doi=10.1186/s12864-015-1350-6|pmc=4359502|pmid=25887946}} {{open access}}</ref> In addition to genetic and overall microbiota differences in host the high genetic variety of ''Prevotella'' makes it difficult to predict their function that can be different in different individuals.<ref name=":0" />
The human gut is mainly inhabited by two [[Phylum|phyla]] of bacteria—''[[Bacillota]]'' and ''[[Bacteroidota]]'', the latter mostly dominated by ''[[Bacteroides]]'' and ''Prevotella'' [[Genus|genera]]. ''Prevotella'' and ''Bacteroides'' are thought to have had a common ancestor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ley|first=Ruth E.|date=February 2016|title=Gut microbiota in 2015: Prevotella in the gut: choose carefully|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=69–70|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2016.4|issn=1759-5053|pmid=26828918|s2cid=30114888}}</ref> Formally, the two genera were differentiated in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=H. N.|last2=Collins|first2=D. M.|date=April 1990|title=Prevotella, a new genus to include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and related species formerly classified in the genus Bacteroides|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=40|issue=2|pages=205–208|doi=10.1099/00207713-40-2-205|issn=0020-7713|pmid=2223612|doi-access=free}}</ref> However classification is ongoing. For example, ''[[Bacteroides melaninogenicus]]'' has been reclassified and split into ''Prevotella melaninogenica'' and ''[[Prevotella intermedia]]''.<ref name="urlBacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine">{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview|title=Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine|access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Either ''Prevotella'' or ''Bacteroides'' dominate the gut and may be antagonistic. ''Prevotella'' is more common in non-Westernised populations consuming a [[plant-based diet|plant-rich diet]]. In Western populations it has been associated with diets rich in fruits and vegetables. Genome analysis of ''Prevotella copri'' showed it was deficient in the ability to degrade host [[glycan]]s and is more genetically equipped for plant glycan degradation.<ref name=":0" /> In a study of gut bacteria of children in [[Burkina Faso]], ''Prevotella'' made up 53% of the gut bacteria but were absent in age-matched European children.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1005963107|title=The impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota is revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa|year=2010|last1=De Filippo|first1=C.|last2=Cavalieri|first2=D.|last3=Di Paola|first3=M.|last4=Ramazzotti|first4=M.|last5=Poullet|first5=J. B.|last6=Massart|first6=S.|last7=Collini|first7=S.|last8=Pieraccini|first8=G.|last9=Lionetti|first9=P.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=33|pages=14691–6|pmid=20679230|pmc=2930426|url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/162970/1/2010-PNAS-deFilippo.pdf|bibcode=2010PNAS..10714691D|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Long-term diet is reported to be associated with gut microbiome composition—those who eat protein and animal fats have predominantly ''[[Bacteroides]]'' bacteria, while those who consume more carbohydrates, especially fibre, feature ''Prevotella'' species.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD |title= Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages= 105–8 |date=October 7, 2011 |pmc=3368382 |pmid=21885731 |doi= 10.1126/science.1208344 |bibcode= 2011Sci...334..105W }}</ref>
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== Role in vaginal microbiota ==

''Prevotella'' species are also common vaginal commensals. Increased abundance of ''Prevotella'' in vaginal mucosa has been associated to bacterial vaginosis. ''Prevotella'' was shown to be the most heritable bacterial group in vaginal microbiome and its abundance was linked to body mass index and hormonal milieu. ''Prevotella bivia'' produces lipopolysaccharides and ammonia that are part of vaginal mucus. It is also associated with epithelial cytokine production and enhances the growth of other bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms, such as ''Gardnerella vaginalis''. The later in turn was found to stimulate growth of ''P. bivia''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Randis|first=Tara M.|last2=Ratner|first2=Adam J.|date=2019-02-01|title=Gardnerella and Prevotella: Co-conspirators in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=220|issue=7|pages=1085–1088|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy705|issn=1537-6613|pmid=30715397|pmc=6736359}}</ref>
''Prevotella'' is associated with gut inflammation. Increased levels of ''P. copri'' might contribute to chronic inflammation in [[HIV]] patients. Single species isolate ''P. copri'' CB7 has been reported to be beneficial or detrimental, depending on context.<ref name=":0" /> The genus ''Prevotella'' exhibits significant genetic diversity, particularly between species associated with humans and those found in other animals. This diversity is highlighted by distinct evolutionary paths and genome sizes, with ranging base pair sizes and notable variation in G+C content. Human-related ''Prevotella'' species tend to group separately from those in animals such as swine and ruminants.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to genetic and overall microbiota differences, ''Prevotella''<nowiki/>'s high genetic diversity makes it difficult to predict their function, which can vary across individuals.<ref name=":0" />

