Bibliotheca (Photius): Difference between revisions

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The works of Procopius are extant
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{{Short description|9th century work of Byzantine Patriarch Photius}}
{{Short description|9th century work of Byzantine Patriarch Photius}}
{{Distinguish|Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Bibliotheca cover.jpg|200px|thumb|Cover of ''Bibliotheca'']]
[[File:Bibliotheca cover.jpg|200px|thumb|Cover of ''Bibliotheca'']]
Line 20: Line 19:
== Possible Abbasid link ==
== Possible Abbasid link ==


Some older scholarship had speculated that ''Bibliotheca'' might have been composed in [[Baghdad]] at the time of Photius' embassy to the [[Abbasid]] court, since many of the mentioned works are rarely cited during the period before Photius, i.e. the so-called Byzantine "[[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]," (c. 630 – c.800),<ref>Paul Lemerle, ''Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase: Notes and Remarks on Education and Culture in Byzantium from its Origins to the 10th century''. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986, 81-84.</ref> and since it was known that the Abbasids were interested in [[Arab transmission of the classics to the west|translating Greek science and philosophy]].<ref>Jokisch, Islamic Imperial Law (2007), pp. 364–386)</ref> However, modern specialists of the period, such as [[Paul Lemerle]], have pointed out that this cannot be the case, since Photius himself clearly states in his preface and postscript to the ''Bibliotheca'' that after he was chosen to take part in the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of the works he had read ''previously'' "since the time that I learned how to understand and evaluate literature," i.e. from his youth.<ref>As Lemerle says "it is clear that this was written, and therefore that the collection has been composed, ''before'' the completion of the embassy. (Lemerle, ''Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase'', 40.)</ref> A further difficulty with supposing that ''Bibliotheca'' was composed during rather than before the embassy, besides Photius' own explicit statement, is that the majority of the works in ''Bibliotheca'' are of Christian [[patristic theology]], and most of the secular works are histories, grammars, and works of literature, particularly rhetoric, rather than works of philosophy or science, and the Abbasids showed no interest in having Greek history or Greek high literature like rhetoric translated, nor were they interested in translating Greek Christian works. Their interest in Greek texts was confined almost exclusively to science, philosophy and medicine.<ref>As Paul Lemerle puts it, "while the renaissance in Hellenism in Byzantium extended progressively and more or less rapidly to all spheres of ancient literature including poetry, theatre, rhetoric, history, etc., Islam took an interest only in the sciences on the one hand, and philosophy on the other, ''Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase'', 26–27</ref> In fact, "there is almost no overlap (other than some [[Galen]], [[Dioscorides]], and [[Vindonius Anatolius]]) between the inventory of secular works in Photius's ''Bibliotheca'' and those works that were translated into Arabic"<ref>Dmitri Gutas, ''Greek thought, Arab Culture,'' 1998, 186.</ref> in the Abbasid period.
Some older scholarship had speculated that ''Bibliotheca'' might have been composed in [[Baghdad]] at the time of Photius' embassy to the [[Abbasid]] court, since many of the mentioned works are rarely cited during the period before Photius, i.e. the so-called Byzantine "[[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]" ({{circa}} 630–800),<ref>Paul Lemerle, ''Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase: Notes and Remarks on Education and Culture in Byzantium from its Origins to the 10th century''. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986, 81–84.</ref> and since it was known that the Abbasids were interested in [[Arab transmission of the classics to the west|translating Greek science and philosophy]].<ref>Jokisch, Islamic Imperial Law (2007), pp. 364–386)</ref> However, modern specialists of the period, such as [[Paul Lemerle]], have pointed out that this cannot be the case, since Photius himself clearly states in his preface and postscript to the ''Bibliotheca'' that after he was chosen to take part in the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of the works he had read ''previously'' "since the time that I learned how to understand and evaluate literature," i.e. from his youth.<ref>As Lemerle says "it is clear that this was written, and therefore that the collection has been composed, ''before'' the completion of the embassy (Lemerle, ''Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase'', 40).</ref> A further difficulty with supposing that ''Bibliotheca'' was composed during rather than before the embassy, besides Photius' own explicit statement, is that the majority of the works in ''Bibliotheca'' are of Christian [[patristic theology]], and most of the secular works are histories, grammars, and works of literature, particularly rhetoric, rather than works of philosophy or science, and the Abbasids showed no interest in having Greek history or Greek high literature like rhetoric translated, nor were they interested in translating Greek Christian works. Their interest in Greek texts was confined almost exclusively to science, philosophy and medicine.<ref>As Paul Lemerle puts it, "while the renaissance in Hellenism in Byzantium extended progressively and more or less rapidly to all spheres of ancient literature including poetry, theatre, rhetoric, history, etc., Islam took an interest only in the sciences on the one hand, and philosophy on the other, ''Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase'', 26–27</ref> In fact, "there is almost no overlap (other than some [[Galen]], [[Dioscorides]], and [[Vindonius Anatolius]]) between the inventory of secular works in Photius's ''Bibliotheca'' and those works that were translated into Arabic"<ref>Dmitri Gutas, ''Greek thought, Arab Culture,'' 1998, 186.</ref> in the Abbasid period.


