Pterocarpus: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Genus of legumes}}
__NOTOC__
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Pterocarpus''
|image = "+arya+" Pterocarpus santalinus ꦕꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦤ ꦲꦧꦁ cendana janggi - krucuk 2020 04.jpg
| image =Starr_030807-0062_Pterocarpus_indicus_f._echinatus.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' seed pods
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Pterocarpus echinatus]]'' leaves
|taxon = Pterocarpus
|authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] (1763), nom. cons.
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|subdivision_ranks = Species
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
|subdivision = [[#Species|See text]]
|synonyms =
| subclassis = [[Rosidae]]
*''Amphymenium'' {{small|Kunth (1824)}}
| unranked_ordo = [[Eurosids I]]
*''Ancylocalyx'' {{small|Tul. (1843)}}
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
*''Echinodiscus'' {{small|Benth. (1837)}}
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
*''Etaballia'' {{small|Benth. (1840)}}
| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
*''Griselinia'' {{small|Scop. (1777), nom. superfl.}}
| tribus = [[Dalbergieae]]
*''Lingoum'' {{small|Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.}}
| genus = '''''Pterocarpus'''''
*''Malaparius'' {{small|Rumph. ex Bosc (1803)}}
| genus_authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]
*''Moutouchi'' {{small|Aubl. (1775)}}
| subdivision_ranks = Species
*''Nephraea'' {{small|Hassk. (1844)}}
| subdivision =
*''Nephrea'' {{small|Noronha (1790), nom. nud.}}
35, see [[#Species|text]]
*''Phellocarpus'' {{small|Benth. (1837)}}
*''Pterocarpos'' {{small|St.-Lag. (1880)}}
*''Pterocarpus'' {{small|L. (1754), nom. rej.}}
*''Weinreichia'' {{small|Rchb. (1828)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331884-2 ''Pterocarpus'' Jacq.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</ref>
}}
}}
[[File:Pterocarpus officinalis MHNT.BOT.2010.6.39.jpg|thumb|Wood of ''P. officinalis'']]

'''''Pterocarpus''''' is a [[pantropical]] [[genus]] of trees in the family [[Fabaceae]]. It belongs to the subfamily [[Faboideae]], and was recently assigned to the informal [[monophyly|monophyletic]] ''Pterocarpus'' clade within the [[Dalbergieae]].<ref name="Lavin" /><ref name="Cardoso" /> Most species of ''Pterocarpus'' yield valuable timber traded as '''padauk''' (or padouk), usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|p|ə|'|d|u:|k|}} or {{IPAc-en|'|p|æ|d|,|oʊ|k|}};<ref>{{cite web |title=African Padauk {{!}} The Wood Database (Hardwood) |url=https://www.wood-database.com/african-padauk/ |website=www.wood-database.com |language=en-US |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> other common names are '''mukwa''' or '''narra'''. The west African species may be traded as '''African rosewood'''.<ref>The Rosewood Trade: An Illicit Trail from Forest to Furniture Authors: Sandy Ong / Andy Carver, Date: 29 January 2019, URL: https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-rosewood-trade-the-illicit-trail-from-forest-to-furniture (Yale School of Environment)</ref> ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus|P. santalinus]]'' also yields the most precious red sandalwood in China known as Zitan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wood-database.com/zitan/|title=Zitan {{!}} The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)|website=www.wood-database.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.dyhmjjxhw.com/file/upload/201212/22/16-31-55-12-1.pdf |title=Chinese National Standard for Rosewood Furniture - QB/T 2385-2008 }}</ref> The wood from the narra tree (''[[Pterocarpus indicus|P. indicus]]'') and the Burmese padauk tree (''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus|P. macrocarpus]]'') is marketed as '''amboyna''' when it has grown in the [[burl]] form.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wood-database.com/amboyna/ | title = The Wood Database | author = Meier E. }}</ref> The [[scientific name]] is [[Latin]]ized [[Ancient Greek]] and means "wing fruit", referring to the unusual shape of the [[legume|seed pods]] in this genus.
'''''Pterocarpus''''' is a [[pantropical]] [[genus]] of [[tree]]s in the family [[Fabaceae]], most of which yield valuable timber traded as '''padauk''' (or padouk); other common names are '''mukwa''' or '''narra'''. The [[scientific name]] is [[Latin]]ized [[Ancient Greek]] and means "wing fruit", referring to the unusual shape of the [[legume|seed pods]] in this genus.


