William Tirry: Difference between revisions

Blessed

William Tirry
(Irish: Liam Tuiridh)

OSA
Blessed; William Tirry; (Irish: Liam Tuiridh); OSA
Martyr
Born	c. 1609; Cork, Ireland
Died	12 May 1654 (aged 44 – 45); Clonmel, Ireland
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
Beatified	27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II
Feast	12 May

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William Tirry (Irish: Liam Tuiridh) OSA (1609 – 12 May 1654) was an Irish Roman Catholic priest of the Order of Saint Augustine following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. He was captured by the priest hunters at Fethard, County Tipperary while continuing his priestly ministry covertly and was hanged at Clonmel, officially for high treason against the Commonwealth of England, but in reality as part of The Protectorate's systematic religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland. Pope John Paul II beatified Friar William Tirry as one of the 24 officially recognized Irish Catholic Martyrs in 1992.^[1]

Early life[edit]

Tirry was born into a well-to-do family of Hiberno-Norman merchants in Cork, Ireland in 1608,^[2] the son of Robert and Joan Tirry. He was named after his uncle, the elder William Tirry, Bishop of Cork and Cloyne. Tirry was the grandson of Edmond Terry, or Tirry, Lord Mayor of Cork, and his wife Catherine Galway. His aunt Joan married Dominick Sarsfield, 1st Viscount Sarsfield, the Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas: their son William, the 2nd Viscount, played an important role in Tirry's life as his patron and protector.^[3]

Well-educated, he learned Ecclesiastical Latin and Koine Greek, but also spoke the Classical Gaelic literary language and the Munster Irish vernacular. At the age of eighteen, he left to study for the priesthood in Catholic Europe. He is known to have studied for the priesthood first at the Irish College in Valladolid and then at the Collège des Grand Augustins in Paris, and that he was ordained around 1634. He and then spent five years (1636–1641) in Brussels, Belgium.^[4]

After his return to Ireland, he joined the Augustinian Order at St. Austin's Abbey in Cork City.^[2] He then spent about four months working as secretary to his uncle, Bishop William Tirry. Although he relinquished this post to return to St Austin's Abbey, he was then persuaded to act as chaplain to his cousin Lord Kilmallock and as tutor to the latter's son and heir.^[5]

Ministry[edit]

Tirry was elected Provincial Secretary in 1646. Lord Sarsfield of Kilmallock's death in 1648 deprived Tirry of his chief protector. In 1649, he was chosen as prior of the Augustinian convent in Skreen, County Mayo, but was unable to assume his duties there because of the beginning of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. A law was enacted on 6 January 1653 declaring that any Roman Catholic priest in Ireland was guilty of high treason. Tirry was accordingly forced into hiding like all other priests.

All sources are agreed that for three years prior to his capture, Friar William Tirry found shelter with his distant cousin, a local Old English noblewoman and elderly widow named Mrs. Amy Everard, at Fethard, County Tipperary. Aside from acting as Mrs. Everard's son's tutor and continuing his covert priestly ministry, "to all who came seeking the sacraments", Friar William spent most of his time in secret prayer and acts of penance.^[6]

Imprisonment and Execution[edit]

Fr. William Tirry was arrested at Fethard while vested for Mass on Holy Saturday, 25 March, 1654. Both priestly vestments and samizdat writings in defense of the Catholic Faith were also confiscated during his arrest.^[7] To the fury of the judges, one of the discoveries at Tirry's arrest was, "a manuscript work composed by him discrediting Protestantism".^[8] Fr. Tirry was taken to Clonmel Gaol and held there pending trial. Three men had reported his whereabouts to the priest hunters in return for the £5 bounty.^[9]

According to the Tipperary Museum of Hidden History, the earliest records of a Clonmel city gaol date from 1650 and refer to a small building located around what is now O'Connell Street. According to the Museum, "Prisons were run by private individuals. Gaolers had no concern for the physical or moral well being of their prisoners. Those who could afford it, could pay the gaoler in order to buy themselves some comforts while imprisoned such as private rooms, family visits, food and even drink. Overcrowding, disease and escapes were common."^[10]