There have also been studies uncovering the role of bacteriophages, including the discovery of megaphages in the large intestine associated with ''Prevotella'', highlighting the potential for these phages to influence microbial populations within the host microbiome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devoto |first1=Audra E. |last2=Santini |first2=Joanne M. |last3=Olm |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Anantharaman |first4=Karthik |last5=Munk |first5=Patrick |last6=Tung |first6=Jenny |last7=Archie |first7=Elizabeth A. |last8=Turnbaugh |first8=Peter J. |last9=Seed |first9=Kimberley D. |last10=Blekhman |first10=Ran |last11=Aarestrup |first11=Frank M. |last12=Thomas |first12=Brian C. |last13=Banfield |first13=Jillian F. |date=April 2019 |title=Megaphages infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=693–700 |doi=10.1038/s41564-018-0338-9 |issn=2058-5276 |pmc=6784885 |pmid=30692672}}</ref>

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== Vaginal microbiota ==
''Prevotella'' species may be [[Commensalism|commensal]] in the [[vagina]], though increased abundance of ''Prevotella'' in vaginal mucosa is associated with [[bacterial vaginosis]]. A study of 542 Korean women, including identical and fraternal twins, highlighted that the vaginal microbiota's composition is influenced by menopausal status and bacterial vaginosis, with ''Lactobacillus'' and ''Prevotella'' being the most inheritable among beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria, respectively. An analysis pinpointed a genetic link between interleukin-5 variants and ''Prevotella'' abundance. Additionally, obesity was found to significantly diversify the vaginal microbiota, particularly increasing ''Prevotella'' presence. Other environmental factors like hormone therapy, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can also influence the abundance of ''Prevotella''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Si |first1=Jiyeon |last2=You |first2=Hyun Ju |last3=Yu |first3=Junsun |last4=Sung |first4=Joohon |last5=Ko |first5=GwangPyo |date=2017-01-11 |title=Prevotella as a Hub for Vaginal Microbiota under the Influence of Host Genetics and Their Association with Obesity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28017660/ |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2016.11.010 |issn=1934-6069 |pmid=28017660|doi-access=free }}</ref>

''Prevotella bivia'' produces lipopolysaccharides and ammonia that are part of vaginal mucus. It is also associated with epithelial cytokine production and enhances the growth of other bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms, such as [[Gardnerella vaginalis|''Gardnerella vaginalis'']]. The latter in turn was found to stimulate growth of ''P. bivia''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Randis |first1=Tara M. |last2=Ratner |first2=Adam J. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Gardnerella and Prevotella: Co-conspirators in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=220 |issue=7 |pages=1085–1088 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy705 |issn=1537-6613 |pmc=6736359 |pmid=30715397}}</ref> ''P. bivia'' in the vaginal tract triggers an immune response similar to lipopolysaccharides, activating genes involved in the Th17 pathway (IL23A, IL6, IL1A, IL1B) through antigen-presenting cells. This activation leads to the recruitment of Th cells to the inflamed area, important for women's health since the presence of CCR5+ Th cells in the vaginal mucosa could increase HIV transmission risk during bacterial vaginosis. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gosmann |first1=Christina |last2=Anahtar |first2=Melis N. |last3=Handley |first3=Scott A. |last4=Farcasanu |first4=Mara |last5=Abu-Ali |first5=Galeb |last6=Bowman |first6=Brittany A. |last7=Padavattan |first7=Nikita |last8=Desai |first8=Chandni |last9=Droit |first9=Lindsay |last10=Moodley |first10=Amber |last11=Dong |first11=Mary |last12=Chen |first12=Yuezhou |last13=Ismail |first13=Nasreen |last14=Ndung'u |first14=Thumbi |last15=Ghebremichael |first15=Musie S. |date=2017-01-17 |title=Lactobacillus-Deficient Cervicovaginal Bacterial Communities Are Associated with Increased HIV Acquisition in Young South African Women |journal=Immunity |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013 |issn=1097-4180 |pmc=5270628 |pmid=28087240}}</ref>


