Tiger shark: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 22:52, 21 January 2008
| Tiger shark | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Genus: | Galeocerdo |
| Species: | G. cuvier
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| Binomial name | |
| Galeocerdo cuvier | |
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| Tiger shark range | |
Template:Sharksportal The tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, one of the largest sharks, is the only member of the genus Galeocerdo. Mature sharks average 3.25 metres (11 ft) to 4.25 metres (14 ft)[3] [4] and weigh 385 to 909 kg (850 to 2000 lb).[5] It is found in many of the tropical and temperate regions of the world's oceans, and is especially common around islands in the central Pacific. This shark is a solitary hunter, usually hunting at night. Its name is derived from the dark stripes down its body, which fade as the shark matures.
The tiger shark is a dangerous predator, known for eating a wide range of items. Its usual diet consists of fish, seals, birds, smaller sharks, squid, and turtles. It has sometimes been found with man-made waste such as license plates or pieces of old tires in its digestive tract. It is notorious for attacks on swimmers, divers and surfers in Hawaii; and is often referred to as the "bane of Hawaiian surfers"[6] and "the wastebasket of the sea".
The tiger shark is second only to the bull shark in number of recorded human fatalities [3] and is considered, along with the great white, bull shark, and the oceanic whitetip shark to be one of the sharks most dangerous to humans. [7] Tiger Sharks are most commonly found in Peru on the coast of Punta Sal. Tiger sharks migrate yearly to the warmer waters of Punta Sal, Peru during the months of January thru to March for feeding and mating.
Taxonomy
The shark was first described by Peron and Lessueur in 1822 and was given the name Squalus cuvier.[8] Müller and Henle, in 1837 renamed it Galeocerdo tigrinus.[3] The genus, Galeocerdo, is derived from the Greek, galeos which means shark and the Latin cerdus which means the hard hairs of pigs.[3] It is often colloquially called the man-eater shark.[3]
The tiger shark is a member of the order Carcharhiniformes;[8] members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eyes, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits. It is the largest member of the Carcharhinidae family, commonly referred to as requiem sharks. This family includes some other well known sharks such as the blue shark, lemon shark and bull shark.
The largest tiger shark specimen was 7.3 meters (24 feet) and is a contender for the largest carnivorous fish alongside the great white shark.
Distribution
The tiger shark is often found close to the coast, in mainly tropical and sub-tropical waters, though they can reside in temperate waters.[3] The shark's behaviour is primarily nomadic, but is guided by warmer currents, and it stays closer to the equator throughout the colder months. The shark tends to stay in deep waters that line reefs but does move into channels to pursue prey in shallower waters. In the western Pacific Ocean, the shark has been found as far north as Japan and as far south as New Zealand.[9]
The shark has been recorded down to a depth of 350 metres (1,100 ft)[3] but is also known to move into shallow water - water that would normally be considered too shallow for a species of its size. It is also frequently found in river estuaries and harbours. At night it is usually found in shallow water.
Anatomy and appearance
Its skin can typically range from a blue or green hue to light with a white or light yellow underbelly. The distinguishing dark spots and stripes are most outstanding in young sharks and fade as the shark matures. Specimens regularly weigh 385 to 635 kg (850 to 1400 lbs)[3]. It is usually 3 metres (10 ft) to 6 metres (20 ft) long. The heaviest specimen recorded to date, a shark caught in Newcastle, NSW, Australia in 1954 and measuring a mere 5.5 metres (18 ft), scaled 1,524 kg (3,360 lb). Sexual maturity is reached at different stages for each of the sexes; males at 2.26 metres (7 ft) to 2.9 metres (10 ft) whereas females mature at 2.5 metres (8 ft) to 3.25 metres (11 ft). It has been estimated that the tiger shark can swim at a maximum speed of around 32 km:h[convert: unknown unit], with short bursts of higher speeds that last only a few seconds.
The tiger shark's head is somewhat wedge-shaped, which makes it easy for the shark to turn quickly to one side. Tiger sharks, as with other sharks, have small pits on the side of their upper bodies which hold electrical sensors called the ampullae of lorenzini, enabling them to detect small muscle movements of other creatures, allowing them to hunt in darkness. In addition, the tiger shark, like many other sharks, has a mirror-like covering behind their retina called tapetum lucidum that is exposed in darkness to reflect light that has already been seen by the retina back at it as to allow the shark to see better. The tapetum lucidum is covered in bright light, however, as so the shark is not blinded by an excess of light. A tiger shark generally has long fins and a long upper tail; the long fins act like wings and provide lift as the shark manoeuvres through water, whereas the long tail provides bursts of speed. A tiger shark normally swims using lithe movements of its body. Its high back and dorsal fin act as a pivot, allowing it to spin quickly on its alliance.
Its teeth are flat, triangular, notched and serrated.Like most sharks, when a tiger shark loses or breaks one of its teeth, it grows a replacement tooth. The distinctive teeth seem to have evolved to be able to cut through turtle shells, and an adult tiger shark can easily bite through bone.
Diet
The tiger shark, which generally hunts at night, has a reputation for eating anything it has access to, ignoring what nutritional value the prey may or may not hold.[3] Apart from what is thought to be sporadic feeding, its most common foods include; common fish, squid, birds, seals, other sharks, and sea turtles.[3] The shark has a number of features which make it a good hunter, such as excellent eyesight, which allows for access to murkier waters which can offer more varieties of prey and its acute sense of smell which enable it to react to faint traces of blood in its waters and is able to follow them to the source. The tiger shark's ability to pick up on low-frequency pressure waves produced by the movements of swimming animals, for example the thrashing of an injured animal, enables the shark to find a variety of prey.