On 26 April, he was tried by a jury and a panel of Commonwealth judges, including New Model Army Colonel Solomon Richards, for violating the Proclamation of 6 January 1653, which defined it as high treason against the Commonwealth of England for priests to remain in Great Britain or Ireland.^[9] Like all other British subjects tried for the same offence prior to the Treason Act 1695, William Tirry and his codefendant, Capuchin Friar Matthew Fogarty, were forbidden the services of a defence counsel and were forced to act as their own attorneys.^[11]

In his own defense, Fr. Tirry replied that while he viewed the Commonwealth as the lawful government, he had no choice but to disobey its laws, as both the Pope and his Augustinian superiors had ordered him to remain in Ireland and to continue his pastoral ministry covertly. Fr. Tirry was according found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out in Clonmel on 2 May 1654.^[9]

According to the Tipperary Museum of Hidden History, "Executions were held in public at the Gallows, (hence place names such as Gallows Hill), until 1868. It was thought that such public displays on busy days like Market Day, would act as a deterrent to would be criminals."^[12]

Friar Matthew Fogarty later recalled: "William, wearing his Augustinian habit, was led to the gallows praying the rosary. He blessed the crowd which had gathered, pardoned his betrayers and affirmed his faith. It was a moving moment for Catholics and Protestants alike."^[13]

Despite the efforts of a Puritan minister to silence him, Fr. Tirry told the assembled crowd, "there is only one true Church, whose head is the pope: Pope and Church are to be obeyed. He publicly forgave the three men who had betrayed him, and... stated explicitly that he had been offered life and favour, if he would renounce his religion." Fr. Tirry was then hanged, after which the crowd surged forward to soak pieces of cloth in the blood that ran from his nose, which were seen as relics of a martyr.^[14]

Friar William was then buried, with some ceremony, in the ruins of the Augustinian friary in nearby Fethard. The evidence is that he was buried in the grounds, rather than inside the ruins of the church, but it has not yet been possible to locate his grave.^[15] Friar Matthew Fogarty was later released and banished from the Commonwealth.^[16]

Legacy[edit]

According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "It is impossible to estimate the number of Catholics slain the ten years from 1642 to 1652. Three Bishops and more than 300 priests were put to death for their faith. Thousands of men, women, and children were sold as slaves for the West Indies; Sir W. Petty mentions that 6,000 boys and women were thus sold. A letter written in 1656, quoted by Lingard, puts the number at 60,000; as late as 1666 there were 12,000 Irish slaves scattered among the West Indian islands. Forty thousand Irish fled to the Continent, and 20,000 took shelter in the Hebrides or other Scottish islands. In 1641, the population of Ireland was 1,466,000, of whom 1,240,000 were Catholics. In 1659 the population was reduced to 500,091, so that very nearly 1,000,000 must have perished or been driven into exile in the space of eighteen years. In comparison with the population of both periods, this was even worse than the famine extermination of our own days."^[17]

Meanwhile, Filippo Visconti, the Augustinian Prior General, was interested enough in the details of Fr. William Tirry's life and death to order the Irish Provincial, James O'Mahoney, to publish an account of Tirry's martyrdom in Sanguinea Eremus in 1655. His name drew little attention outside the Augustinian Order, however, until the revival of interest in the Irish Catholic Martyrs following Catholic Emancipation in 1829.^[18]

During an 1807 visit to Ireland on behalf of the London Hibernian Society, Welsh nonconformist minister Thomas Charles alleged ruefully that the Reformation in Ireland had failed because of the refusal of Protestant clergy to preach or educate in the local vernacular. Of his visit to Clonmel, Rev. Charles recalled, "All the county spoke Irish... they spoke Irish in the streets."^[19]

Tirry's Cause was submitted to Rome in 1904, and Pope Benedict XV authorized the introduction of his cause for Canonization in 1915.^[20]

