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'''''Viola mandshurica''''' is a [[perennial]] species of [[Viola (plant)|violet]] known by the common names {{Lang|zh-latn|dōng běi jǐn cài}} ([[:zh:东北堇菜]]) meaning 'northeastern violet' in China, {{Lang|ko-latn|jebikkot}} ([[:ko:제비꽃]]) meaning 'sparrow flower' in Korea, and {{Lang|ja-latn|sumire}} ([[:ja:菫]], [[:ja:スミレ]]) meaning 'violet' in Japan. In Japan, ''V. mandshurica'' is considered to be the basic species and other violet species have additional descriptors such as ''[[:ja:ヒメスミレ|himesumire]]'' or ''[[:ja:ノジスミレ|nojisumire]]''. Its specific name is derived from [[Manchuria]], an area of its native habitat which has at different times in history included parts of modern [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Mongolia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. |
'''''Viola mandshurica''''' is a [[perennial]] species of [[Viola (plant)|violet]] known by the common names {{Lang|zh-latn|dōng běi jǐn cài}} ([[:zh:东北堇菜]]) meaning 'northeastern violet' in China, {{Lang|ko-latn|jebikkot}} ([[:ko:제비꽃]]) meaning 'sparrow flower' in Korea, and {{Lang|ja-latn|sumire}} ([[:ja:菫]], [[:ja:スミレ]]) meaning 'violet' in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YList 植物和名-学名インデックス:簡易検索結果 |url=http://ylist.info/ylist_detail_display.php?pass=3433 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=ylist.info}}</ref> In Japan, ''V. mandshurica'' is considered to be the basic species and other violet species have additional descriptors such as ''[[:ja:ヒメスミレ|himesumire]]'' or ''[[:ja:ノジスミレ|nojisumire]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Its specific name is derived from [[Manchuria]], an area of its native habitat which has at different times in history included parts of modern [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Mongolia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. |
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== Distribution == |
== Distribution == |
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It is native to eastern [[Asia]], being found as far west as eastern [[Siberian Federal District|Siberia]], throughout China, Taiwan and Korea, north into [[Russian Far East|Russian North Asia]] (particularly in and around the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri River Basin]]), and in much of [[Japan]], including [[Okinawa]]. Across its range, this species occurs in a variety of habitats, from undisturbed woodlands to urban areas, and from low-lying plains to mountainous regions. A number of varieties have been developed by horticulturalists and are popular as garden plants. The wild form, and most named varieties and hybrids, prefer a semi-shaded location and humus-enriched soil that is not overly moist.[[File:Viola mandshurica roadside.JPG|left|thumb|''V. mandshurica'' along a roadside in Tanabe Wakayama, Japan]] |
It is native to eastern [[Asia]], being found as far west as eastern [[Siberian Federal District|Siberia]], throughout China, Taiwan and Korea, north into [[Russian Far East|Russian North Asia]] (particularly in and around the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri River Basin]]), and in much of [[Japan]], including [[Okinawa]]. Across its range, this species occurs in a variety of habitats, from undisturbed woodlands to urban areas, and from low-lying plains to mountainous regions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=川原勝征 |title=食べる野草と薬草 |date=2015-11-10 |publisher=南方新社 |isbn=978-4-569-79145-6 |language=ja |trans-title=Edible wild plants and medicinal herbs}}</ref> A number of varieties have been developed by horticulturalists and are popular as garden plants. The wild form, and most named varieties and hybrids, prefer a semi-shaded location and humus-enriched soil that is not overly moist.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}[[File:Viola mandshurica roadside.JPG|left|thumb|''V. mandshurica'' along a roadside in Tanabe Wakayama, Japan]] |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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''Viola mandshurica'', like many other viola species, does not have a true [[Plant stem|stem]], with leaves and flowers each emerging directly from the ground (actually from its underground [[rhizome]]). Its rhizomatous roots are short and thick. The leaves are typically oval-[[lanceolate]] to lanceolate; while the color of the leaves is normally a medium green above and below, some cultivars, such as Fuji Dawn, have leaves variegated with white, yellow and/or pink spots, streaks or splotches. |
''Viola mandshurica'', like many other viola species, does not have a true [[Plant stem|stem]], with leaves and flowers each emerging directly from the ground (actually from its underground [[rhizome]]), reaching a height of 6–18 centimeters (2–7 in). Its rhizomatous roots are short and thick. The leaves are typically oval-[[lanceolate]] to lanceolate, with both surfaces either glabrous or sparsely puberulous; while the color of the leaves is normally a medium green above and below, some cultivars, such as Fuji Dawn, have leaves variegated with white, yellow and/or pink spots, streaks or splotches. |
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As a violet, its [[trumpet]]-shaped flowers have five petals and bilateral symmetry. The lowermost petal is often the smallest, and all petals are typically a rich purple hue, though this can vary due to local conditions or localized mutations, and in some varieties deliberately bred for differing appearance. |
As a violet, its [[trumpet]]-shaped flowers have five petals and bilateral symmetry. The lowermost petal is often the smallest, and all petals are typically a rich purple hue, though this can vary due to local conditions or localized mutations, and in some varieties deliberately bred for differing appearance. It blooms from April to May and the fruiting period is from May to September.<ref>{{Cite book |title=中國植物誌 |publisher=科學出版社 |year=1991 |edition=1st |volume=51 |pages=66–68 |language=zh |trans-title=Flora of China |chapter=东北堇菜 |chapter-url=https://www.iplant.cn/frps/pdf/51/066.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121203852/https://www.iplant.cn/frps/pdf/51/066.PDF |archive-date=2024-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viola mandshurica(Violet) {{!}} Treasures of Mt. Takao {{!}} TAKAO 599 MUSEUM |url=https://www.takao599museum.jp/treasures/selected/2322/?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.takao599museum.jp}}</ref> |