== Editions ==
== Editions ==
Line 28: Line 27:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! N°
! Author
! Author
! Tile
! Title
! Religion
! Religion
! Cons.
! Preservation
|-
|-
|1
| Theodore of Mopsuestia
| [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]]
| On the Genuineness of the works of Dionysius the Areopagite
| On the Genuineness of the works of Dionysius the Areopagite
| Christian
| Christian
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|2
| Hadrian the monk
| Hadrian the monk
| Instroduction to the Scriptures
| Introduction to the Scriptures
| Christian
| Christian
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|3
| [[Nonnosus (historian)|Nonnosus]]
| [[Nonnosus (historian)|Nonnosus]]
| History
| History
Line 48: Line 51:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|4
| Theodore of Mopsuestia
| Theodore of Mopsuestia
| For Basil Against Eunomius
| For Basil Against Eunomius
Line 53: Line 57:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|5
|Sophronius
|For Basil Against Eunomius
|Christian
|Lost
|-
|6
| [[Gregory of Nyssa]]
| [[Gregory of Nyssa]]
| For Basil Against Eunomius 1
| For Basil Against Eunomius 1
Line 58: Line 69:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|7
| Gregory of Nyssa
| Gregory of Nyssa
| For Basil Against Eunomius 2
| For Basil Against Eunomius 2
Line 63: Line 75:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|8
| [[Origen]]
| [[Origen]]
| De Principiis
| De Principiis
Line 68: Line 81:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|9
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| [[Praeparatio Evangelica]]
| [[Praeparatio Evangelica]]
Line 73: Line 87:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|10
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| Demonstratio Evangelica
| Demonstratio Evangelica
Line 78: Line 93:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|11
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| Praeparatio Ecclesiastica
| Praeparatio Ecclesiastica
Line 83: Line 99:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|12
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| Demonstratio Ecclesiastica
| Demonstratio Ecclesiastica
Line 88: Line 105:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|13
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| Refutation and defence
| Refutation and defence
Line 93: Line 111:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|14
| [[Apollinaris of Laodicea|Apollinarius]]
| [[Apollinaris of Laodicea|Apollinarius]]
| Against the Heathen
| Against the Heathen
Line 98: Line 117:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|14
| Apollinarius
| Apollinarius
| On Piety
| On Piety
Line 103: Line 123:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|14
| Apollinarius
| Apollinarius
| On Truth
| On Truth
Line 108: Line 129:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|15
| Gelasius of Cyzicus
| Gelasius of Cyzicus
| Acts of the First Council – Nicaea
| Acts of the First Council – Nicaea
Line 113: Line 135:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|16
| Various
| Various
| Acts of the Third Council – Ephesus
| Acts of the Third Council – Ephesus
Line 118: Line 141:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|17
| Various
| Various
| Acts of the Fourth Council – Chalcedon
| Acts of the Fourth Council – Chalcedon
Line 123: Line 147:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|18
| Various
| Various
| Acts of the Fifth Council – Constantinople
| Acts of the Fifth Council – Constantinople
Line 128: Line 153:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|19
| Various
| Various
| Acts of the Sixth Council – Constantinople II
| Acts of the Sixth Council – Constantinople II
Line 133: Line 159:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|20
| Various
| Various
| Acts of the Seventh Council – Nicaea II
| Acts of the Seventh Council – Nicaea II
Line 138: Line 165:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|21
| [[John Philoponus]]
| [[John Philoponus]]
| On the Resurrection
| On the Resurrection
Line 143: Line 171:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|22
| Theodosius the Monk
| Theodosius the Monk
| Refutation of John Philoponus
| Refutation of John Philoponus
Line 148: Line 177:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|23
| Conon
| Conon
| Refutation of John Philoponus
| Refutation of John Philoponus
Line 153: Line 183:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|23
| Eugenius
| Eugenius
| Refutation of John Philoponus
| Refutation of John Philoponus
Line 158: Line 189:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|23
| Themistius
| Themistius
| Refutation of John Philoponus
| Refutation of John Philoponus
Line 163: Line 195:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|24
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| Acts of a disputation between Tritheites and Hesitators
| Acts of a disputation between Tritheites and Hesitators
Line 168: Line 201:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|25
| John Chrysostom
| John Chrysostom
| Notes on Death
| Notes on Death
Line 173: Line 207:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|25
| [[John Chrysostom]]
| [[John Chrysostom]]
| Homilies on the Ascension
| Homilies on the Ascension
Line 178: Line 213:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|25
| John Chrysostom
| John Chrysostom
| Homilies on Pentecost
| Homilies on Pentecost
Line 183: Line 219:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|26
| [[Synesius of Cyrene]]
| [[Synesius of Cyrene]]
| On Providence
| On Providence
Line 188: Line 225:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|26
| Synesius of Cyrene
| Synesius of Cyrene
| On the Kingdom
| On the Kingdom
Line 193: Line 231:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|27
| [[Eusebius]]
| [[Eusebius]]
| [[Church History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]
| [[Church History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]
Line 198: Line 237:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|28
| [[Socrates of Constantinople|Socrates]]
| [[Socrates of Constantinople|Socrates]]
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
Line 203: Line 243:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|29
| [[Evagrius Scholasticus]]
| [[Evagrius Scholasticus]]
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
Line 208: Line 249:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|30
| [[Sozomen]]
| [[Sozomen]]
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
Line 213: Line 255:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|31
| [[Theodoret]]
| [[Theodoret]]
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
Line 218: Line 261:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|32
| [[Athanasius]]
| [[Athanasius]]
| Letters
| Letters
Line 223: Line 267:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|33
| [[Justus of Tiberias]]
| [[Justus of Tiberias]]
| Chronicle of the Kings of the Jews
| Chronicle of the Kings of the Jews
Line 228: Line 273:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|34