Friar William Tirry was beatified by Pope John Paul II along with 16 other Irish Catholic Martyrs on 22 September 1992.^[21] The Augustinian order celebrates his feast day on 12 May.^[22]^[23] In a testament to the pervasive Secularisation of Ireland since the 1960s, in November 2015 Clonmel, the location of Fr. William Tirry's imprisonment, trial, and execution, also became the location of Ireland's first marriage between two men.^[24]

References[edit]

^ CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II, Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.
^ ^a ^b "William Tirry", Augustinians – Prov. of St. Thomas of Villanova
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176–177.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176–180.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 177.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 178.
^ Bishop William Tirry & Blessed William Tirry, Dictionary of Irish Biography.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 181.
^ ^a ^b ^c Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–180.
^ Clonmel Gaol, Tipperary Museum of Hidden History.
^ Hale's History of Pleas of the Crown (1800 ed.) vol. 1, chapter XXIX (from Google Books).
^ Clonmel Gaol, Tipperary Museum of Hidden History.
^ Blessed William Tirry at Midwest Augustinians. Retrieved 22 Oct. 2007.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 179–181.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 180.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–182.
^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 138.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 181–182.
^ Marcus Tanner (2004), The Last of the Celts, Yale University Press. Page 77.
^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 182–183.
^ "Blessed William Tirry", Augustine Recollects
^ "Blessed William Tirry", Augustinian Friends
^ CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II, Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.
^ Dalby, Douglas (17 November 2015). "First Same-Sex Marriage Ceremoney Held in Ireland". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.

External links[edit]

[1] CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II, Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.

[Thomas-2] "William Tirry", Augustinians – Prov. of St. Thomas of Villanova

[3] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176–177.

[4] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176–180.

[5] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 177.

[6] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 178.

[7] Bishop William Tirry & Blessed William Tirry, Dictionary of Irish Biography.

[8] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 181.

[Patrick_J_2005_Pages_178-9] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–180.

[10] Clonmel Gaol, Tipperary Museum of Hidden History.

[11] Hale's History of Pleas of the Crown (1800 ed.) vol. 1, chapter XXIX (from Google Books).

[12] Clonmel Gaol, Tipperary Museum of Hidden History.

[13] Blessed William Tirry at Midwest Augustinians. Retrieved 22 Oct. 2007.

[14] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 179–181.

[15] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 180.

[16] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–182.

[17] D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 138.

[18] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 181–182.

[19] Marcus Tanner (2004), The Last of the Celts, Yale University Press. Page 77.

[20] Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 182–183.

[21] "Blessed William Tirry", Augustine Recollects

[22] "Blessed William Tirry", Augustinian Friends

[23] CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II, Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.

[24] Dalby, Douglas (17 November 2015). "First Same-Sex Marriage Ceremoney Held in Ireland". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.