==Uses==
==Uses==
Padauk wood is obtained from several [[species]] of ''Pterocarpus''. All padauks are of African or Asian origin. Padauks are valued for their toughness, stability in use, and decorativeness, most having a reddish wood. Most ''Pterocarpus'' woods contain either water- or alcohol-soluble substances and can be used as [[dye]]s.
Padauk wood is obtained from several [[species]] of ''Pterocarpus''. All padauks are of African or Asian origin. Padauks are valued for their toughness, stability in use, and decorativeness, most having a reddish wood. Most ''[https://onetotree.org/narra/ Pterocarpus]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Narra|url=https://onetotree.org/narra/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=OneToTree|language=en}}</ref> woods contain either water- or alcohol-soluble substances and can be used as [[dye]]s.


The padauk found most often in the timber trade is African Padauk from ''Pterocarpus soyauxii'' which, when freshly cut, is a very bright red but when exposed to sunlight fades over time to a warm brown. Its colour makes it a favourite among woodworkers. Burmese Padauk is ''Pterocarpus macrocarpus'' while Andaman Padauk is ''Pterocarpus dalbergioides''. Padauks can be confused with [[Rosewood (timber)|rosewoods]] to which they are somewhat related, but as a general rule padauks are coarser and less decorative in figure.
The padauk found most often is African padauk from ''[[Pterocarpus soyauxii|P. soyauxii]]'' which, when freshly cut, is a very bright red/orange but when exposed to sunlight fades over time to a warm brown. Its colour makes it a favourite among woodworkers. Burmese padauk (ပိတောက်) is ''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus|P. macrocarpus]]'' while Andaman padauk is ''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides|P. dalbergioides]]''. Padauks can be confused with true [[Rosewood (timber)|rosewoods]] to which they are somewhat related, but as a general rule padauks are coarser and less decorative in figure. Like rosewood, padauk is sometimes used to make [[xylophone]], [[Organ (music)|organ]] and [[marimba]] keys, and guitars. It is an important material in traditional [[Chinese furniture]].


[[File:African Padauk wood.jpg|thumb|African padauk wood]]
Some padauks, e.g. ''P. soyauxii'', are used as [[herbal medicine]]s, for example to treat skin parasites and fungal infections.<ref>WAC [2008]</ref>