== Pathogenicity ==
== Pathogenicity ==
''Prevotella'' ''intermedia'' and ''Prevotella nigrescens'' were associated with inflammatory [[periodontal disease]]s, such as pregnancy gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and adult periodontitis. Together with ''[[Porphyromonas gingivalis]]'' they are known as black-pigmenting anaerobes. All three require [[Hemin|haemin]] as the source of [[iron]] for their growth. These species were shown to bind [[lactoferrin]] that is released together with the contents of [[neutrophil]]s during inflammation and bleeding in periodontitis patients. Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of ''P. gingivalis'' but not the ''Prevotella'' species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aguilera|first=O.|last2=Andrés|first2=M. T.|last3=Heath|first3=J.|last4=Fierro|first4=J. F.|last5=Douglas|first5=C. W.|date=May 1998|title=Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens|journal=FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01146.x|issn=0928-8244|pmid=9657318|doi-access=free}}</ref> Inorganic iron and iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and lactoferrin do not support the growth of ''P. intermedia'', however hemin–iron-containing compounds which include hemin, human hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, and bovine catalase stimulate the growth of ''Prevotella intermedia.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Folk|first=Shawn P.|last2=Leung|first2=K.-P.|date=2002-03-01|title=Effects of porphyrins and inorganic iron on the growth of Prevotella intermedia|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=209|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11103.x|pmid=12007648|issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hemoglobin-binding protein on the cell surface of ''P.intermedia'' has been described.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shizukuishi|first=Satoshi|last2=Minamino|first2=Naoto|last3=Kuboniwa|first3=Masae|last4=Maeda|first4=Kazuhiko|last5=Nagata|first5=Hideki|last6=Guan|first6=Su-Min|date=2004-06-01|title=Purification and characterization of a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of Prevotella intermedia|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=235|issue=2|pages=333–339|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09607.x|issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free}}</ref>
''Prevotella intermedia'' and ''P. nigrescens'' are associated with inflammatory [[periodontal disease]]s, such as pregnancy gingivitis, acute [[Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis|necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis]] and adult [[periodontitis]]. Together with ''[[Porphyromonas gingivalis]]'' they are known as black-pigmenting anaerobes. All three require [[Hemin|haemin]] to provide [[iron]] for their growth. These species were shown to bind [[lactoferrin]] that is released together with the contents of [[neutrophil]]s during inflammation and bleeding in periodontitis patients. Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of ''P. gingivalis'' but not ''Prevotella''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aguilera|first1=O.|last2=Andrés|first2=M. T.|last3=Heath|first3=J.|last4=Fierro|first4=J. F.|last5=Douglas|first5=C. W.|date=May 1998|title=Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens|journal=FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01146.x|issn=0928-8244|pmid=9657318|doi-access=free}}</ref> Inorganic iron and iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and lactoferrin do not support the growth of ''P. intermedia'', however hemin–iron-containing compounds which include hemin, human hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, and bovine catalase stimulate the growth of ''P. intermedia.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Folk|first1=Shawn P.|last2=Leung|first2=K.-P.|date=2002-03-01|title=Effects of porphyrins and inorganic iron on the growth of Prevotella intermedia|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=209|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11103.x|pmid=12007648|issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hemoglobin-binding protein on the cell surface of ''P.intermedia'' has been described.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shizukuishi|first1=Satoshi|last2=Minamino|first2=Naoto|last3=Kuboniwa|first3=Masae|last4=Maeda|first4=Kazuhiko|last5=Nagata|first5=Hideki|last6=Guan|first6=Su-Min|date=2004-06-01|title=Purification and characterization of a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of Prevotella intermedia|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=235|issue=2|pages=333–339|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09607.x|pmid=15183882|issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free}}</ref>