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+{{Short description|Irish Roman Catholic priest and martyr}}
-{{Infobox saint|name=William Tirry<br>(Irish: Liam Tuiridh)|image=Blessed-william-tirry.png|imagesize=|alt=|caption=|titles=[[Martyr]]|birth_date=c. 1609|birth_place=[[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]]|home_town=|residence=|death_date=12 May 1654 (aged 44 - 45)|death_place=[[Clonmel]], [[Ireland]]|feast_day=12 May|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]|beatified_date=27 September 1992 by [[Pope John Paul II]]|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=|canonized_place=|canonized_by=|major_shrine=|attributes=|patronage=|issues=|suppressed_date=|suppressed_by=|influences=|tradition=|influenced=|major_works=|module=|honorific_prefix=Blessed|honorific_suffix=OSA|birth_name=}}
+{{Infobox saint|name=William Tirry<br />(Irish: Liam Tuiridh)|image=Blessed-william-tirry.png|imagesize=|alt=|caption=|titles=[[Martyr]]|birth_date=c. 1609|birth_place=[[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]]|home_town=|residence=|death_date=12 May 1654 (aged 44 – 45)|death_place=[[Clonmel]], [[Ireland]]|feast_day=12 May|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]|beatified_date=27 September 1992 by [[Pope John Paul II]]|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=|canonized_place=|canonized_by=|major_shrine=|attributes=|patronage=|issues=|suppressed_date=|suppressed_by=|influences=|tradition=|influenced=|major_works=|module=|honorific_prefix=Blessed|honorific_suffix=OSA|birth_name=}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
-{{Use Irish English|date=June 2021}}
+{{Use Hiberno-English|date=June 2021}}
-'''William Tirry''' ({{lang-ga|Liam Tuiridh}}) OSA (1609 – 12 May 1654) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] [[Roman Catholic]] priest of the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] following the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]. He was captured by the [[priest hunter]]s at [[Fethard, County Tipperary]] while continuing his priestly ministry covertly and was hanged at [[Clonmel]], officially for [[high treason in the United Kingdom|high treason]] against the [[Commonwealth of England]], but in reality as part of [[The Protectorate]]'s systematic [[religious persecution]] of the [[Catholic Church in Ireland]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] [[Beatification|beatified]] Friar William Tirry as one of the 24 officially recognized [[Irish Catholic Martyrs]] in 1992.
+'''William Tirry''' ({{lang-ga|Liam Tuiridh}}) OSA (1609 – 12 May 1654) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] [[Roman Catholic]] priest of the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] following the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]. He was captured by the [[priest hunter]]s at [[Fethard, County Tipperary]] while continuing his priestly ministry covertly and was hanged at [[Clonmel]], officially for [[high treason in the United Kingdom|high treason]] against the [[Commonwealth of England]], but in reality as part of [[The Protectorate]]'s systematic [[religious persecution]] of the [[Catholic Church in Ireland]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] [[Beatification|beatified]] Friar William Tirry as one of the 24 officially recognized [[Irish Catholic Martyrs]] in 1992.<ref> [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/homilies/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19920927_xxi-beati.html CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II], Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.</ref>
 ==Early life==
-Tirry was born into a well-to-do family of [[Hiberno-Norman]] merchants in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]] in 1608,<ref name=Thomas>[https://www.augustinian.org/saints-1/may-12 "William Tirry", Augustinians - Prov. of St. Thomas of Villanova]</ref> the son of Robert and Joan Tirry. He was named after his uncle, the elder William Tirry, [[Bishop of Cork and Cloyne]]. Tirry was the grandson of Edmond Terry, or Tirry, [[Lord Mayor of Cork]], and his wife Catherine Galway. His aunt Joan married [[Dominick Sarsfield, 1st Viscount Sarsfield]], the [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]]: their son William, the 2nd Viscount, played an important role in Tirry's life as his patron and protector.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176-177.</ref>