Some padauks, e.g. ''P. soyauxii'', are used as [[herbal medicine]]s, for example to treat skin parasites and fungal infections.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17977 | title = AgroForestryTree Database entry for ''Pterocarpus soyauxii'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = AgroForestryTree Database | publisher = World Agroforestry Centre (WAC) | access-date = 1 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213121119/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17977 | archive-date = 13 February 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Chemistry==
[[Pterocarpin]] is a [[pterocarpan]] found in ''Pterocarpus'' spp.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?mode=r&word=C00009616&key=5 |title=Pterocarpin at knapsack_jsp |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201449/http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?mode=r&word=C00009616&key=5 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
A total of 35 [[species]] is currently accepted:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Pterocarpus&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Pterocarpus'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10084 | title = GRIN species records of ''Pterocarpus'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 11 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075154/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10084 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
A total of 35 [[species]] are currently accepted:<ref>ILDIS (2005)</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
<div float="left">
<!-- Pterocarpus abyssinicus was reclassified as Pterocarpus lucens. -->
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
* ''[[Pterocarpus acapulcensis]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus acapulcensis]]'' <small>Rose</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus advenus was reclassified as Pterocarpus dalbergioides. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus albopubescens]]'' <small>Hauman</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus albopubescens]]'' <small>Hauman</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus amazonicus was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus amazonum]]'' <small>(Benth.) Amshoff</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus amazonum]]'' <small>(Benth.) Amshoff</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus amphymenium was reclassified as Pterocarpus orbiculatus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]'' &ndash; [[Kiaat]]
<!-- Pterocarpus ancylocalyx was reclassified as Pterocarpus amazonum. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]'' <small>DC.</small>—[[kiaat]]
* ''[[Pterocarpus antunesii]]'' <small>(Taub.) Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus antunesii]]'' <small>(Taub.) Harms</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus apalatoa was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus brenanii]]''
<!-- Pterocarpus aphyllus was reclassified as Pterocarpus orbiculatus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus aptera was reclassified as Machaerium lunatum. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus ateleia was reclassified as Ateleia pterocarpa. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus australis was reclassified as Callerya australis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus belizensis was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus bilobus was reclassified as Pterocarpus marsupium. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus blancoi was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus brenanii]]'' <small>Barbosa & Torre</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus cambodianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus carolinensis was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus casteelsii was reclassified as Pterocarpus tessmannii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus chrysothrix was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus claessensii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus claessensii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus crispatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]'' &ndash; [[Andaman Padauk]], Andaman Redwood, East Indian Mahogany
<!-- Pterocarpus cultratus was reclassified as Lonchocarpus cultratus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus echinatus]]'' <small>Pers.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus erinaceus]]'' &ndash; [[Muninga]], Barwood, Vène
* ''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]'' <small>DC.</small>—[[Andaman padauk]], Andaman redwood, East Indian mahogany
<!-- Pterocarpus dekindtianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus angolensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus diadelphous is a misspelling of Pterocarpus diadelphus, which was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus diadelphus was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus draco was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
*''[[Pterocarpus dubius]]'' {{small|(Kunth) Spreng.}} – Venezuela, Guyana, and northern Brazil
<!-- Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum was reclassified as Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus echinata was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus echinatus]]'' <small>Pers.</small>{{ref label|synonym1|Note 1|1}}
* ''[[Pterocarpus erinaceus]]'' <small>Poir.</small>—[[muninga]], barwood, vène
<!-- Pterocarpus esculentus was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus falcatus was reclassified as Poecilanthe falcata. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus flavus was reclassified as Pongamia pinnata. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus floribundus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus frutescens was reclassified as Dalbergia frutescens and Derris trifoliata. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus gilletii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus gilletii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus glaucinus was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus gracilis was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus grandis was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus gummifera is a misspelling of Pterocarpus gummifer, which was reclassified as Ateleia gummifera. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus gummifer was reclassified as Ateleia gummifera. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus hayesii was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus hemipterus was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus heterophyllus was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus hockii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus hockii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus holtzii was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus homblei]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus homblei]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus hygrophilus was reclassified as Dalbergia hygrophila. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus indicus]]'' &ndash; [[Pashu Padauk]], Malay Padauk, New Guinea Rosewood
