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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Shewanella oneidensis.png
| image = Shewanella oneidensis.png
| image_caption = ''[[Shewanella oneidensis]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Shewanella oneidensis]]''
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| domain = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| phylum = [[Pseudomonadota]]
| classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
| classis = [[Gammaproteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Alteromonadales]]
| ordo = [[Alteromonadales]]
| familia = '''Shewanellaceae'''
| familia = '''Shewanellaceae'''
Line 13: Line 14:
| type_species = ''Shewanella putrefaciens''
| type_species = ''Shewanella putrefaciens''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = {{unbulleted list
''[[Shewanella abyssi|S. abyssi]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella abyssi|S. abyssi]]''
''[[Shewanella aestuarii|S. aestuarii]]'' <ref name=Shewanella>[http://www.bacterio.net/shewanella.html LPSN bacterio.net]</ref><br>
|''[[Shewanella aestuarii|S. aestuarii]]''<ref name=Shewanella>[https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/shewanella LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de]</ref>
''[[Shewanella algae|S. algae]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella algae|S. algae]]''
''[[Shewanella algidipiscicola|S. algidipiscicola]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella algicola|S. algicola]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella amazonensis|S. amazonensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella algidipiscicola|S. algidipiscicola]]''
''[[Shewanella aquimarina|S. aquimarina]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella amazonensis|S. amazonensis]]''
''[[Shewanella arctica|S. arctica]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella aquimarina|S. aquimarina]]''
''[[Shewanella atlantica|S. atlantica]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella arctica|S. arctica]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella baltica|S. baltica]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella atlantica|S. atlantica]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella basaltis|S. basaltis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella baltica|S. baltica]]''
''[[Shewanella benthica|S. benthica]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella basaltis|S. basaltis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella canadensis|S. canadensis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella benthica|S. benthica]]''
''[[Shewanella chilikensis|S. chilikensis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella canadensis|S. canadensis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella colwelliana|S. colwelliana]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella chilikensis|S. chilikensis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella corallii|S. corallii]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella colwelliana|S. colwelliana]]''
''[[Shewanella decolorationis|S. decolorationis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella corallii|S. corallii]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella denitrificans|S. denitrificans]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella decolorationis|S. decolorationis]]''
''[[Shewanella dokdonensis|S. dokdonensis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella denitrificans|S. denitrificans]]''
''[[Shewanella donghaensis|S. donghaensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella dokdonensis|S. dokdonensis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella fidelis|S. fidelis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella donghaensis|S. donghaensis]]''
''[[Shewanella fodinae|S. fodinae]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella fidelis|S. fidelis]]''
''[[Shewanella frigidimarina|S. frigidimarina]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella fodinae|S. fodinae]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella gaetbuli|S. gaetbuli]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella frigidimarina|S. frigidimarina]]''
''[[Shewanella gelidimarina|S. gelidimarina]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella gaetbuli|S. gaetbuli]]''
''[[Shewanella glacialipiscicola|S. glacialipiscicola]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella gelidimarina|S. gelidimarina]]''
''[[Shewanella hafniensis|S. hafniensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella glacialipiscicola|S. glacialipiscicola]]''
''[[Shewanella halifaxensis|S. halifaxensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella gelidii|S. gelidii]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella haliotis|S. halitois]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella hafniensis|S. hafniensis]]''
''[[Shewanella hanedai|S. hanedai]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella halifaxensis|S. halifaxensis]]''
''[[Shewanella indica|S. indica]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella haliotis|S. haliotis]]''
''[[Shewanella irciniae|S. irciniae]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella hanedai|S. hanedai]]''
''[[Shewanella japonica|S. japonica]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella indica|S. indica]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella kaireitica|S. kaireitica]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella inventionis|S. inventionis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella litorisediminis|S. litorisediminis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella irciniae|S. irciniae]]''
''[[Shewanella livingstonensis|S. livingstonensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella japonica|S. japonica]]''
''[[Shewanella loihica|S. loihica]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella kaireitica|S. kaireitica]]''
''[[Shewanella mangrovi|S. mangrovi]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella litorisediminis|S. litorisediminis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella marina|S. marina]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella livingstonensis|S. livingstonensis]]''
''[[Shewanella marinintestina|S. marinintestina]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella loihica|S. loihica]]''
''[[Shewanella marisflavi|S. marisflavi]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella mangrovi|S. mangrovi]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella morhuae|S. morhuae]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella marina|S. marina]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella olleyana|S. olleyana]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella marinintestina|S. marinintestina]]''
''[[Shewanella oneidensis|S. oneidensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella marisflavi|S. marisflavi]]''
''[[Shewanella piezotolerans|S. piezotolerans]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella morhuae|S. morhuae]]''
''[[Shewanella pacifica|S. pacifica]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella olleyana|S. olleyana]]''
''[[Shewanella pealeana|S. pealeana]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella oneidensis|S. oneidensis]]''
|''[[Shewanella oshoroensis|S. oshoroensis]]''{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
''[[Shewanella piezotolerans|S. piezotolerans]]'' <br>
''[[Shewanella pneumatophori|S. pneumatophori]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella piezotolerans|S. piezotolerans]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella profunda|S. profunda]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella pacifica|S. pacifica]]''
''[[Shewanella psychrophila|S. psychrophila]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella pealeana|S. pealeana]]''
''[[Shewanella putrefaciens|S. putrefaciens]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella piezotolerans|S. piezotolerans]]''
''[[Shewanella sairae|S. sairae]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella pneumatophori|S. pneumatophori]]''
''[[Shewanella schlegeliana|S. schegeliana]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella profunda|S. profunda]]''
''[[Shewanella sediminis|S. sediminis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella psychrophila|S. psychrophila]]''
''[[Shewanella seohaensis|S. seohaensis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella putrefaciens|S. putrefaciens]]''
''[[Shewanella spongiae|S. spongiae]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella sairae|S. sairae]]''
''[[Shewanella surugensis|S. surugensis]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella schlegeliana|S. schegeliana]]''
''[[Shewanella upenei|S. upenei]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella sediminis|S. sediminis]]''
''[[Shewanella vesiculosa|S. vesiculosa]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/><br>
|''[[Shewanella seohaensis|S. seohaensis]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella violacea|S. violacea]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella spongiae|S. spongiae]]''
''[[Shewanella waksmanii|S. waksmanii]]'' <br>
|''[[Shewanella surugensis|S. surugensis]]''
''[[Shewanella woodyi|S. woodyi]]''<br>
|''[[Shewanella upenei|S. upenei]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
''[[Shewanella xiamenensis|S. xiamenensis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/>
|''[[Shewanella vesiculosa|S. vesiculosa]]''<ref name=Shewanella/>
|''[[Shewanella violacea|S. violacea]]''
|''[[Shewanella waksmanii|S. waksmanii]]''
|''[[Shewanella woodyi|S. woodyi]]''
|''[[Shewanella xiamenensis|S. xiamenensis]]'' <ref name=Shewanella/>
}}
}}
}}