+Tirry was born into a well-to-do family of [[Hiberno-Norman]] merchants in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]] in 1608,<ref name=Thomas>[https://www.augustinian.org/saints-1/may-12 "William Tirry", Augustinians – Prov. of St. Thomas of Villanova]</ref> the son of Robert and Joan Tirry. He was named after his uncle, the elder William Tirry, [[Bishop of Cork and Cloyne]]. Tirry was the grandson of Edmond Terry, or Tirry, [[Lord Mayor of Cork]], and his wife Catherine Galway. His aunt Joan married [[Dominick Sarsfield, 1st Viscount Sarsfield]], the [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]]: their son William, the 2nd Viscount, played an important role in Tirry's life as his patron and protector.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176–177.</ref>
-Well-educated, he learned [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[Koine Greek]], but also spoke the [[Classical Gaelic]] [[literary language]] and the [[Munster Irish]] [[vernacular]]. At the age of eighteen, he left to study for the priesthood in [[Catholic Europe]]. He is known to have studied for the priesthood first at the [[Irish College]] in [[Valladolid]] and then at the [[Collège des Grand Augustins]] in Paris, and that he was ordained around 1634. He and then spent five years (1636–1641) in [[Brussels, Belgium]].<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176-180.</ref>
+Well-educated, he learned [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[Koine Greek]], but also spoke the [[Classical Gaelic]] [[literary language]] and the [[Munster Irish]] [[vernacular]]. At the age of eighteen, he left to study for the priesthood in [[Catholic Europe]]. He is known to have studied for the priesthood first at the [[Irish College]] in [[Valladolid]] and then at the [[Collège des Grand Augustins]] in Paris, and that he was ordained around 1634. He and then spent five years (1636–1641) in [[Brussels, Belgium]].<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 176–180.</ref>
-After his return to Ireland, he joined the [[Augustinian Order]] at [[Red Abbey, Cork|St. Austin's Abbey]] in Cork City.<ref name=Thomas/> He then spent about four months working as secretary to his uncle, Bishop William Tirry. Although he relinquished this post to return to St Austin's Abbey, he was then persuaded to act as chaplain to his cousin Lord Kilmallock and as tutor to the latter's son and heir.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 177.</ref>
+After his return to Ireland, he joined the [[Augustinian Order]] at [[Red Abbey, Cork|St. Austin's Abbey]] in Cork City.<ref name=Thomas/> He then spent about four months working as secretary to his uncle, Bishop William Tirry. Although he relinquished this post to return to St Austin's Abbey, he was then persuaded to act as chaplain to his cousin Lord Kilmallock and as tutor to the latter's son and heir.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 177.</ref>
 == Ministry ==
 Tirry was elected Provincial Secretary in 1646. Lord Sarsfield of Kilmallock's death in 1648 deprived Tirry of his chief protector. In 1649, he was chosen as [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]] of the Augustinian convent in [[Skreen]], [[County Mayo]], but was unable to assume his duties there because of the beginning of the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]. A law was enacted on 6 January 1653 declaring that any Roman Catholic priest in Ireland was guilty of high treason. Tirry was accordingly forced into hiding like all other priests.
-All sources are agreed that for three years prior to his capture, Friar William Tirry found shelter at [[Fethard, County Tipperary]]. There, he stayed with his distant cousin, a local [[Old English (Ireland)|Old English]] noblewoman and elderly widow named Mrs. Amy Everard of [[Fethard, County Tipperary]]. Aside from acting as Mrs. Everard's son's tutor and continuing his covert priestly ministry, "to all who came seeking the sacraments", Friar William spent most of his time in secret prayer and acts of penance.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 178.</ref>
+All sources are agreed that for three years prior to his capture, Friar William Tirry found shelter with his distant cousin, a local [[Old English (Ireland)|Old English]] noblewoman and elderly widow named Mrs. Amy Everard, at [[Fethard, County Tipperary]]. Aside from acting as Mrs. Everard's son's tutor and continuing his covert priestly ministry, "to all who came seeking the sacraments", Friar William spent most of his time in secret prayer and acts of [[Mortification of the flesh|penance]].<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 178.</ref>
 == Imprisonment and Execution ==