<!-- Pterocarpus indica is a misspelling of Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus indicus]]'' <small>Willd.</small>—[[Pashu padauk]], Malay padauk, New Guinea rosewood
<!-- Pterocarpus klemmei was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus kuhlmanni was reclassified as Paramachaerium schomburgkii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus leucens was reclassified as Pterocarpus lucens. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus lucens]]'' <small>Guill. & Perr.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus lucens]]'' <small>Guill. & Perr.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus lunatus was reclassified as Machaerium lunatum. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus]]'' &ndash; [[Burmese Padauk]]
* ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' &ndash; [[Indian Kino]], Malabar Kino, ''benga, bijiayasal'' (W Nepal), ''venkai''
* ''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus]]'' <small>Kurz</small>—[[Burmese padauk]]
<!-- Pterocarpus magnicarpus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
{{col-2-of-2}}
* ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>—[[Indian kino]], Malabar kino, benga, bijiayasal (w Nepal), venkai
<!-- Pterocarpus martinii was reclassified as Pterocarpus rotundifolius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus megalocarpus was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus michelii was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus microcarpus was reclassified as Ateleia microcarpa. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus mildbraedii]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus mildbraedii]]'' <small>Harms</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus minimus was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus moutouchi was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus mutondo]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus mutondo]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus niger was reclassified as Dalbergia nigra. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus obtusatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus officinalis]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus officinalis]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus orbiculatus]]'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus orbiculatus]]'' <small>DC.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus ormosioides was reclassified as Paramachaerium ormosioides. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus osun]]'' <small>Craib</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus osun]]'' <small>Craib</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus pallidus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus papuanus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus parvifolius was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus pedatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus plumieri was reclassified as Dalbergia monetaria. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus podocarpus was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus polyanthus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rotundifolius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus pubescens was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus and Pterocarpus orbiculatus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus quercinus was reclassified as Dalbergia monetaria. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus reticulatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus rohrii]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus rohrii]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]'' <small>(Sond.) Druce</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]'' <small>(Sond.) Druce</small>
** subsp. ''polyanthus'' <small>(Harms) Mendonça & E. P. Sousa</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus santalinoides]]'' &ndash; [[Mututi]]
*** var. ''martinii'' <small>(Dunkley) Mendonça & E. P. Sousa</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' &ndash; [[Red Sandalwood]], Red Sanders
*** var. ''polyanthus'' <small>(Harms) Mendonça & E. P. Sousa</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus soyauxii]]'' &ndash; [[African Padauk]], African Coralwood
** subsp. ''rotundifolius'' <small>(Sond.) Druce</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus rufescens was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus santalinoides]]'' <small>DC.</small>—[[mututi]]
* ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' <small>L. f.</small>—[[red sandalwood]], red sanders
<!-- Pterocarpus sapindoides was reclassified as Andira sapindoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus sericeus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rotundifolius. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus soyauxii]]'' <small>Taub.</small>—[[African padauk]], African coralwood
<!-- Pterocarpus steinbachianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus stolzii was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus suberosus was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus ternatus]]'' <small>Rizzini</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus ternatus]]'' <small>Rizzini</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus tessmannii]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus tessmannii]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus tinctorius]]'' <small>Welw.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus tinctorius]]'' <small>Welw.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus ulei was reclassified as Pterocarpus amazonum. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus uliginosus was reclassified as Derris trifoliata. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus usambarensis was reclassified as Pterocarpus mildbraedii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus velutinus]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus velutinus]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus vernalis was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus vidalianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus villosus]]'' <small>(Benth.) Benth.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus villosus]]'' <small>(Benth.) Benth.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus violaceus]]'' <small>Vogel</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus violaceus]]'' <small>Vogel</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus wallichii was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus zehntneri]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus zehntneri]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus zenkeri]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus zenkeri]]'' <small>Harms</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus zollingeri was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
{{col-end}}
{{div col end}}
</div>