'''''Shewanella''''' is the sole genus included in the '''Shewanellaceae''' family of [[ocean|marine]] [[bacteria]], some species within it were formerly classed as ''[[Alteromonas]]''. ''Shewanella'' bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.<ref>Adams and Moss, ''Food Microbiology'', third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140, </ref>
'''''Shewanella''''' is the sole genus included in the [[marine bacteria]] family '''Shewanellaceae'''. Some species within it were formerly classed as ''[[Alteromonas]]''. ''Shewanella'' consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Endotoxins : Structure, function and recognition|date=2010|publisher=Springer Verlag|others=Wang, Xiaoyuan., Quinn, Peter J.|isbn=978-9048190782|location=Dordrecht|oclc=663096120}}</ref> ''Shewanella'' bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.<ref>Adams and Moss, ''Food Microbiology'', third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140,</ref> ''Shewanella chilikensis'', a species of the genus ''Shewanella'' commonly found in the [[Sponge|marine sponges]] of [[St. Martin's Island|Saint Martin's Island]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2021-12-15|title=Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004484862100819X|journal=Aquaculture|language=en|volume=545|pages=737156|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156|issn=0044-8486|last1=Paul|first1=Sulav Indra|last2=Rahman|first2=Md. Mahbubur|last3=Salam|first3=Mohammad Abdus|last4=Khan|first4=Md. Arifur Rahman|last5=Islam|first5=Md. Tofazzal|bibcode=2021Aquac.54537156P }}</ref>