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Some studies have linked abnormal levels of ''Prevotella copri'' and [[rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name="Scher2013">{{cite journal |author1= Jose U Scher |author2= Andrew Sczesnak |author3= Randy S Longman |author4=Nicola Segata |author5=Carles Ubeda |author6=Craig Bielski |author7=Tim Rostron |author8=Vincenzo Cerundolo |author9=Eric G Pamer |author10=Steven B Abramson |author11=Curtis Huttenhower |author12=Dan R Littman |title= Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis |journal= eLife |date= November 5, 2013 |volume= 2 |pages= e01202 |doi= 10.7554/eLife.01202 |pmid= 24192039 |pmc= 3816614 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haridy |first=Rich |date=2022-10-19 |title=New evidence linking gut bacteria with rheumatoid arthritis development |url=https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/microbiome-gut-bacteria-rheumatoid-arthritis-antibodies-immune/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>


An overgrowth of ''Prevotella'' and a reduction of ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' correlated with the onset of [[osteomyelitis]] in mice. The reduction of ''Prevotella'' in model mice led to an increase of ''Lactobacillus'' showing a protection effect against osteomyelitis. Thus, changes in the ''Prevotella'' microbiota may be related to the development of [[osteomyelitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lukens|first1=John R.|last2=Gurung|first2=Prajwal|last3=Vogel|first3=Peter|last4=Johnson|first4=Gordon R.|last5=Carter|first5=Robert A.|last6=McGoldrick|first6=Daniel J.|last7=Bandi|first7=Srinivasa Rao|last8=Calabrese|first8=Christopher R.|last9=Walle|first9=Lieselotte Vande|date=2014-12-11|title=Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease|journal=Nature|volume=516|issue=7530|pages=246–249|doi=10.1038/nature13788|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4268032|pmid=25274309|bibcode=2014Natur.516..246L}}</ref>
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''P. copri'' has been correlated with onset of [[rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name="Scher2013">{{cite journal |author1= Jose U Scher |author2= Andrew Sczesnak |author3= Randy S Longman |author4=Nicola Segata |author5=Carles Ubeda |author6=Craig Bielski |author7=Tim Rostron |author8=Vincenzo Cerundolo |author9=Eric G Pamer |author10=Steven B Abramson |author11=Curtis Huttenhower |author12=Dan R Littman |title= Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis |journal= eLife |date= November 5, 2013 |volume= 2 |pages= e01202 |doi= 10.7554/eLife.01202 |pmid= 24192039 |pmc= 3816614 }}</ref>


An overgrowth of ''Prevotella'' and a reduction of ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' have been correlated with the onset of [[osteomyelitis]] in mice. The reduction of ''Prevotella'' in model mice led to an increase of ''Lactobacillus'' showing a protection effect against osteomyelitis. Thus, changes in the microbiota ''Prevotella'' may be related to the development of osteomyelitis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lukens|first=John R.|last2=Gurung|first2=Prajwal|last3=Vogel|first3=Peter|last4=Johnson|first4=Gordon R.|last5=Carter|first5=Robert A.|last6=McGoldrick|first6=Daniel J.|last7=Bandi|first7=Srinivasa Rao|last8=Calabrese|first8=Christopher R.|last9=Walle|first9=Lieselotte Vande|date=2014-12-11|title=Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease|journal=Nature|volume=516|issue=7530|pages=246–249|doi=10.1038/nature13788|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4268032|pmid=25274309|bibcode=2014Natur.516..246L}}</ref>
Approximately 70% and 30% of ''Prevotella'' are resistant to [[penicillin]] and [[clindamycin]], respectively, while resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate and metronidazole is reported in less than 10% of the clinical strains responsible for bloodstream infections in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Bella |first1=Stefano |last2=Antonello |first2=Roberta Maria |last3=Sanson |first3=Gianfranco |last4=Maraolo |first4=Alberto Enrico |last5=Giacobbe |first5=Daniele Roberto |last6=Sepulcri |first6=Chiara |last7=Ambretti |first7=Simone |last8=Aschbacher |first8=Richard |last9=Bartolini |first9=Laura |last10=Bernardo |first10=Mariano |last11=Bielli |first11=Alessandra |date=June 2022 |title=Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1075996422000713 |journal=Anaerobe |language=en |volume=75 |pages=102583 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583|pmid=35568274 |s2cid=248736289 |hdl=11368/3020691 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