| [[Sextus Julius Africanus|Julius Africanus]]
| [[Sextus Julius Africanus|Julius Africanus]]
| Chronography
| Chronography
Line 233: Line 279:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|35
| [[Philip of Side]]
| [[Philip of Side]]
| Christian History
| Christian History
Line 238: Line 285:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|36
| [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]]
| [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]]
| Christian Topography
| [[Christian Topography]]
| Christian
| Christian
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|37
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| On Government
| On Government
Line 248: Line 297:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|38
| [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]]
| [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]]
| Commentary on Genesis
| Commentary on Genesis
Line 253: Line 303:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|39
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| Against Hierocles
| Against Hierocles
Line 258: Line 309:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|40
| Philostorgius
| [[Philostorgius]]
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
| Christian
| Christian
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|41
| John of Aegae
| John of Aegae
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
Line 268: Line 321:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|42
| Basil of Cilicia
| Basil of Cilicia
| Ecclesiastical History
| Ecclesiastical History
Line 273: Line 327:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|43
| John Philoponus
| John Philoponus
| On the Hexaemeron
| On the Hexaemeron
Line 278: Line 333:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|44
| [[Philostratus]]
| [[Philostratus]]
| [[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]
| [[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]
Line 283: Line 339:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|45
| [[Andronicianus]]
| [[Andronicianus]]
| Against the Eunomians
| Against the Eunomians
Line 288: Line 345:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| Theodoret
| Against Heresies
| Christian
| Lost
|-
| Theodoret
| Theodoret
| Eranistes
| Eranistes
Line 298: Line 351:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| Theodoret
| Theodoret
| Polymorphos
| Polymorphos
Line 303: Line 357:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|47
| Josephus
| Josephus
| [[The Jewish War]]
| [[The Jewish War]]
Line 308: Line 363:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|48
| Hippolytus
| Hippolytus
| On the Universe
| On the Universe
Line 313: Line 369:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|49
| [[Cyril of Alexandria]]
| [[Cyril of Alexandria]]
| Against Nestorius
| Against Nestorius
Line 318: Line 375:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|50
| Nicias the Monk
| Nicias the Monk
| Against the Seven Chapters of Philoponus
| Against the Seven Chapters of Philoponus
Line 323: Line 381:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|51
| Hesychius
| Hesychius
| On the Brazen Serpent
| On the Brazen Serpent
Line 328: Line 387:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|52
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| Acts of the synod of Side, 383, against the Messalians
| Acts of the synod of Side, 383, against the Messalians
Line 333: Line 393:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|53
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| Acts of the synod of Carthage, 412 or 411, against the Pelagians
| Acts of the synod of Carthage, 412 or 411, against the Pelagians
Line 338: Line 399:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|54
| Various
| Various
| Copy of the Proceedings taken against the Doctrines of Nestorius
| Copy of the Proceedings taken against the Doctrines of Nestorius
Line 343: Line 405:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|55
| John Philoponus
| John Philoponus
| Against the Fourth Council
| Against the Fourth Council
Line 348: Line 411:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|56
| Theodoret
| Theodoret
| Against Heresies
| Against Heresies
Line 353: Line 417:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|57
| [[Appian]]
| [[Appian]]
| Roman History
| Roman History
Line 358: Line 423:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|58
| Arrian
| Arrian
| Parthica
| Parthica
Line 363: Line 429:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|59
| Various
| Various
| Acts of the Synod of the Oak, 403
| Acts of the Synod of the Oak, 403
Line 368: Line 435:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|60
| [[Herodotus]]
| [[Herodotus]]
| [[Histories (Herodotus)|History]]
| [[Histories (Herodotus)|History]]
Line 373: Line 441:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|61
| [[Aeschines]]
| [[Aeschines]]
| [[Against Timarchus]]
| [[Against Timarchus]]
Line 378: Line 447:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|61
| Aeschines
| Aeschines
| [[On the False Embassy]]
| [[On the False Embassy]]
Line 383: Line 453:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|61
| Aeschines
| Aeschines
| Against Ctesiphon
| Against Ctesiphon
Line 388: Line 459:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|62
| [[Praxagoras of Athens]]
| [[Praxagoras of Athens]]
| History of Constantine the Great
| History of Constantine the Great
Line 393: Line 465:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| Praxagoras of Athens
| Praxagoras of Athens
| The Kings of Athens
| The Kings of Athens
Line 398: Line 471:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| Praxagoras of Athens
| Praxagoras of Athens
| Alexander King of Macedon
| Alexander King of Macedon
Line 403: Line 477:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|63
| [[Procopius]]
| [[Procopius]]
| History
| History
| Christian
| Christian
| Lost
| Extant
|-
|-
|64
| [[Theophanes of Byzantium]]
| [[Theophanes of Byzantium]]
| History
| History
Line 413: Line 489:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|65
| [[Theophylact Simocatta]]
| [[Theophylact Simocatta]]
| Histories
| Histories
Line 418: Line 495:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|66
| Nicephorus
| [[Nikephoros I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]]
| Historical Epitome
| Historical Epitome
| Christian
| Christian
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|67
| Sergius the Confessor
| Sergius the Confessor
| History
| History
Line 428: Line 507:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|68
| [[Cephalion (historian)|Cephalion]]
| [[Cephalion (historian)|Cephalion]]
| Historical Epitome
| Historical Epitome
Line 433: Line 513:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|69
| [[Hesychius of Miletus|Hesychius]]
| [[Hesychius of Miletus|Hesychius]]
| History
| History
Line 438: Line 519:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| Hesychius
| Hesychius
| On Justin
| On Justin