''Shewanella oneidensis'' MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial [[electrogenesis]] and [[microbial fuel cells]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gorby|first1=Yuri A.|last2=Yanina|first2=Svetlana|last3=McLean|first3=Jeffrey S.|last4=Rosso|first4=Kevin M.|last5=Moyles|first5=Dianne|last6=Dohnalkova|first6=Alice|last7=Beveridge|first7=Terry J.|last8=Chang|first8=In Seop|last9=Kim|first9=Byung Hong|date=2006-07-25|title=Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=103|issue=30|pages=11358–11363|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604517103|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16849424|pmc=1544091|bibcode=2006PNAS..10311358G|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Diet==


== Biochemical characteristics of ''Shewanella'' species ==
''Shewanella'' species respire a variety of electrons acceptors in anoxic conditions, many of which are located extracellularly. The mechanism for extracellular electron transfer involves c-type cytochromes that span the inner and outer membranes and "[[bacterial nanowires]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Have We Found Alien Life?|url = http://www.popsci.com/have-we-found-alien-life|website = Popular Science|accessdate = 2015-10-26|date = January 21, 2015|last = Powell|first = Corey S.}}</ref>
Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of ''Shewanella'' species are shown in the Table below.<ref name=":4" />
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Test type'''
|'''Test'''
|'''Characteristics'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Colony characters
|Size
|Small, Medium
|-
|Type
|Round
|-
|Color
|Brownish, Pinkish
|-
|Shape
|Convex
|-
|Morphological characters
|Shape
|Rod
|-
| rowspan="2" |Physiological characters
|Motility
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Growth at 6.5% NaCl
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="12" |Biochemical characters
|Gram's staining
|–
|-
|Oxidase
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Catalase
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Oxidative-Fermentative
|Fermentative
|-
|Motility
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Methyl Red
|–
|-
|Voges-Proskauer
|–
|-
|Indole
|–
|-
|H<sub>2</sub>S Production
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Urease
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Nitrate reductase
|–
|-
|β-Galactosidase
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="6" |Hydrolysis of
|Gelatin
|–
|-
|Aesculin
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Casein
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Tween 40
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Tween 60
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Tween 80
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="13" |Acid production from
|Glycerol
|–
|-
|Galactose
|–
|-
|D-Glucose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|D-Fructose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|D-Mannose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Mannitol
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|N-Acetylglucosamine
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Amygdalin
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Maltose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|D-Melibiose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|D-Trehalose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|Glycogen
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
|D-Turanose
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|}
Note: + = Positive; – =Negative