-After being arrested at [[Fethard, County Tipperary|Fethard]] while vested for [[Tridentine Mass|Mass]] on [[Holy Saturday]], [[25 March]], 1654, Fr. Tirry was taken to Clonmel Gaol (on the future location of the [[Clonmel Borstal]]) and held there pending trial. Three men had reported his whereabouts to the [[priest hunter]]s in return for the £5 bounty. On 26 April, he was tried by a jury and a panel of Commonwealth judges, including [[New Model Army]] Colonel [[Solomon Richards (soldier)|Solomon Richards]], for violating the Proclamation of 6 January 1653, which defined it as [[High treason in the United Kingdom|high treason]] against the [[Commonwealth of England]] for [[Roman Catholic priest|priest]]s to remain in Great Britain or Ireland.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178-180.</ref> Like all other [[British subject]]s tried for the same offence prior to the [[Treason Act 1695]], William Tirry and his codefendant, [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[Friar]] Matthew Fogarty, were forbidden the services of a defence counsel and were forced to act as their own attorneys.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2KoDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR11 Hale's ''History of Pleas of the Crown'' (1800 ed.) vol. 1, chapter XXIX] (from [[Google Book Search|Google Books]]).</ref>
+Fr. William Tirry was arrested at [[Fethard, County Tipperary|Fethard]] while vested for [[Tridentine Mass|Mass]] on [[Holy Saturday]], [[25 March]], 1654. Both priestly vestments and ''[[samizdat]]'' writings in defense of the Catholic Faith were also confiscated during his arrest.<ref> [https://www.dib.ie/biography/tirry-william-a6222#co-subject-A Bishop William Tirry & Blessed William Tirry], [[Dictionary of Irish Biography]].</ref> To the fury of the judges, one of the discoveries at Tirry's arrest was, "a manuscript work composed by him discrediting [[Protestantism]]".<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 181.</ref> Fr. Tirry was taken to Clonmel Gaol and held there pending trial. Three men had reported his whereabouts to the [[priest hunter]]s in return for the £5 bounty.<ref name="Patrick J 2005 Pages 178">Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–180.</ref>
+According to the [[Tipperary Museum of Hidden History]], the earliest records of a Clonmel city gaol date from 1650 and refer to a small building located around what is now O'Connell Street. According to the Museum, "Prisons were run by private individuals. Gaolers had no concern for the physical or moral well being of their prisoners. Those who could afford it, could pay the gaoler in order to buy themselves some comforts while imprisoned such as private rooms, family visits, food and even drink. Overcrowding, disease and escapes were common."<ref> [https://www.hiddenhistory.ie/collection-items/clonmel-gaol Clonmel Gaol], [[Tipperary Museum of Hidden History]].</ref>
-In his own defense, Fr. Tirry replied that while he viewed the Commonwealth as the lawful Government, he had no choice but to disobey it's laws, as both the Pope and his Augustinian superiors had ordered him to remain in Ireland and to continue his pastoral ministry covertly. Fr. Tirry was according found guilty and sentenced to [[death by hanging]], which was carried out in [[Clonmel]] on 2 May 1654.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178-180.</ref>
+On 26 April, he was tried by a jury and a panel of Commonwealth judges, including [[New Model Army]] Colonel [[Solomon Richards (soldier)|Solomon Richards]], for violating the Proclamation of 6 January 1653, which defined it as [[High treason in the United Kingdom|high treason]] against the [[Commonwealth of England]] for [[Roman Catholic priest|priest]]s to remain in Great Britain or Ireland.<ref name="Patrick J 2005 Pages 178">Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–180.</ref> Like all other [[British subject]]s tried for the same offence prior to the [[Treason Act 1695]], William Tirry and his codefendant, [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[Friar]] Matthew Fogarty, were forbidden the services of a defence counsel and were forced to act as their own attorneys.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2KoDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR11 Hale's ''History of Pleas of the Crown'' (1800 ed.) vol. 1, chapter XXIX] (from [[Google Book Search|Google Books]]).</ref>
+In his own defense, Fr. Tirry replied that while he viewed the Commonwealth as the lawful government, he had no choice but to disobey its laws, as both the Pope and his Augustinian superiors had ordered him to remain in Ireland and to continue his pastoral ministry covertly. Fr. Tirry was according found guilty and sentenced to [[death by hanging]], which was carried out in [[Clonmel]] on 2 May 1654.<ref name="Patrick J 2005 Pages 178"/>