== Species ==
== Species ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Prevotella albensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella albensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella amnii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella amnii]]''
Line 58: Line 67:
* ''[[Prevotella salivae]]''
* ''[[Prevotella salivae]]''
* ''[[Prevotella stercorea]]''
* ''[[Prevotella stercorea]]''
* ''[[Prevotella tannerae]]''
<!-- Prevotella tannerae was reclassified as Alloprevotella tannerae. -->
* ''[[Prevotella timonensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella timonensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella veroralis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella veroralis]]''
{{div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Enterotype]]
* [[Enterotype]]
* [[List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota]]


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q7242440}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7242440}}


[[Category:Bacteroidetes]]
[[Category:Bacteroidia]]
[[Category:Gut flora bacteria]]
[[Category:Gut flora bacteria]]
[[Category:Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission]]
[[Category:Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission]]

Revision as of 05:49, 15 April 2024

Not to be confused with Pruvotella.

Prevotella
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacteroidota
Class: Bacteroidia
Order: Bacteroidales
Family: Prevotellaceae
Genus: Prevotella
Shah and Collins 1990
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Xylanibacter Ueki et al. 2006

Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.

Prevotella species are widely distributed across varied ecological habitats, with 57 characterized species spanning both human and other mammalian hosts.[1] In mammals, this genus is notably prevalent in the swine gut microbiome.[2]

In humans, Prevotella species are members of the oral, vaginal, and gut microbiota and are often recovered from anaerobic infections of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary empyema, and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. They have been isolated from abscesses and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, bites, paronychia, urinary tract infection, brain abscesses, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia associated with upper respiratory tract infections. Prevotella spp. predominate in periodontal disease and periodontal abscesses.[3]

Role in gut microbiota

The human gut is mainly inhabited by two phyla of bacteria—Bacillota and Bacteroidota, the latter mostly dominated by Bacteroides and Prevotella genera. Prevotella and Bacteroides are thought to have had a common ancestor.[4] Formally, the two genera were differentiated in 1990.[5] However classification is ongoing. For example, Bacteroides melaninogenicus has been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.[6] Either Prevotella or Bacteroides dominate the gut and may be antagonistic. Prevotella is more common in non-Westernised populations consuming a plant-rich diet. In Western populations it has been associated with diets rich in fruits and vegetables. Genome analysis of Prevotella copri showed it was deficient in the ability to degrade host glycans and is more genetically equipped for plant glycan degradation.[4] In a study of gut bacteria of children in Burkina Faso, Prevotella made up 53% of the gut bacteria but were absent in age-matched European children.[7]

Long-term diet is reported to be associated with gut microbiome composition—those who eat protein and animal fats have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while those who consume more carbohydrates, especially fibre, feature Prevotella species.[8]

Prevotella is associated with gut inflammation. Increased levels of P. copri might contribute to chronic inflammation in HIV patients. Single species isolate P. copri CB7 has been reported to be beneficial or detrimental, depending on context.[4] The genus Prevotella exhibits significant genetic diversity, particularly between species associated with humans and those found in other animals. This diversity is highlighted by distinct evolutionary paths and genome sizes, with ranging base pair sizes and notable variation in G+C content. Human-related Prevotella species tend to group separately from those in animals such as swine and ruminants.[1] In addition to genetic and overall microbiota differences, Prevotella's high genetic diversity makes it difficult to predict their function, which can vary across individuals.[4]