==Popular culture==
==Metabolism==
Currently known ''Shewanella'' species are heterotrophic facultative anaerobes.<ref>Serres, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482980/ Genomic Analysis of Carbon Source Metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: Predictions versus Experiments], ''Journal of Bacteriology'', July 2006</ref> In the absence of oxygen, members of this genus possess capabilities allowing the use of a variety of other electron acceptors for respiration. These include thiosulfate, sulfite, or elemental sulfur,<ref>Burns, [http://aem.asm.org/content/75/16/5209.full Anaerobic Respiration of Elemental Sulfur and Thiosulfate by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Requires psrA, a Homolog of the phsA Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2], ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 19 June 2009</ref> as well as fumarate.<ref>Pinchuk et al., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21965410 Pyruvate and lactate metabolism by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under fermentation, oxygen limitation, and fumarate respiration conditions.], ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'' December 2011</ref> Marine species have demonstrated an ability to use arsenic as an electron acceptor as well.<ref>Saltikov et al.,
''Shewanella oneidensis'' MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial [[electrogenesis]] and [[microbial fuel cells]].
[http://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(14)03228-7, Expression Dynamics of Arsenic Respiration and Detoxification in Shewanella sp. Strain ANA-3], ''Journal of Bacteriology'', Nov 2005</ref> Some members of this species, most notably ''Shewanella oneidensis'', have the ability to respire through a wide range of metal species, including manganese, chromium, uranium, and iron.<ref>Tiedje, [https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1102-1093#ref2, Shewanella—the environmentally versatile genome], ''Nature Biotechnology''</ref>
Reduction of iron and manganese through ''Shewanella'' respiration has been shown to involve extracellular electron transfer through the employment of [[bacterial nanowires]], extensions of the outer membrane.<ref>Pirbadian et al., [http://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(14)03228-7, Bacterial Nanowires of Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 are Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Extensions of the Extracellular Electron Transport Components], ''Biophysical Journal'', Volume 108, Jan 2015</ref>


===Applications===
''Shewanella'' appeared in a [[comic book]] as "The Electric Microbe" in educational kits available for students and hobbyists.<ref>[https://www.magicalmicrobes.com/collections/accessories/products/shewy-the-electric-microbe-comic-book The Electric Microbe Comic Book]</ref>
The discovery of some of the respiratory capabilities possessed by members of this genus has opened the door to possible applications for these bacteria. The metal-reducing capabilities can potentially be applied to bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater,<ref>Newsome, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254113004907 The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides], ''Chemical Geology'', Volume 363, pp 164-184, 10 Jan 2014,</ref>
with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide. Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells, designs that use bacteria to induce a current, have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of ''Shewanella'' possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire.<ref>Hoffman et al., [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10800-013-0550-5 Dual-chambered bio-batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes], Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol 43, Issue 7, pp 629–636, 27 Apr 2013</ref>


== See also ==
== Significance ==
One of the roles that the genus ''Shewanella'' has in the environment is [[bioremediation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dikow|first=Rebecca B.|date=2011-05-12|title=Genome-level homology and phylogeny of Shewanella (Gammaproteobacteria: lteromonadales: Shewanellaceae)|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=12|pages=237|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-12-237|pmid=21569439|pmc=3107185|issn=1471-2164 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Shewanella'' species have great metabolic versatility; they can reduce various electron acceptors.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the electron acceptors they use are toxic substances and heavy metals, which often become less toxic after being reduced.<ref name=":1" /> Examples of metals that ''Shewanella'' are capable of reducing and degrading include uranium, chromium, and iron.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The third domain : the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology|pages=247|last=Tim.|first=Friend|date=2007|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=978-0309102377|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=228173040|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/thirddomainun00frie}}</ref> Its ability to decrease toxicity of various substances makes ''Shewanella'' a useful tool for bioremediation. Specifically, ''[[Shewanella oneidensis]]'' strain MR-1 is often used to clean up contaminated nuclear weapon manufacturing sites.<ref name=":2" />
''[[Shewanella haliotis]]'' Kim ''et al.'', 2007 <ref>NEW TAXA - Proteobacteria:


''Shewanella'' also contributes to the biogeochemical circulation of minerals.<ref name=":0" /> Members of this genus are widely distributed in aquatic habitats, from the deep sea to the shallow Antarctic Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> Its diverse habitats, coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals, makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, under aerobic conditions, various species of ''Shewanella'' are capable of oxidizing manganese.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=Mitchell H.|last2=Farooqui|first2=Saad M.|last3=White|first3=Alan R.|last4=Greene|first4=Anthony C.|date=2016-08-15|title=Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=82|issue=17|pages=5402–5409|doi=10.1128/AEM.00663-16|issn=0099-2240|pmc=4988204|pmid=27342559|bibcode=2016ApEnM..82.5402W}}</ref> When conditions are changed, the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products.<ref name=":3" /> Hence, since ''Shewanella'' can both oxidize and reduce manganese, it is critical to the cycling of manganese.<ref name=":3" />
Duwoon Kim,
Keun Sik Baik,
Mi Sun Kim,
Bok-Mi Jung,
Tai-Sun Shin,
Gyu-Hwa Chung,
Moon Soo Rhee,
and Chi Nam Seong


