Alteromonadales
| Alteromonadales | ||||||||
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Shewanella oneidensis |
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| Systematics | ||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||
| Alteromonadales | ||||||||
| Bowman & McMeekin 2005 |
The Alteromonadales are an order of the Gammaproteobacteria . Originally it contained only one family, the Alteromonadaceae , currently it consists of eight families. As with all proteobacteria, they are gram-negative bacteria. Many of the species are found in seawater and often in extreme habitats such as B. in the deep sea.
features
These are gram-negative , straight or slightly curved, rod-shaped bacteria, usually flagellated with a polar flagella .
Some species are strictly aerobic , so they need oxygen to grow, others are facultatively anaerobic and also show growth in the absence of oxygen. Some of the latter types use fermentation as a metabolic pathway under anaerobic conditions , otherwise a respiratory metabolism takes place.
The oxidase and catalase tests are positive for most species.
ecology
Species of the Alteromonadales have been found in many areas of the sea, near the coast and in open sea water, on the seabed, in the deep sea as well as on fish and various invertebrates.
Many extremophile , i.e. species adapted to extreme environmental conditions, are represented in this order. Some species tolerate low temperatures down to freezing point (psychrotolerant) or are even dependent on low temperatures for growth ( psychrophilic ). Thus, Shewanella amazonensis psychrotolerant, the type tolerated low temperatures up to 4 ° C, optimum growth at 37 ° C. Colwellia psychrerythraea is psychrophilic; in a liquid medium it grows at temperatures between 0 and 19 ° C, and growth is no longer possible at temperatures higher than 20 ° C. Some, such as B. Species of Glaciecola and Shewanella hanedai colonize Antarctic ice diatoms . Some of the psychrophilic species are also barophilic or barotolerant, they live in deep sea water or in the deep sea, where there is high pressure at temperatures between 2 and 3 ° C. The species Shewanella benthica is psychrophilic and barophilic, so it shows the best growth under low temperatures (0 ° C to 10 ° C) and high pressure conditions (400–600 Mpa ). The first described strain of this species is also viable under atmospheric pressure, but then shows only weak growth. The optimal growth temperature under atmospheric pressure is 5 ° C. A strain of this species, which was later isolated from sediments at a depth of 10898 in the Mariana Trench , is obligatorily barophilic; no growth takes place under normal atmospheric pressure, best growth occurs at 70 MPa. The bacterium Moritella yayanosii is obligatorily barophilic, i.e. relies on high pressure, below 50 MPa it is unable to grow. Another example of deep-sea dwellers is the genus Idiomarina, isolated at depths of 4000 to 5000 m
Also halophilic , living in environments with high salt concentrations of bacteria are present in the order such. B. Moritella .
Systematics
The genera Teredinibacter and Candidatus Endobugula are provisionally classified here without further classification. The following families are included in the order:
- Alteromonadaceae Ivanova and Mikhailov 2001
- Celerinate antimonadaceae Cramer et al. 2011
- Colwelliaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
- Ferrimonadaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
- Idiomarinaceae Ivanova et al. 2004 emend. Jean et al. 2006
- Moritellaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
- Pseudoalteromonadaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
- Psychromonadaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
- Shewanellaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
The following genera belong to the order Alteromonadales, but are not yet assigned to any family (as of August 14, 2018):
- Aestuariicella Lo et al. 2015
- Motilimonas Ling, et al. 2017
- Neiella Du et al. 2013
swell
- ↑ JP Bowman, JP, SA McCammon, JL Brown, TA McMeekin: Glaciecola punicea gen. Nov., Sp. nov. and Glaciecola pallidula gen. nov., sp. nov .: psychrophilic bacteria from Antarctic sea-ice habitats . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , Vol. 48, 1998, pp. 1213-1222 online
- ^ JP Bowman, SA McCammon, MV Brown, DS Nichols, TA McMeekin: Diversity and association of psychrophilic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . Vol. 63, 1997, pp. 3068-3078. On-line
- ↑ George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria, Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria
- ^ Y. Nogi and Chiaki Kato: Taxonomic studies of extremely barophilic bacteria isolated from the Mariana Trench and description of Moritella yayanosii sp. nov., a new barophilic bacterial isolate 'from the Mariana Trench and description of Moritella yayanosii sp. nov., a new barophilic bacterial isolate In: Extremophiles , Vol. 3, Iss. 1, January 1999, pp. 71-77 doi: 10.1007 / s007920050101
- ↑ YRyota Kasahara, Takako Sato, Hideyuki Tamegai, Chiaki Kato: Piezo-Adapted 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase of the Obligate Piezophile Shewanella benthica DB21MT-2 Isolated from the 11,000-m Depth of the Mariana Trench In: Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry , Vol. 73 , Iss 11, November 2009, pp. 2541-2543 online
- ↑ Elena P. Ivanova, Ludmila A. Romanenko, Jongsik Chun, Maria H. Matte, Glavur R. Matte, Valery V. Mikhailov, Vasilii I. Svetashev, Anwarul Huq, Tim Maugel and Rita R. Colwell: Idiomarina gen. Nov. , novel comprising indigenous deep-sea bacteria from the Pacific Ocean, including descriptions of two species, Idiomarina abyssalis sp. nov. and Idiomarina zobellii sp. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 901-907. On-line
- ↑ JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Alteromonadales (August 2018)
literature
- George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria, Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria
- Elena P. Ivanova, Sebastien Flavier, Richard Christen: Phylogenetic relationships among marine Alteromonas -like proteobacteria: emended description of the family Alteromonadaceae and proposal of Pseudoalteromonadaceae fam. nov., Colwelliaceae fam. nov., Shewanellaceae fam. nov., Moritellaceae fam. nov., Ferrimonadaceae fam. nov., Idiomarinaceae fam. nov. and Psychromonadaceae fam. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Vol. 54, 2004, pp. 1773-1788, PMID 15388743 .