Line 443: Line 525:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|70
| [[Diodorus Siculus]]
| [[Diodorus Siculus]]
| Historical Library
| [[Bibliotheca historica|Historical Library]]
| Pagan
| Pagan
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|71
| [[Cassius Dio]]
| [[Cassius Dio]]
| History
| History
Line 453: Line 537:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|72
| [[Ctesias]]
| [[Ctesias]]
| [[Persica (Ctesias)|Persica]]
| [[Persica (Ctesias)|Persica]]
Line 458: Line 543:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|72
| Ctesias
| Ctesias
| [[Indica (Ctesias)|History of India]]
| [[Indica (Ctesias)|History of India]]
Line 463: Line 549:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|73
| [[Heliodorus of Emesa|Heliodorus]]
| [[Heliodorus of Emesa|Heliodorus]]
| Aethiopica
| [[Aethiopica]]
| Pagan
| Pagan
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|74
| [[Themistius]]
| [[Themistius]]
| Political Orations
| Political Orations
Line 473: Line 561:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|74
| [[Lesbonax]]
| [[Lesbonax]]
| Speeches
| Speeches
Line 478: Line 567:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|75
| John Philoponus
| John Philoponus
| On the Trinity against John Scholasticus
| On the Trinity against John Scholasticus
Line 483: Line 573:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|76
| [[Josephus]]
| [[Josephus]]
| [[Antiquities of the Jews]]
| [[Antiquities of the Jews]]
Line 488: Line 579:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|77
| [[Eunapius]]
| [[Eunapius]]
| Chronicle
| Chronicle
Line 493: Line 585:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|78
| [[Malchus (historian)|Malchus]]
| [[Malchus (historian)|Malchus]]
| Byzantine History
| Byzantine History
Line 498: Line 591:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|79
| [[Candidus Isaurus|Candidus]]
| [[Candidus Isaurus|Candidus]]
| History
| History
Line 503: Line 597:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|80
| [[Olympiodorus the Younger|Olympiodorus]]
| [[Olympiodorus the Younger|Olympiodorus]]
| Histories
| Histories
Line 508: Line 603:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|81
| Theodore of Mopsuestia
| Theodore of Mopsuestia
| On Persian Magic
| On Persian Magic
Line 513: Line 609:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|82
| Dexippus
| [[Dexippus]]
| History
| History
| Pagan
| Pagan
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|82
| Dexippus
| Dexippus
| Historical Epitome
| Historical Epitome
Line 523: Line 621:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| Dexippus
| Dexippus
| Scythia
| Scythia
Line 528: Line 627:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|83
| [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]]
| [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]]
| Histories
| Histories
Line 533: Line 633:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|84
| Dionysius of Halicarnassus
| Dionysius of Halicarnassus
| Synopsis
| Synopsis
Line 538: Line 639:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|85
| Heraclian
| Heraclian
| Against the Manichaeans
| Against the Manichaeans
Line 543: Line 645:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|86
| John Chrysostom
| John Chrysostom
| Letters
| Letters
Line 548: Line 651:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|87
| [[Achilles Tatius]]
| [[Achilles Tatius]]
| [[Leucippe and Clitophon]]
| [[Leucippe and Clitophon]]
Line 553: Line 657:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|88
| [[Gelasius of Cyzicus]]
| [[Gelasius of Cyzicus]]
| Proceedings of the Synod of Nicaea
| Proceedings of the Synod of Nicaea
Line 558: Line 663:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|89
| Gelasius of Caesarea
| Gelasius of Caesarea
| Continuation of the History of Eusebius Pamphili
| Continuation of the History of Eusebius Pamphili
Line 563: Line 669:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|90
| [[Libanius]]
| [[Libanius]]
| Various works
| Various works
Line 568: Line 675:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|91
| [[Arrian]]
| [[Arrian]]
| [[The Anabasis of Alexander|History of the Reign of Alexander]]
| [[The Anabasis of Alexander|History of the Reign of Alexander]]
Line 573: Line 681:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|92
| Arrian
| Arrian
| Continuation
| Continuation
Line 578: Line 687:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|93
| Arrian
| Arrian
| Bithynica
| Bithynica
Line 583: Line 693:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|94
| [[Iamblichus]]
| [[Iamblichus]]
| Dramaticon
| Dramaticon
Line 588: Line 699:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|95
| John Scythopolita
| [[John of Scythopolis|John Scythopolita]]
| Against Schismatics
| Against Schismatics
| Christian
| Christian
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|
| John Scythopolita
| John Scythopolita
| Against Eutyches and Dioscorus
| Against Eutyches and Dioscorus
Line 598: Line 711:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|96
| George of Alexandria
| [[Patriarch George I of Alexandria|George of Alexandria]]
| Life of St. Chrysostom
| Life of St. Chrysostom
| Christian
| Christian
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|97
| [[Phlegon of Tralles]]
| [[Phlegon of Tralles]]
| Collection of Chronicles and List of Olympian Victors
| Collection of Chronicles and List of Olympian Victors
Line 608: Line 723:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|98
| [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]]
| [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]]
| New History
| New History
Line 613: Line 729:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|99
| [[Herodian]]
| [[Herodian]]
| History
| History
Line 618: Line 735:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|100
| [[Hadrian|The Emperor Hadrian]]
| [[Hadrian|The Emperor Hadrian]]
| Declamations
| Declamations
Line 623: Line 741:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|101
| [[Gaius Marius Victorinus|Victorinus]]
| [[Gaius Marius Victorinus|Victorinus]]
| Panegyrics on the Emperor Zeno
| Panegyrics on the Emperor Zeno
Line 628: Line 747:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|102
| [[Gelasius of Caesarea]]
| [[Gelasius of Caesarea]]
| Against the Anomoeans
| Against the Anomoeans
Line 633: Line 753:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|103
| Philo Judaeus
| Philo Judaeus
| Allegories of the Sacred Laws
| Allegories of the Sacred Laws
Line 638: Line 759:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|103
| Philo Judaeus
| Philo Judaeus
| On the Civil Life
| On the Civil Life
Line 643: Line 765:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|104
| Philo Judaeus
| [[Philo Judaeus]]
| Against Flaccus
| On the Essenes and Therapeutae
| Jewish
| Jewish
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|105
| Philo Judaeus
| Philo Judaeus
| Against Gaius
| Against Flaccus
| Jewish
| Jewish
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|105
| [[Philo Judaeus]]
| Philo Judaeus
| On the Essenes and Therapeutae