+According to the Tipperary Museum of Hidden History, "Executions were held in public at the Gallows, (hence place names such as Gallows Hill), until 1868. It was thought that such public displays on busy days like Market Day, would act as a deterrent to would be criminals."<ref> [https://www.hiddenhistory.ie/collection-items/clonmel-gaol Clonmel Gaol], [[Tipperary Museum of Hidden History]].</ref>
 Friar Matthew Fogarty later recalled: "William, wearing his Augustinian habit, was led to the gallows praying the [[rosary]]. He blessed the crowd which had gathered, pardoned his betrayers and affirmed his faith. It was a moving moment for Catholics and Protestants alike."<ref>[http://www.midwestaugustinians.org/saints/s_williamtirry.html Blessed William Tirry at Midwest Augustinians]. Retrieved 22 Oct. 2007.</ref>
-Despite the efforts of a Puritan minister to silence him, Fr. Tirry told the assembled crowd, "there is only one true Church, whose head is the pope: Pope and Church are to be obeyed. He publicly forgave the three men who had betrayed him, and... stated explicitly that he had been offered life and favour, it would renounce his religion." Fr. Tirry was then hanged, after which the crowd surged forward to soak pieces of cloth in the blood that ran from his nose, which were seen as relics of a martyr.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 179-181.</ref>
+Despite the efforts of a Puritan minister to silence him, Fr. Tirry told the assembled crowd, "there is only one true Church, whose head is the pope: Pope and Church are to be obeyed. He publicly forgave the three men who had betrayed him, and... stated explicitly that he had been offered life and favour, if he would renounce his religion." Fr. Tirry was then hanged, after which the crowd surged forward to soak pieces of cloth in the blood that ran from his nose, which were seen as relics of a martyr.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 179–181.</ref>
-Friar William was then buried, with some ceremony, in the ruins of the Augustinian friary in nearby Fethard. The evidence is that he was buried in the grounds, rather than inside the ruins of the church, but it has not yet been possible to locate his grave.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 180.</ref> Friar Matthew Fogarty was later released and banished from the Commonwealth.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178-182.</ref>
+Friar William was then buried, with some ceremony, in the ruins of the Augustinian friary in nearby Fethard. The evidence is that he was buried in the grounds, rather than inside the ruins of the church, but it has not yet been possible to locate his grave.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Page 180.</ref> Friar Matthew Fogarty was later released and banished from the Commonwealth.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 178–182.</ref>
-==Commemoration==
+==Legacy==
+According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "It is impossible to estimate the number of Catholics slain the ten years from 1642 to 1652. Three Bishops and more than 300 priests were put to death for their faith. Thousands of men, women, and children were sold as slaves for the [[British West Indies|West Indies]]; Sir W. Petty mentions that 6,000 boys and women were thus sold. A letter written in 1656, quoted by Lingard, puts the number at 60,000; as late as 1666 there were 12,000 Irish slaves scattered among the West Indian islands. Forty thousand Irish fled to the Continent, and 20,000 took shelter in the [[Hebrides]] or other Scottish islands. In 1641, the population of Ireland was 1,466,000, of whom 1,240,000 were Catholics. In 1659 the population was reduced to 500,091, so that very nearly 1,000,000 must have perished or been driven into exile in the space of eighteen years. In comparison with the population of both periods, this was even worse than the famine extermination of our own days."<ref> D.P. Conyngham, ''Lives of the Irish Martyrs'', P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 138.</ref>
-[[Filippo Visconti (bishop)|Filippo Visconti]], the Augustinian Prior General, was interested enough in the details of Fr. William Tirry's life and death to order the Irish Provincial, James O'Mahoney, to publish an account of Tirry's martyrdom in ''Sanguinea Eremus'' in 1655. His name drew little attention outside the Augustinian Order, however, until the revival of interest in the [[Irish Catholic Martyrs]] following [[Catholic Emancipation]] in 1829.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 181-182.</ref>
-Tirry's Cause was submitted to Rome in 1904, and [[Pope Benedict XV]] authorized the introduction of his cause for [[Canonization]] in 1915.<ref> Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 182-183.</ref>