== See also ==
Shewanella haliotis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microflora of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Int J Syst Evol Microbiol December 2007 57:2926-2931; doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65257-0</ref>
* ''[[Shewanella haliotis]]''<ref>NEW TAXA - Proteobacteria: {{cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.65257-0 | pmid=18048751 | volume=57 | issue=12 | title=Shewanella haliotis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microflora of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai | year=2007 | journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | pages=2926–2931 | last1 = Kim | first1 = D.| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Electric bacteria]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.magicalmicrobes.com/collections/kits/products/mudwatt-clean-energy-from-mud DIY Microbial Fuel Cell Kit]
* [https://www.magicalmicrobes.com/collections/accessories/products/shewy-the-electric-microbe-comic-book "The Electric Microbe" Comic Book]
* [[List of bacterial genera named after personal names]]
* [[List of bacterial genera named after personal names]]
*[http://www.genomesonline.org/search.cgi?colcol=all&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Shewanella&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_eco=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search Shewanella Genome Projects] (from [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database])
*[http://www.genomesonline.org/search.cgi?colcol=all&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Shewanella&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_eco=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search Shewanella Genome Projects] (from [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database])
*[http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Shewanella Comparative Analysis of Shewanella Genomes] (at [[United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]])
*[http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Shewanella Comparative Analysis of Shewanella Genomes] (at [[United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]])

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3243676}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Alteromonadales]]
[[Category:Alteromonadales]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]

{{Gammaproteobacteria-stub}}

Latest revision as of 11:57, 17 April 2024

Shewanella
Shewanella oneidensis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Alteromonadales
Family:
Shewanellaceae

Ivanova et al. 2004
Genus:
Shewanella

MacDonell and Colwell 1985
Type species
Shewanella putrefaciens
Species

Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high.[2] Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.[3] Shewanella chilikensis, a species of the genus Shewanella commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.[4]

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells.[5]

Biochemical characteristics of Shewanella species[edit]

Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Shewanella species are shown in the Table below.[4]

Test type Test Characteristics
Colony characters Size Small, Medium
Type Round
Color Brownish, Pinkish
Shape Convex
Morphological characters Shape Rod
Physiological characters Motility +
Growth at 6.5% NaCl +
Biochemical characters Gram's staining –
Oxidase +
Catalase +
Oxidative-Fermentative Fermentative
Motility +
Methyl Red –
Voges-Proskauer –
Indole –
H2S Production +
Urease +
Nitrate reductase –
β-Galactosidase +
Hydrolysis of Gelatin –
Aesculin +
Casein +
Tween 40 +
Tween 60 +
Tween 80 +
Acid production from Glycerol –
Galactose –
D-Glucose +
D-Fructose +
D-Mannose +
Mannitol +
N-Acetylglucosamine +
Amygdalin +
Maltose +
D-Melibiose +
D-Trehalose +
Glycogen +
D-Turanose +

Note: + = Positive; – =Negative

Metabolism[edit]

Currently known Shewanella species are heterotrophic facultative anaerobes.[6] In the absence of oxygen, members of this genus possess capabilities allowing the use of a variety of other electron acceptors for respiration. These include thiosulfate, sulfite, or elemental sulfur,[7] as well as fumarate.[8] Marine species have demonstrated an ability to use arsenic as an electron acceptor as well.[9] Some members of this species, most notably Shewanella oneidensis, have the ability to respire through a wide range of metal species, including manganese, chromium, uranium, and iron.[10] Reduction of iron and manganese through Shewanella respiration has been shown to involve extracellular electron transfer through the employment of bacterial nanowires, extensions of the outer membrane.[11]

Applications[edit]