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== Culinary uses == |
== Culinary uses == |
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* ''V. mandshurica var. crassa'' is frequently seen in coastal areas, even on sandy beaches inhospitable to most Viola species; the name ''crassa'' comes from the Latin {{Lang|la|crassus}}, meaning thick, and refers to its shiny, [[Glossary of botanical terms#coriaceous|coriaceous]] leaves which may be a factor in its ability to thrive in sandy soil and in full sun. |
* ''V. mandshurica var. crassa'' is frequently seen in coastal areas, even on sandy beaches inhospitable to most Viola species; the name ''crassa'' comes from the Latin {{Lang|la|crassus}}, meaning thick, and refers to its shiny, [[Glossary of botanical terms#coriaceous|coriaceous]] leaves which may be a factor in its ability to thrive in sandy soil and in full sun. |
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* ''V. mandshurica f. plena'' has double flowers, i.e., ten petals per bloom instead of the usual five, and may be found in a variety of shades of purple. |
* ''V. mandshurica f. plena'' has double flowers, i.e., ten petals per bloom instead of the usual five, and may be found in a variety of shades of purple. |
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* ''V. mandshurica var. triangularis'' is also well-adapted to beaches, and similarly to ''var. crassa'' can thrive in full sun. This variety's name refers to its leaves, in this case to their shape, which are more pointed than other varieties of ''V. mandshurica'', coming to a point, but still significantly longer than they are wide; like those of ''var. crassa'', the leaves are quite glossy. |
* ''V. mandshurica var. triangularis'' is also well-adapted to beaches, and similarly to ''var. crassa'' can thrive in full sun. This variety's name refers to its leaves, in this case to their shape, which are more pointed than other varieties of ''V. mandshurica'', coming to a point, but still significantly longer than they are wide; like those of ''var. crassa'', the leaves are quite glossy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viola mandshurica W.Becker {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:868618-1 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Biodiversity Information Facility (and sub-pages) |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/search?via=data.gbif.org&dataset_key=d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c&q=Viola%20mandshurica |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Commons}} |
{{Commons}} |
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{{Wikispecies}} |
{{Wikispecies}} |
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{{no footnotes|date=June 2013}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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<!--- Much of the information provided was taken from machine-translated versions of the Japanese Wikipedia, and some from similarly-translated articles in the Chinese and Korean Wikipedias. As for the rest, I am not good at inline citations, sorry, so I hope another editor can connect the sources to the info at some point. ---> |
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* [http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2009/KR/KR0904.xml;KR2009001419 Lee, B.B.; Park, S.R.; Han, C.S.; Han, D.Y.; Park, E.J.; Park, H.R.; and Lee, S.C. (2008), Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition Activity against α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase of Viola mandshurica Extracts. Journal of The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 37(4): 405-409.] |
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* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874109005935 Leea, M.-Y.; Yuka, J.-E.; Kwona, O.-K.; Kima, H.-S.; Oha, S.-R.; Leea, H.-K.; and Ahna, K.-S. (2010), Anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects of Viola mandshurica W. Becker (VM) ethanolic (EtOH) extract on airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(1): 159–164.] |
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* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04889.x/abstract Jeon, G.-I.; Yoon, M.-Y.; Park, H.-R.; Lee, S.-C.; and Park, E. (2009), Neuroprotective Activity of Viola mandshurica Extracts on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced DNA Damage and Cell Death in PC12 Cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1171: 576–582.] |
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* [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/75/5/75_100641/_article Kwak, Y.-J.; Kim, K.-S.; Kim, K.-M.;, Yu, H.Y.; Chung, E.; Kim, S.-J.; Cha, J.-Y.; Lee, Y.-C.; and Lee, J.-H. (2011), Fermented Viola mandshurica Inhibits Melanogenesis in B16 Melanoma Cells. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 75(5): 841-847.] |
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* [http://www.jcps.ac.cn/qikan/epaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=12867 Qin, B.; Chen, Q.-p.; Shi, L.-W.; and Lou, Z.-C. (1994), Separation and Quantitative Determination of Three Coumarins in the Chinese Traditional Drug Zihua Diding, Herba Violae, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(2): 157-163.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423021358/http://www.jcps.ac.cn/qikan/epaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=12867 |date=2021-04-23 }} |
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* [http://data.gbif.org/search/taxa/Viola+mandshurica Global Biodiversity Information Facility] (and sub-pages) |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5369958}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5369958}} |
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Latest revision as of 13:23, 2 May 2024
| Viola mandshurica | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | Viola |
| Species: | V. mandshurica
|
| Binomial name | |
| Viola mandshurica | |
Viola mandshurica is a perennial species of violet known by the common names dōng běi jǐn cài (zh:东北堇菜) meaning 'northeastern violet' in China, jebikkot (ko:제비꽃) meaning 'sparrow flower' in Korea, and sumire (ja:菫, ja:スミレ) meaning 'violet' in Japan.[1] In Japan, V. mandshurica is considered to be the basic species and other violet species have additional descriptors such as himesumire or nojisumire.[citation needed] Its specific name is derived from Manchuria, an area of its native habitat which has at different times in history included parts of modern China, Korea, Mongolia and the Russian Far East.