+Meanwhile, [[Filippo Visconti (bishop)|Filippo Visconti]], the Augustinian Prior General, was interested enough in the details of Fr. William Tirry's life and death to order the Irish Provincial, James O'Mahoney, to publish an account of Tirry's martyrdom in ''Sanguinea Eremus'' in 1655. His name drew little attention outside the Augustinian Order, however, until the revival of interest in the [[Irish Catholic Martyrs]] following [[Catholic Emancipation]] in 1829.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 181–182.</ref>
+During an 1807 visit to Ireland on behalf of the [[London Hibernian Society]], [[Nonconformity in Wales|Welsh nonconformist]] minister [[Thomas Charles]] alleged ruefully that the [[Reformation in Ireland]] had failed because of the refusal of Protestant clergy to preach or educate in the local [[vernacular]]. Of his visit to [[Clonmel]], Rev. Charles recalled, "All the [[County Tipperary|county]] spoke [[Munster Irish|Irish]]... they spoke Irish in the streets."<ref>Marcus Tanner (2004), ''The Last of the Celts'', [[Yale University]] Press. Page 77.</ref>
-Friar William Tirry was [[beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] along with 16 other [[Irish Catholic Martyrs]] on 22 September 1992.<ref>[https://www.agustinosrecoletos.com/events/blessed-william-tirry-priest-and-martyr/?lang=en "Blessed William Tirry", Augustine Recollects]</ref> The Augustinian order celebrates his [[feast day]] on 12 May.<ref>[http://www.augustinianfriends.org/saints/williamtirry.htm "Blessed William Tirry", Augustinian Friends]</ref>
+Tirry's Cause was submitted to Rome in 1904, and [[Pope Benedict XV]] authorized the introduction of his cause for [[Canonization]] in 1915.<ref>Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 182–183.</ref>
+Friar William Tirry was [[beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] along with 16 other [[Irish Catholic Martyrs]] on 22 September 1992.<ref>[https://www.agustinosrecoletos.com/events/blessed-william-tirry-priest-and-martyr/?lang=en "Blessed William Tirry", Augustine Recollects]</ref> The Augustinian order celebrates his [[feast day]] on 12 May.<ref>[http://www.augustinianfriends.org/saints/williamtirry.htm "Blessed William Tirry", Augustinian Friends]</ref><ref> [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/homilies/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19920927_xxi-beati.html CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II], Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.</ref> In a testament to the pervasive [[Secularism in the Republic of Ireland|Secularisation of Ireland]] since the 1960s, in November 2015 Clonmel, the location of Fr. William Tirry's imprisonment, trial, and execution, also became the location of Ireland's first [[Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland|marriage between two men]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/world/europe/first-same-sex-marriage-ceremony-held-in-ireland.html|last1=Dalby|first1=Douglas|title=First Same-Sex Marriage Ceremoney Held in Ireland|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 November 2015|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108182315/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/world/europe/first-same-sex-marriage-ceremony-held-in-ireland.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+===Books===
+* Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), ''The Irish Martyrs'', Four Courts Press, Dublin.
+===Periodicals===
+* Edited by F.X. Martin, "The Tirry documents in the [[Archives Nationales (France)|Archives de France]], [[Paris]]", ''[[Archivium Hibernicum]]'' 20, (1957), pages 69-97.
+* Edited by M.B. Hackett, "The Tirry documents in the Augustinian General Archives", ''Archivium Hibernicum'' 20, (1957), pages 98-122.
 ==External links==
+*[https://www.dib.ie/biography/tirry-william-a6222#co-subject-A Bishop William Tirry & Blessed William Tirry], [[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]
 * [http://www.fethard.com/people/William_Tirry/a_life_sealed.html The Ballad of William Tirry]
-* [http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4841-ireland/4845-ireland_04/ "Ireland", Augnet - 4845]
+* [http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4841-ireland/4845-ireland_04/ "Ireland", Augnet – 4845]
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+[[Category:Christian clergy from Cork (city)]]
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+[[Category:Executed people from County Cork]]
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 [[Category:People executed under the Interregnum (England) for treason against England]]
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-[[Category:People from Cork (city)]]
 [[Category:Victims of anti-Catholic violence in Ireland]]

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