There have also been studies uncovering the role of bacteriophages, including the discovery of megaphages in the large intestine associated with Prevotella, highlighting the potential for these phages to influence microbial populations within the host microbiome.[9]

Vaginal microbiota

Prevotella species may be commensal in the vagina, though increased abundance of Prevotella in vaginal mucosa is associated with bacterial vaginosis. A study of 542 Korean women, including identical and fraternal twins, highlighted that the vaginal microbiota's composition is influenced by menopausal status and bacterial vaginosis, with Lactobacillus and Prevotella being the most inheritable among beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria, respectively. An analysis pinpointed a genetic link between interleukin-5 variants and Prevotella abundance. Additionally, obesity was found to significantly diversify the vaginal microbiota, particularly increasing Prevotella presence. Other environmental factors like hormone therapy, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can also influence the abundance of Prevotella.[10]

Prevotella bivia produces lipopolysaccharides and ammonia that are part of vaginal mucus. It is also associated with epithelial cytokine production and enhances the growth of other bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms, such as Gardnerella vaginalis. The latter in turn was found to stimulate growth of P. bivia.[11] P. bivia in the vaginal tract triggers an immune response similar to lipopolysaccharides, activating genes involved in the Th17 pathway (IL23A, IL6, IL1A, IL1B) through antigen-presenting cells. This activation leads to the recruitment of Th cells to the inflamed area, important for women's health since the presence of CCR5+ Th cells in the vaginal mucosa could increase HIV transmission risk during bacterial vaginosis. [12]

Pathogenicity

Prevotella intermedia and P. nigrescens are associated with inflammatory periodontal diseases, such as pregnancy gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and adult periodontitis. Together with Porphyromonas gingivalis they are known as black-pigmenting anaerobes. All three require haemin to provide iron for their growth. These species were shown to bind lactoferrin that is released together with the contents of neutrophils during inflammation and bleeding in periodontitis patients. Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis but not Prevotella.[13] Inorganic iron and iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and lactoferrin do not support the growth of P. intermedia, however hemin–iron-containing compounds which include hemin, human hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, and bovine catalase stimulate the growth of P. intermedia.[14] Hemoglobin-binding protein on the cell surface of P.intermedia has been described.[15]

Some studies have linked abnormal levels of Prevotella copri and rheumatoid arthritis.[16][17]

An overgrowth of Prevotella and a reduction of Lactobacillus correlated with the onset of osteomyelitis in mice. The reduction of Prevotella in model mice led to an increase of Lactobacillus showing a protection effect against osteomyelitis. Thus, changes in the Prevotella microbiota may be related to the development of osteomyelitis.[18]

Approximately 70% and 30% of Prevotella are resistant to penicillin and clindamycin, respectively, while resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate and metronidazole is reported in less than 10% of the clinical strains responsible for bloodstream infections in humans.[19]