The shark is known to be aggressive. The ability to pick up low-frequency pressure waves enables the shark to advance towards an animal with confidence, even in the environment of murky water where it is often found.[10] The shark is known to circle its prey and even study it by prodding it with its snout.[10] When attacking the shark devours all of its prey.[10] Because of its aggressive nature of feeding, it is common to find a variety of foreign objects inside the digestive tract of a tiger shark. Some examples of more unusual items are automobile number plates, petroleum cans, tires, suits of armour, and baseballs. For this reason, the tiger shark is often regarded as the ocean's garbage can.
Reproduction
The tiger shark breeds by internal fertilization. It is the only species in its family that is ovoviviparous; like mammals, it gives birth to live young.[3] The male tiger shark will insert one of its claspers into the female's genital opening, acting as a guide for the sperm to be introduced. The male uses its teeth to hold the female still during the procedure, often causing the female considerable discomfort. Mating in the northern hemisphere will generally take place between the months of March and May, with the young being born around April or June the following year. In the southern hemisphere, mating takes place in November, December, or early January.[3]
The young are nourished inside the mothers body for up to 14 to 16 months, where the female can produce a litter ranging from 10 to 80 young.[3] A newborn tiger shark is generally 51 centimetres (20 in) to 76 centimetres (30 in) long[3] and leaves its mother upon birth. It is unknown how long tiger sharks live, but it has been speculated to be 20 years.
Dangers and conservation
Although shark attacks on humans are a relatively rare phenomenon, the tiger shark is responsible for a large percentage of the fatal attacks that do occur on humans, and is regarded as one of the most dangerous species of sharks. Tiger sharks reside in temperate and tropical waters. They are often found in river estuaries and harbours, as well as shallow water close to shore, where they are bound to come into contact with humans. Because of their curious nature of feeding it is expected that a tiger shark would normally attack a human if it came in contact with it. Tiger sharks are known to dwell in waters with runoff, such as where a river enters the ocean.
Tiger sharks have become a recurring problem in Hawaii and are considered the most dangerous shark species in Hawaiian waters. They are considered to be sacred 'aumakua' or ancestor spirits by the native Hawaiians, however between 1959 and 1976, 4,668 tiger sharks were hunted down in an effort to control what was proving to be detrimental to the tourism industry. Despite these numbers, little decrease was ever detected in the attacks on humans. It is illegal to feed sharks in Hawaii and any interaction with them such as cage diving is discouraged.[11]
While the tiger shark is not directly commercially fished, it is caught for its fins, flesh, liver, which is a valuable source of vitamin A used in the production of vitamin oils, and distinct skin, as well as by big game fishers.[3]
Tiger shark's fins are known as sea tiger fins (traditional Chinese:海虎翅) in Chinese cuisine. It is used for making shark fin soup and is very popular among the affluent in China.
Trivia
- In 1935, Australian gangster James Smith's arm was found in the stomach of a tiger shark. One of his crooked partners admitted to the crime, saying he killed James and hid him in a metal box, then cut the arm off because it wouldn't fit. [12]
In popular culture
- In the first Jaws film, the first shark caught was a tiger shark.
- In 2007, Discovery Channel presented a special: Deadly Stripes: Tiger Sharks, for its annual Shark Week. During the show, South African shark scientist Mark Addison swam several times with a tiger shark he named "Dolores." The show contained footage of Addison hand-feeding the shark and even getting "rides" by holding onto the shark's dorsal fin for short periods of time. Addison claims that Dolores was able to recognize him on later trips to the same location.[13]
- Appearances in Deep Blue Sea as one tiger shark mutant
- In The Spy Who Loved Me, The villain Jaws battles a juvenile tiger shark and ends the fight by giving the shark a fatal bite.
See also
References
- ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: p.560. Retrieved 01/09/08.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Tiger Shark Biological Profile". Florida Museum of Natural History Icthyology Department. Retrieved 2005-01-22.
- ^ "Galeocerdo cuvier Tiger Shark". Marine Bio. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
- ^ "Fact Sheet - Tiger Shark". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ McCollam, Douglas (July 18, 2001). "The Bull Shark". Slate.com.
- ^ Daley, Audrey (1994). Shark. Hodder & Stroughton. ISBN 0-340-61654-7.
- ^ a b "ITIS report, Galeocerdo cuvier". Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
- ^ "Galeocerdo cuvier". Fishbase. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
- ^ a b c "Tiger Shark". ladywildlife.com. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
- ^ "Federal Fishery Managers Vote To Prohibit Shark Feeding" (PDF). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. Retrieved 2007-06-15.}}
- ^ Angry Animals, Nick Arnold
- ^ "Shark Week: 'Deadly Stripes: Tiger Sharks'". LA Times. 2007-07-30. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
- General references
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2005). "Galeocerdo cuvier" in FishBase. March 2005 version.
- "Galeocerdo cuvier". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 07 April.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - Tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier at marinebio.org
- General information Enchanted Learning. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
- Different diet information Shark Info. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
- Tiger sharks in Hawaii Research program. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
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