| Against Gaius
| Jewish
| Jewish
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|106
| [[Theognostus of Alexandria]]
| [[Theognostus of Alexandria]]
| Outlines
| Outlines
Line 663: Line 789:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|107
| Basil of Cilicia
| Basil of Cilicia
| Against John Scythopolita
| Against John Scythopolita
Line 668: Line 795:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|108
| Theodore of Alexandria
| Theodore of Alexandria
| Against Themistius
| Against Themistius
Line 673: Line 801:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|109
| Clement of Alexandria
| Clement of Alexandria
| Outlines
| Outlines
Line 678: Line 807:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|110
| Clement of Alexandria
| Clement of Alexandria
| [[Paedagogus|The Tutor]]
| [[Paedagogus|The Tutor]]
Line 683: Line 813:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|111
| [[Clement of Alexandria]]
| [[Clement of Alexandria]]
| [[Stromata|The Miscellanies]]
| [[Stromata|The Miscellanies]]
Line 688: Line 819:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|112-3
| Clement of Rome
| Clement of Rome
| Apostolic Constitutions and Recognitions
| Apostolic Constitutions and Recognitions
Line 693: Line 825:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|114
| [[Leucius Charinus]]
| [[Leucius Charinus]]
| Circuits of the Apostles
| Circuits of the Apostles
Line 698: Line 831:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|115
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| Against the Quartodecimans
| Against the Quartodecimans
Line 703: Line 837:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|115
| [[Metrodorus (grammarian)|Metrodorus]]
| [[Metrodorus (grammarian)|Metrodorus]]
| On the date of Easter
| On the date of Easter
Line 708: Line 843:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|116
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| A Third Volume on the Holy Easter Feast
| A Third Volume on the Holy Easter Feast
Line 713: Line 849:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|117
| Anonymous
| Anonymous
| In Defense of Origen
| In Defense of Origen
Line 718: Line 855:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|118
| Pamphilus & Eusebius
| [[Pamphilus of Caesarea]]
| Defense of Origen
| Defense of Origen
| Christian
| Christian
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|119
| [[Pierius]]
| [[Pierius]]
| Homilies
| Homilies
Line 728: Line 867:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|120
| [[Irenaeus]]
| [[Irenaeus]]
| [[Against Heresies (Irenaeus)|Against Heresies]]
| [[Against Heresies (Irenaeus)|Against Heresies]]
Line 733: Line 873:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|121
| [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]]
| [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]]
| [[Refutation of All Heresies|Against Heresies]]
| [[Refutation of All Heresies|Against Heresies]]
Line 738: Line 879:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|122
| [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]]
| [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]]
| [[Panarion]]
| [[Panarion]]
Line 743: Line 885:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|123
| Epiphanius
| Epiphanius
| Ancoratus
| Ancoratus
Line 748: Line 891:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|124
| Epiphanius
| Epiphanius
| [[On Weights and Measures]]
| [[On Weights and Measures]]
Line 753: Line 897:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|125
| [[Justin Martyr]]
| [[Justin Martyr]]
| Apology
| [[First Apology of Justin Martyr|Apology]]
| Christian
| Christian
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|126
| [[Clement of Rome]]
| [[Clement of Rome]]
| [[First Epistle of Clement|Letters to the Corinthians]]
| [[First Epistle of Clement|Letters to the Corinthians]]
Line 763: Line 909:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|126
| [[Polycarp]]
| [[Polycarp]]
| [[Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians|Letter to the Philippians]]
| [[Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians|Letter to the Philippians]]
Line 768: Line 915:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|127
| Eusebius
| Eusebius
| [[Life of Constantine]]
| [[Life of Constantine]]
Line 773: Line 921:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|128
| [[Lucian]]
| [[Lucian]]
| Dialogues
| [[List of works by Lucian|Dialogues]]
| Pagan
| Pagan
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|129
| Lucius of Patrae
| Lucius of Patrae
| Metamorphoses
| Metamorphoses
Line 783: Line 933:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|130
| [[Damascius]]
| [[Damascius]]
| Incredible Stories
| Incredible Stories
Line 788: Line 939:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|131
| [[Amyntianus]]
| [[Amyntianus]]
| On Alexander
| On Alexander
Line 793: Line 945:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|132-5
| Palladius et.al.
| Palladius et.al.
| Declamations
| Declamations
Line 798: Line 951:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|136
| Cyril of Alexandria
| Cyril of Alexandria
| Thesauri
| Thesauri
Line 803: Line 957:
| Extant
| Extant
|-
|-
|137
| Eunomius of Cyzicus
| Eunomius of Cyzicus
| Apology
| Apology
Line 808: Line 963:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|138
| Eunomius of Cyzicus
| Eunomius of Cyzicus
| Against Basil
| Against Basil
Line 813: Line 969:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|138
| [[Eunomius of Cyzicus]]
| [[Eunomius of Cyzicus]]
| Letters
| Letters
Line 818: Line 975:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|139
| Athanasius
| Athanasius
| Commentary on Ecclesiastes
| Commentary on Ecclesiastes
Line 823: Line 981:
| Lost
| Lost
|-
|-
|139
| Athanasius
| Athanasius
| Commentary on the Song of Songs
| Commentary on the Song of Songs
| Christian
| Christian
| Lost
|-
|166
| [[Antonius Diogenes]]
| The Wonders Beyond Thule
| Pagan
| Lost
|-
|167
| [[Stobaeus|Joannes Stobaeus]]
| Anthology
| Pagan
| Extant
|-
|168
| [[Basil of Seleucia]]
| Sermons
| Christian
| Extant
|-
|170
| Anonymous
| Precursors of Christianity
| Christian
| Lost
|-
|171
| [[Eustratios of Constantinople]]
| On the Status of Souls after Death
| Christian
| Extant
|-
|172-4
| John Chrysostom
| Homilies on Genesis
| Christian
| Extant
|-
|175
| [[Pamphile of Epidaurus]]
| Historical Commentaries
| Pagan
| Lost
|-
|176
| [[Theopompus]]
| Philippica
| Pagan
| Lost
|-
|177
| Theodore of Mopsuestia
| Against those who say that men sin by nature and not by intention
| Christian
| Lost
|-
|178
| [[Pedanius Dioscorides]]
| [[De materia medica]]
| Pagan
| Extant
|-
|179
| [[Agapius (Manichaean)]]
| Manichaean pamphlets
| Manichaean
| Lost
|-
|180
| [[John the Lydian]]
| On Prodigies
| Christian
| Extant
|-
|180
| John the Lydian
| On the months
| Christian
| Extant
|-
|180
| John the Lydian
| On the Public Magistracies
| Christian
| Extant
|-
|181
| Damascius
| Life of Isidore
| Pagan
| Lost
| Lost
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:27, 17 April 2024