==Footnotes==
==Notes==
:{{note label|synonym1|Note 1|1}} Some sources treat ''P. echinatus'' as a synonym of ''P. indicus''.
{{commonscat}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
* {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&genus~Pterocarpus&species Genus ''Pterocarpus'']. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2008-NOV-01.
<ref name=Lavin>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavin M, Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Sprent JI, de Lima HC, Gasson PE | year = 2001 | title = The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–33 | pmid = 11250829 | doi=10.2307/2657116| jstor = 2657116 }}</ref>
* {{aut|World Agroforestry Centre (WAC)}} [2008]: AgroForestryTree Database &ndash; [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17977 ''Pterocarpus soyauxii'']. Retrieved 2008-NOV-01.


<ref name=Cardoso>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany|S Afr J Bot]] | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10566/3193 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
==External Links==
}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Pterocarpus}}


==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}


{{WestAfricanPlants|Pterocarpus}}
[[Category:Pterocarpus| ]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132894}}
[[Category:Trees]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:wood]]


[[pt:Pterocarpus]]
[[Category:Pterocarpus| ]]
[[tr:Paduk ağacı]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Pantropical flora]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]

Latest revision as of 07:30, 20 May 2024

Pterocarpus
Pterocarpus santalinus seed pods
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Dalbergieae
Genus: Pterocarpus
Jacq. (1763), nom. cons.
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Amphymenium Kunth (1824)
  • Ancylocalyx Tul. (1843)
  • Echinodiscus Benth. (1837)
  • Etaballia Benth. (1840)
  • Griselinia Scop. (1777), nom. superfl.
  • Lingoum Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.
  • Malaparius Rumph. ex Bosc (1803)
  • Moutouchi Aubl. (1775)
  • Nephraea Hassk. (1844)
  • Nephrea Noronha (1790), nom. nud.
  • Phellocarpus Benth. (1837)
  • Pterocarpos St.-Lag. (1880)
  • Pterocarpus L. (1754), nom. rej.
  • Weinreichia Rchb. (1828)
Wood of P. officinalis

Pterocarpus is a pantropical genus of trees in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.[2][3] Most species of Pterocarpus yield valuable timber traded as padauk (or padouk), usually pronounced /pəˈduːk/ or /ˈpædˌoʊk/;[4] other common names are mukwa or narra. The west African species may be traded as African rosewood.[5] P. santalinus also yields the most precious red sandalwood in China known as Zitan.[6][7] The wood from the narra tree (P. indicus) and the Burmese padauk tree (P. macrocarpus) is marketed as amboyna when it has grown in the burl form.[8] The scientific name is Latinized Ancient Greek and means "wing fruit", referring to the unusual shape of the seed pods in this genus.

Uses[edit]

Padauk wood is obtained from several species of Pterocarpus. All padauks are of African or Asian origin. Padauks are valued for their toughness, stability in use, and decorativeness, most having a reddish wood. Most Pterocarpus[9] woods contain either water- or alcohol-soluble substances and can be used as dyes.

The padauk found most often is African padauk from P. soyauxii which, when freshly cut, is a very bright red/orange but when exposed to sunlight fades over time to a warm brown. Its colour makes it a favourite among woodworkers. Burmese padauk (ပိတောက်) is P. macrocarpus while Andaman padauk is P. dalbergioides. Padauks can be confused with true rosewoods to which they are somewhat related, but as a general rule padauks are coarser and less decorative in figure. Like rosewood, padauk is sometimes used to make xylophone, organ and marimba keys, and guitars. It is an important material in traditional Chinese furniture.

African padauk wood

Some padauks, e.g. P. soyauxii, are used as herbal medicines, for example to treat skin parasites and fungal infections.[10]

Chemistry[edit]

Pterocarpin is a pterocarpan found in Pterocarpus spp.[11]

Species[edit]

A total of 35 species is currently accepted:[12][13]

Notes[edit]

1 Some sources treat P. echinatus as a synonym of P. indicus.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pterocarpus Jacq. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  2. ^ Lavin M, Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Sprent JI, de Lima HC, Gasson PE (2001). "The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade". Am J Bot. 88 (3): 503–33. doi:10.2307/2657116. JSTOR 2657116. PMID 11250829.
  3. ^ Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001. hdl:10566/3193.
  4. ^ "African Padauk | The Wood Database (Hardwood)". www.wood-database.com. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  5. ^ The Rosewood Trade: An Illicit Trail from Forest to Furniture Authors: Sandy Ong / Andy Carver, Date: 29 January 2019, URL: https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-rosewood-trade-the-illicit-trail-from-forest-to-furniture (Yale School of Environment)
  6. ^ "Zitan | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". www.wood-database.com. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  7. ^ "Chinese National Standard for Rosewood Furniture - QB/T 2385-2008" (PDF).
  8. ^ Meier E. "The Wood Database".
  9. ^ "Narra". OneToTree. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  10. ^ "AgroForestryTree Database entry for Pterocarpus soyauxii". AgroForestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (WAC). Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  11. ^ "Pterocarpin at knapsack_jsp". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  12. ^ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Pterocarpus". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  13. ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Pterocarpus". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2014.

External links[edit]

Media related to Pterocarpus at Wikimedia Commons

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