The discovery of some of the respiratory capabilities possessed by members of this genus has opened the door to possible applications for these bacteria. The metal-reducing capabilities can potentially be applied to bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater,[12] with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide. Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells, designs that use bacteria to induce a current, have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of Shewanella possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire.[13]

Significance[edit]

One of the roles that the genus Shewanella has in the environment is bioremediation.[14] Shewanella species have great metabolic versatility; they can reduce various electron acceptors.[2] Some of the electron acceptors they use are toxic substances and heavy metals, which often become less toxic after being reduced.[14] Examples of metals that Shewanella are capable of reducing and degrading include uranium, chromium, and iron.[15] Its ability to decrease toxicity of various substances makes Shewanella a useful tool for bioremediation. Specifically, Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is often used to clean up contaminated nuclear weapon manufacturing sites.[15]

Shewanella also contributes to the biogeochemical circulation of minerals.[2] Members of this genus are widely distributed in aquatic habitats, from the deep sea to the shallow Antarctic Ocean.[14] Its diverse habitats, coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals, makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals.[2] For instance, under aerobic conditions, various species of Shewanella are capable of oxidizing manganese.[16] When conditions are changed, the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products.[16] Hence, since Shewanella can both oxidize and reduce manganese, it is critical to the cycling of manganese.[16]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
  2. ^ a b c d Endotoxins : Structure, function and recognition. Wang, Xiaoyuan., Quinn, Peter J. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. 2010. ISBN 978-9048190782. OCLC 663096120.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ Adams and Moss, Food Microbiology, third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140,
  4. ^ a b Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (2021-12-15). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. Bibcode:2021Aquac.54537156P. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486.
  5. ^ Gorby, Yuri A.; Yanina, Svetlana; McLean, Jeffrey S.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Moyles, Dianne; Dohnalkova, Alice; Beveridge, Terry J.; Chang, In Seop; Kim, Byung Hong (2006-07-25). "Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (30): 11358–11363. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311358G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604517103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544091. PMID 16849424.
  6. ^ Serres, Genomic Analysis of Carbon Source Metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: Predictions versus Experiments, Journal of Bacteriology, July 2006
  7. ^ Burns, Anaerobic Respiration of Elemental Sulfur and Thiosulfate by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Requires psrA, a Homolog of the phsA Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 19 June 2009
  8. ^ Pinchuk et al., Pyruvate and lactate metabolism by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under fermentation, oxygen limitation, and fumarate respiration conditions., Applied and Environmental Microbiology December 2011
  9. ^ Saltikov et al., Expression Dynamics of Arsenic Respiration and Detoxification in Shewanella sp. Strain ANA-3, Journal of Bacteriology, Nov 2005
  10. ^ Tiedje, Shewanella—the environmentally versatile genome, Nature Biotechnology
  11. ^ Pirbadian et al., Bacterial Nanowires of Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 are Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Extensions of the Extracellular Electron Transport Components, Biophysical Journal, Volume 108, Jan 2015
  12. ^ Newsome, The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides, Chemical Geology, Volume 363, pp 164-184, 10 Jan 2014,
  13. ^ Hoffman et al., Dual-chambered bio-batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol 43, Issue 7, pp 629–636, 27 Apr 2013
  14. ^ a b c Dikow, Rebecca B. (2011-05-12). "Genome-level homology and phylogeny of Shewanella (Gammaproteobacteria: lteromonadales: Shewanellaceae)". BMC Genomics. 12: 237. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-237. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3107185. PMID 21569439.
  15. ^ a b Tim., Friend (2007). The third domain : the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0309102377. OCLC 228173040.
  16. ^ a b c Wright, Mitchell H.; Farooqui, Saad M.; White, Alan R.; Greene, Anthony C. (2016-08-15). "Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (17): 5402–5409. Bibcode:2016ApEnM..82.5402W. doi:10.1128/AEM.00663-16. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4988204. PMID 27342559.
  17. ^ NEW TAXA - Proteobacteria: Kim, D. (2007). "Shewanella haliotis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microflora of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (12): 2926–2931. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65257-0. PMID 18048751.

External links[edit]

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