Cover of Bibliotheca

The Bibliotheca (Greek: Βιβλιοθήκη) or Myriobiblos (Μυριόβιβλος, "Ten Thousand Books") was a ninth-century work of Byzantine Patriarch of Constantinople Photius, dedicated to his brother and composed of 279 reviews of books which he had read.

Overview

Bibliotheca was not meant to be used as a reference work, but was widely used as such in the 9th century, and is one of the first Byzantine works that could be called an encyclopedia.[1] Reynolds and Wilson call it "a fascinating production, in which Photius shows himself the inventor of the book-review,"[2] and say its "280 sections... vary in length from a single sentence to several pages".[2] The works he notes are mainly Christian and pagan authors from the 5th century BC to his own time in the 9th century AD. Almost half the books mentioned no longer survive. These would have disappeared in the Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, in the final Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, or in the following centuries of Ottoman rule, during which wealth and literacy contracted dramatically in the subordinate Greek community.

Possible Abbasid link

Some older scholarship had speculated that Bibliotheca might have been composed in Baghdad at the time of Photius' embassy to the Abbasid court, since many of the mentioned works are rarely cited during the period before Photius, i.e. the so-called Byzantine "Dark Ages" (c. 630–800),[3] and since it was known that the Abbasids were interested in translating Greek science and philosophy.[4] However, modern specialists of the period, such as Paul Lemerle, have pointed out that this cannot be the case, since Photius himself clearly states in his preface and postscript to the Bibliotheca that after he was chosen to take part in the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of the works he had read previously "since the time that I learned how to understand and evaluate literature," i.e. from his youth.[5] A further difficulty with supposing that Bibliotheca was composed during rather than before the embassy, besides Photius' own explicit statement, is that the majority of the works in Bibliotheca are of Christian patristic theology, and most of the secular works are histories, grammars, and works of literature, particularly rhetoric, rather than works of philosophy or science, and the Abbasids showed no interest in having Greek history or Greek high literature like rhetoric translated, nor were they interested in translating Greek Christian works. Their interest in Greek texts was confined almost exclusively to science, philosophy and medicine.[6] In fact, "there is almost no overlap (other than some Galen, Dioscorides, and Vindonius Anatolius) between the inventory of secular works in Photius's Bibliotheca and those works that were translated into Arabic"[7] in the Abbasid period.