Species

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Tett A, Pasolli E, Masetti G, Ercolini D, Segata N (September 2021). "Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 19 (9): 585–599. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00559-y. hdl:11572/316673. ISSN 1740-1534. PMID 34050328.
  2. ^ Wang X, Tsai T, Deng F, Wei X, Chai J, Knapp J, Apple J, Maxwell CV, Lee JA, Li Y, Zhao J (2019-07-30). "Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria". Microbiome. 7 (1): 109. doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0721-7. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 6664762. PMID 31362781.
  3. ^ Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, et al. (2008). "The relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella melaninogenica in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor". J Clin Pediatr Dent. 32 (3): 195–200. doi:10.17796/jcpd.32.3.vp657177815618l1. PMID 18524268.
  4. ^ a b c d Ley RE (February 2016). "Gut microbiota in 2015: Prevotella in the gut: choose carefully". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (2): 69–70. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.4. ISSN 1759-5053. PMID 26828918. S2CID 30114888.
  5. ^ Shah HN, Collins DM (April 1990). "Prevotella, a new genus to include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and related species formerly classified in the genus Bacteroides". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40 (2): 205–208. doi:10.1099/00207713-40-2-205. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 2223612.
  6. ^ "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  7. ^ De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P (2010). "The impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota is revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (33): 14691–6. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10714691D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107. PMC 2930426. PMID 20679230.
  8. ^ Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD (October 7, 2011). "Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes". Science. 334 (6052): 105–8. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..105W. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMC 3368382. PMID 21885731.
  9. ^ Devoto AE, Santini JM, Olm MR, Anantharaman K, Munk P, Tung J, Archie EA, Turnbaugh PJ, Seed KD, Blekhman R, Aarestrup FM, Thomas BC, Banfield JF (April 2019). "Megaphages infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes". Nature Microbiology. 4 (4): 693–700. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0338-9. ISSN 2058-5276. PMC 6784885. PMID 30692672.
  10. ^ Si J, You HJ, Yu J, Sung J, Ko G (2017-01-11). "Prevotella as a Hub for Vaginal Microbiota under the Influence of Host Genetics and Their Association with Obesity". Cell Host & Microbe. 21 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.11.010. ISSN 1934-6069. PMID 28017660.
  11. ^ Randis TM, Ratner AJ (2019-02-01). "Gardnerella and Prevotella: Co-conspirators in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 220 (7): 1085–1088. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy705. ISSN 1537-6613. PMC 6736359. PMID 30715397.
  12. ^ Gosmann C, Anahtar MN, Handley SA, Farcasanu M, Abu-Ali G, Bowman BA, Padavattan N, Desai C, Droit L, Moodley A, Dong M, Chen Y, Ismail N, Ndung'u T, Ghebremichael MS (2017-01-17). "Lactobacillus-Deficient Cervicovaginal Bacterial Communities Are Associated with Increased HIV Acquisition in Young South African Women". Immunity. 46 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013. ISSN 1097-4180. PMC 5270628. PMID 28087240.
  13. ^ Aguilera O, Andrés MT, Heath J, Fierro JF, Douglas CW (May 1998). "Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens". FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 21 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01146.x. ISSN 0928-8244. PMID 9657318.
  14. ^ Folk SP, Leung KP (2002-03-01). "Effects of porphyrins and inorganic iron on the growth of Prevotella intermedia". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 209 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11103.x. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 12007648.
  15. ^ Shizukuishi S, Minamino N, Kuboniwa M, Maeda K, Nagata H, Guan SM (2004-06-01). "Purification and characterization of a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of Prevotella intermedia". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 235 (2): 333–339. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09607.x. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 15183882.
  16. ^ Jose U Scher, Andrew Sczesnak, Randy S Longman, Nicola Segata, Carles Ubeda, Craig Bielski, Tim Rostron, Vincenzo Cerundolo, Eric G Pamer, Steven B Abramson, Curtis Huttenhower, Dan R Littman (November 5, 2013). "Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis". eLife. 2: e01202. doi:10.7554/eLife.01202. PMC 3816614. PMID 24192039.
  17. ^ Haridy R (2022-10-19). "New evidence linking gut bacteria with rheumatoid arthritis development". New Atlas. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  18. ^ Lukens JR, Gurung P, Vogel P, Johnson GR, Carter RA, McGoldrick DJ, Bandi SR, Calabrese CR, Walle LV (2014-12-11). "Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease". Nature. 516 (7530): 246–249. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..246L. doi:10.1038/nature13788. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4268032. PMID 25274309.
  19. ^ Di Bella S, Antonello RM, Sanson G, Maraolo AE, Giacobbe DR, Sepulcri C, Ambretti S, Aschbacher R, Bartolini L, Bernardo M, Bielli A (June 2022). "Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey". Anaerobe. 75: 102583. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583. hdl:11368/3020691. PMID 35568274. S2CID 248736289.
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