Distribution[edit]
It is native to eastern Asia, being found as far west as eastern Siberia, throughout China, Taiwan and Korea, north into Russian North Asia (particularly in and around the Ussuri River Basin), and in much of Japan, including Okinawa. Across its range, this species occurs in a variety of habitats, from undisturbed woodlands to urban areas, and from low-lying plains to mountainous regions.[2] A number of varieties have been developed by horticulturalists and are popular as garden plants. The wild form, and most named varieties and hybrids, prefer a semi-shaded location and humus-enriched soil that is not overly moist.[citation needed]
Description[edit]
Viola mandshurica, like many other viola species, does not have a true stem, with leaves and flowers each emerging directly from the ground (actually from its underground rhizome), reaching a height of 6–18 centimeters (2–7 in). Its rhizomatous roots are short and thick. The leaves are typically oval-lanceolate to lanceolate, with both surfaces either glabrous or sparsely puberulous; while the color of the leaves is normally a medium green above and below, some cultivars, such as Fuji Dawn, have leaves variegated with white, yellow and/or pink spots, streaks or splotches.
As a violet, its trumpet-shaped flowers have five petals and bilateral symmetry. The lowermost petal is often the smallest, and all petals are typically a rich purple hue, though this can vary due to local conditions or localized mutations, and in some varieties deliberately bred for differing appearance. It blooms from April to May and the fruiting period is from May to September.[3][4]
Culinary uses[edit]
Flower pancakes, which may be made with the flowers of V. mandshurica among other species, are an essential part of the Korean Samjinnal festival celebrating the coming of spring.
Cultivars, varieties and formae[edit]
Named subgroups of v. mandshurica include:
- V. mandshurica f. albo-variegata (also known under the commercial name "Fuji Dawn") features variegated leaves, with pale markings against the normal green, sometimes suffused with a pink tinge; these markings fade as the leaves age, and are typically gone by midsummer, but it remains a popular plant for home gardeners.
- V. mandshurica var. crassa is frequently seen in coastal areas, even on sandy beaches inhospitable to most Viola species; the name crassa comes from the Latin crassus, meaning thick, and refers to its shiny, coriaceous leaves which may be a factor in its ability to thrive in sandy soil and in full sun.
- V. mandshurica f. plena has double flowers, i.e., ten petals per bloom instead of the usual five, and may be found in a variety of shades of purple.
- V. mandshurica var. triangularis is also well-adapted to beaches, and similarly to var. crassa can thrive in full sun. This variety's name refers to its leaves, in this case to their shape, which are more pointed than other varieties of V. mandshurica, coming to a point, but still significantly longer than they are wide; like those of var. crassa, the leaves are quite glossy.[5][6]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viola mandshurica.
Wikispecies has information related to Viola mandshurica.
- ^ "YList 植物和名-学名インデックス:簡易検索結果". ylist.info. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
- ^ 川原勝征 (2015-11-10). 食べる野草と薬草 [Edible wild plants and medicinal herbs] (in Japanese). 南方新社. ISBN 978-4-569-79145-6.
- ^ "东北堇菜" (PDF). 中國植物誌 [Flora of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 51 (1st ed.). 科學出版社. 1991. pp. 66–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-01-21.
- ^ "Viola mandshurica(Violet) | Treasures of Mt. Takao | TAKAO 599 MUSEUM". www.takao599museum.jp. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
- ^ "Viola mandshurica W.Becker | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
- ^ "Global Biodiversity Information Facility (and sub-pages)". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