Editions

Contents

N° Author Title Religion Cons.
1 Theodore of Mopsuestia On the Genuineness of the works of Dionysius the Areopagite Christian Lost
2 Hadrian the monk Introduction to the Scriptures Christian Extant
3 Nonnosus History Christian Lost
4 Theodore of Mopsuestia For Basil Against Eunomius Christian Lost
5 Sophronius For Basil Against Eunomius Christian Lost
6 Gregory of Nyssa For Basil Against Eunomius 1 Christian Extant
7 Gregory of Nyssa For Basil Against Eunomius 2 Christian Lost
8 Origen De Principiis Christian Extant
9 Eusebius Praeparatio Evangelica Christian Extant
10 Eusebius Demonstratio Evangelica Christian Extant
11 Eusebius Praeparatio Ecclesiastica Christian Lost
12 Eusebius Demonstratio Ecclesiastica Christian Lost
13 Eusebius Refutation and defence Christian Lost
14 Apollinarius Against the Heathen Christian Lost
14 Apollinarius On Piety Christian Lost
14 Apollinarius On Truth Christian Lost
15 Gelasius of Cyzicus Acts of the First Council – Nicaea Christian Extant
16 Various Acts of the Third Council – Ephesus Christian Lost
17 Various Acts of the Fourth Council – Chalcedon Christian Lost
18 Various Acts of the Fifth Council – Constantinople Christian Lost
19 Various Acts of the Sixth Council – Constantinople II Christian Lost
20 Various Acts of the Seventh Council – Nicaea II Christian Lost
21 John Philoponus On the Resurrection Christian Lost
22 Theodosius the Monk Refutation of John Philoponus Christian Lost
23 Conon Refutation of John Philoponus Christian Lost
23 Eugenius Refutation of John Philoponus Christian Lost
23 Themistius Refutation of John Philoponus Pagan Lost
24 Anonymous Acts of a disputation between Tritheites and Hesitators Christian Lost
25 John Chrysostom Notes on Death Christian Lost
25 John Chrysostom Homilies on the Ascension Christian Extant
25 John Chrysostom Homilies on Pentecost Christian Extant
26 Synesius of Cyrene On Providence Christian Extant
26 Synesius of Cyrene On the Kingdom Christian Lost
27 Eusebius Ecclesiastical History Christian Extant
28 Socrates Ecclesiastical History Christian Extant
29 Evagrius Scholasticus Ecclesiastical History Christian Extant
30 Sozomen Ecclesiastical History Christian Extant
31 Theodoret Ecclesiastical History Christian Extant
32 Athanasius Letters Christian Extant
33 Justus of Tiberias Chronicle of the Kings of the Jews Jewish Lost
34 Julius Africanus Chronography Christian Lost
35 Philip of Side Christian History Christian Lost
36 Cosmas Indicopleustes Christian Topography Christian Extant
37 Anonymous On Government Christian Lost
38 Theodore of Mopsuestia Commentary on Genesis Christian Lost
39 Eusebius Against Hierocles Christian Extant
40 Philostorgius Ecclesiastical History Christian Lost
41 John of Aegae Ecclesiastical History Christian Lost
42 Basil of Cilicia Ecclesiastical History Christian Lost
43 John Philoponus On the Hexaemeron Christian Extant
44 Philostratus Life of Apollonius of Tyana Pagan Extant
45 Andronicianus Against the Eunomians Christian Lost
Theodoret Eranistes Christian Lost
Theodoret Polymorphos Christian Lost
47 Josephus The Jewish War Jewish Extant
48 Hippolytus On the Universe Christian Lost
49 Cyril of Alexandria Against Nestorius Christian Extant
50 Nicias the Monk Against the Seven Chapters of Philoponus Christian Lost
51 Hesychius On the Brazen Serpent Christian Lost
52 Anonymous Acts of the synod of Side, 383, against the Messalians Christian Lost
53 Anonymous Acts of the synod of Carthage, 412 or 411, against the Pelagians Christian Lost
54 Various Copy of the Proceedings taken against the Doctrines of Nestorius Christian Lost
55 John Philoponus Against the Fourth Council Christian Lost
56 Theodoret Against Heresies Christian Extant
57 Appian Roman History Pagan Extant
58 Arrian Parthica Pagan Lost
59 Various Acts of the Synod of the Oak, 403 Christian Lost
60 Herodotus History Pagan Extant
61 Aeschines Against Timarchus Pagan Extant
61 Aeschines On the False Embassy Pagan Extant
61 Aeschines Against Ctesiphon Pagan Extant
62 Praxagoras of Athens History of Constantine the Great Pagan Lost
Praxagoras of Athens The Kings of Athens Pagan Lost
Praxagoras of Athens Alexander King of Macedon Pagan Lost
63 Procopius History Christian Extant
64 Theophanes of Byzantium History Christian Lost
65 Theophylact Simocatta Histories Christian Extant
66 Nicephorus Historical Epitome Christian Lost
67 Sergius the Confessor History Christian Lost
68 Cephalion Historical Epitome Pagan Lost
69 Hesychius History Christian Lost
Hesychius On Justin Christian Lost
70 Diodorus Siculus Historical Library Pagan Extant
71 Cassius Dio History Pagan Extant
72 Ctesias Persica Pagan Lost
72 Ctesias History of India Pagan Lost
73 Heliodorus Aethiopica Pagan Extant
74 Themistius Political Orations Pagan Lost
74 Lesbonax Speeches Pagan Lost
75 John Philoponus On the Trinity against John Scholasticus Christian Extant
76 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews Jewish Extant
77 Eunapius Chronicle Pagan Extant
78 Malchus Byzantine History Pagan Lost
79 Candidus History Christian Extant
80 Olympiodorus Histories Pagan Lost
81 Theodore of Mopsuestia On Persian Magic Christian Lost
82 Dexippus History Pagan Lost
82 Dexippus Historical Epitome Pagan Lost
Dexippus Scythia Pagan Lost
83 Dionysius of Halicarnassus Histories Pagan Extant
84 Dionysius of Halicarnassus Synopsis Pagan Lost
85 Heraclian Against the Manichaeans Christian Lost
86 John Chrysostom Letters Christian Extant
87 Achilles Tatius Leucippe and Clitophon Pagan Extant
88 Gelasius of Cyzicus Proceedings of the Synod of Nicaea Christian Extant
89 Gelasius of Caesarea Continuation of the History of Eusebius Pamphili Christian Lost
90 Libanius Various works Pagan Extant
91 Arrian History of the Reign of Alexander Pagan Extant
92 Arrian Continuation Pagan Lost
93 Arrian Bithynica Pagan Lost
94 Iamblichus Dramaticon Pagan Lost
95 John Scythopolita Against Schismatics Christian Lost
John Scythopolita Against Eutyches and Dioscorus Christian Lost
96 George of Alexandria Life of St. Chrysostom Christian Extant
97 Phlegon of Tralles Collection of Chronicles and List of Olympian Victors Pagan Lost
98 Zosimus New History Pagan Extant
99 Herodian History Pagan Extant
100 The Emperor Hadrian Declamations Pagan Extant
101 Victorinus Panegyrics on the Emperor Zeno Christian Lost
102 Gelasius of Caesarea Against the Anomoeans Christian Lost
103 Philo Judaeus Allegories of the Sacred Laws Jewish Lost
103 Philo Judaeus On the Civil Life Jewish Lost
104 Philo Judaeus On the Essenes and Therapeutae Jewish Extant
105 Philo Judaeus Against Flaccus Jewish Extant
105 Philo Judaeus Against Gaius Jewish Extant
106 Theognostus of Alexandria Outlines Christian Lost
107 Basil of Cilicia Against John Scythopolita Christian Lost
108 Theodore of Alexandria Against Themistius Christian Lost
109 Clement of Alexandria Outlines Christian Lost
110 Clement of Alexandria The Tutor Christian Extant
111 Clement of Alexandria The Miscellanies Christian Extant
112-3 Clement of Rome Apostolic Constitutions and Recognitions Christian Extant
114 Leucius Charinus Circuits of the Apostles Christian Lost
115 Anonymous Against the Quartodecimans Christian Lost
115 Metrodorus On the date of Easter Christian Lost
116 Anonymous A Third Volume on the Holy Easter Feast Christian Lost
117 Anonymous In Defense of Origen Christian Lost
118 Pamphilus of Caesarea Defense of Origen Christian Extant
119 Pierius Homilies Christian Lost
120 Irenaeus Against Heresies Christian Extant
121 Hippolytus Against Heresies Christian Extant
122 Epiphanius Panarion Christian Extant
123 Epiphanius Ancoratus Christian Extant
124 Epiphanius On Weights and Measures Christian Extant
125 Justin Martyr Apology Christian Extant
126 Clement of Rome Letters to the Corinthians Christian Extant
126 Polycarp Letter to the Philippians Christian Extant
127 Eusebius Life of Constantine Christian Extant
128 Lucian Dialogues Pagan Extant
129 Lucius of Patrae Metamorphoses Pagan Lost
130 Damascius Incredible Stories Pagan Lost
131 Amyntianus On Alexander Pagan Lost
132-5 Palladius et.al. Declamations Pagan Lost
136 Cyril of Alexandria Thesauri Christian Extant
137 Eunomius of Cyzicus Apology Christian Lost
138 Eunomius of Cyzicus Against Basil Christian Lost
138 Eunomius of Cyzicus Letters Christian Lost
139 Athanasius Commentary on Ecclesiastes Christian Lost
139 Athanasius Commentary on the Song of Songs Christian Lost
166 Antonius Diogenes The Wonders Beyond Thule Pagan Lost
167 Joannes Stobaeus Anthology Pagan Extant
168 Basil of Seleucia Sermons Christian Extant
170 Anonymous Precursors of Christianity Christian Lost
171 Eustratios of Constantinople On the Status of Souls after Death Christian Extant
172-4 John Chrysostom Homilies on Genesis Christian Extant
175 Pamphile of Epidaurus Historical Commentaries Pagan Lost
176 Theopompus Philippica Pagan Lost
177 Theodore of Mopsuestia Against those who say that men sin by nature and not by intention Christian Lost
178 Pedanius Dioscorides De materia medica Pagan Extant
179 Agapius (Manichaean) Manichaean pamphlets Manichaean Lost
180 John the Lydian On Prodigies Christian Extant
180 John the Lydian On the months Christian Extant
180 John the Lydian On the Public Magistracies Christian Extant
181 Damascius Life of Isidore Pagan Lost

See also

References

  1. ^ Jenkins, Romilly J. H. (1963). "The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Literature". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 17. JSTOR: 47. doi:10.2307/1291189. ISSN 0070-7546.
  2. ^ a b Reynolds, L. D. and N.G. Wilson (1991). Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 321. ISBN 0-19-872145-5.
  3. ^ Paul Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase: Notes and Remarks on Education and Culture in Byzantium from its Origins to the 10th century. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986, 81–84.
  4. ^ Jokisch, Islamic Imperial Law (2007), pp. 364–386)
  5. ^ As Lemerle says "it is clear that this was written, and therefore that the collection has been composed, before the completion of the embassy (Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase, 40).
  6. ^ As Paul Lemerle puts it, "while the renaissance in Hellenism in Byzantium extended progressively and more or less rapidly to all spheres of ancient literature including poetry, theatre, rhetoric, history, etc., Islam took an interest only in the sciences on the one hand, and philosophy on the other, Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase, 26–27
  7. ^ Dmitri Gutas, Greek thought, Arab Culture, 1998, 186.

External links

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