Requiem sharks
Requiem sharks | ||||||||||||
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A young tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Carcharhinidae | ||||||||||||
Jordan & Evermann , 1896 |
The requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae) form a family of sharks (Selachii) belonging to the order of the basic sharks (Carcharhiniformes ). Sometimes they are also referred to as human sharks or gray sharks , although the latter term is also used for the family of the comb- toothed sharks , or they are called ground sharks after the name of the order . Requiem sharks are found worldwide in all marine waters of tropical and temperate latitudes and can also be found in brackish water , for example off river mouths, and fresh water. Its scientific name is derived from the Greek karcharos , "sharp" and rhis (genitive rhinos ), "nose". The current German name comes from the American, by folk etymology from the French word requin for "shark"
Appearance and characteristics
Mostly between one and seven to eight meters long, gray-brown colored Requiem Sharks have an anal fin and two dorsal fins, the front of which is larger than the rear, and are also characterized by five gill slits, round eyes with special eyelids and blade-like single-pointed teeth.
Way of life
Requiem sharks are strong swimmers and predatorily feed on a variety of fish , including other sharks, as well as octopuses , crustaceans , turtles, and marine mammals such as seals, and the occasional seabird . The females are viviparous.
Tribal history
The closest relatives of the group are probably the weasel sharks (Hemigaleidae). The first fossils known from the geological period of the Paleocene are Abdounia and Danogaleus , among others discovered in the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco .
Systematics
One differentiates in the family a total of twelve genera with over 50 species, of which the genus Carcharhinus with 35 species is the largest. The blacktip reef shark ( Carcharhinus melanopterus ) is placed in these .
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Family Requiem Sharks (Carcharhinidae), also blue, gray, ground or human sharks
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Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816
- Black-nosed shark ( Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey, 1860) )
- Silver tip shark ( Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rüppell, 1837) )
- Bigeye shark ( Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950) )
- Graceful shark ( Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) )
- Gray reef shark ( Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) )
- Pig- eye shark or Javahai ( Carcharhinus amboinensis (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Bornean Shark ( Carcharhinus borneensis (Bleeker, 1858) )
- Bronze shark ( Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870) )
- Great blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Nervous shark ( Carcharhinus cautus (Whitley, 1945) )
- Carcharhinus cerdale Gilbert, 1898
- Carcharhinus coatesi (Whitley, 1939)
- Barnacle shark ( Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Silky shark ( Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Creek Whaler ( Carcharhinus fitzroyensis (Whitley, 1943) )
- Galapagos shark ( Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller, 1905) )
- Pondicherry shark ( Carcharhinus hemiodon (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Carcharhinus humani White & Weigmann, 2014
- Fine tooth shark ( Carcharhinus isodon (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Smooth-toothed blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus leiodon Garrick, 1985 )
- Bull shark or bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Small blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Whitetip deep-sea shark ( Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) )
- Hard-nosed shark ( Carcharhinus macloti (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Carcharhinus macrops Liu, 1983
- Blacktip reef shark ( Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) )
- Black shark or gloomy shark ( Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur, 1818) )
- Caribbean reef shark ( Carcharhinus perezii (Poey, 1876) )
- Sandbar shark ( Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) )
- Atlantic dwarf shark ( Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani, 1839) )
- Black-spotted shark ( Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann, 1913) )
- Atlantic night shark ( Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) )
- Spotted tooth shark or sorrah shark ( Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Australian blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus tilstoni (Whitley, 1950) )
- Carcharhinus tjutjot (Bleeker, 1852)
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Tiger sharks ( Galeocerdo Müller & Henle, 1837 )
- Tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur in Lesueur, 1822) )
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River sharks ( Glyphis Agassiz, 1843 )
- Gangeshai ( Glyphis gangeticus (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Spear tooth shark ( Glyphis glyphis (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Irrawaddy river shark ( Glyphis siamensis (Steindachner, 1896) )
- Glyphis garricki Compagno, White, & Last, 2008
- Borneo river shark ( Glyphis fowlerae Compagno, White & Cavanagh, 2010 )
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Dagger-nosed sharks ( Isogomphodon Gill, 1862 )
- Dagger-nosed shark ( Isogomphodon oxyrhynchos (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
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Broadfin sharks ( Lamiopsis gill, 1862 )
- Broad-fin shark ( Lamiopsis temmincki (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Borneo broadfin shark ( Lamiopsis tephrodes (Fowler, 1905) )
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Gooks sharks ( Loxodon Müller & Henle, 1838 )
- Slit-eye shark ( Loxodon macrorhinus Müller & Henle, 1839 )
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White-nosed sharks ( Nasolamia Compagno & Garrick, 1983 )
- White-nosed shark ( Nasolamia velox (Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann, 1898) )
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Lemon sharks ( Negaprion Whitley, 1940 )
- Crescent Lemon Shark ( Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell, 1837) )
- Lemon shark ( Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868) )
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Blue Sharks ( Prionace Cantor, 1849 )
- Blue shark ( Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) )
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Sharp-nosed sharks ( Rhizoprionodon Whitley, 1929 )
- Milking shark ( Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) )
- Brazilian sharp-nosed shark ( Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Müller & Henle, 1839) )
- Pacific Sharpnose Shark ( Rhizoprionodon longurio (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) )
- Gray Sharpnose Shark ( Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer, 1964 )
- Caribbean Sharpnose Shark ( Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey, 1861) )
- Australian sharp-nosed shark ( Rhizoprionodon taylori (Ogilby, 1915) )
- Atlantic sharp-nosed shark ( Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson, 1836) )
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Spade-nosed sharks ( Scoliodon Müller & Henle, 1837 )
- Spade-nosed shark ( Scoliodon laticaudus (Müller & Henle, 1838) )
- Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Bleeker, 1858)
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Whitetip reef sharks ( Triaenodon Müller & Henle, 1837 )
- Whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1837) )
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Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816
literature
- Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish , Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6
- Joseph S. Nelson: Fishes of the World , John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
Web links
- Requiem sharks on Fishbase.org (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Erik Tierney: Requiem Shark (English) ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . The correct derivation is probably from the Frz. of Normandy (e) chien de mer ("sea dog").
- ↑ Abdelmajid Noubhani and Henri Cappetta: Les Orectolobiformes, Carcharhiniformes et Myliobatiformes (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) des bassins à phosphate du Maroc (Maastrichtien-Lutétien basal). Systématique, biostratigraphie, évolution et dynamique des faunes. Palaeo Ichthyologica 8, 1997, pp. 1-327
- ↑ a b William T. White: A redescription of Carcharhinus dussumieri and C. sealei, with resurrection of C. coatesi and C. tjutjot as valid species (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae). Zootaxa 3241: 1-34 (2012)
- ↑ William T. White & Simon Weigmann: Carcharhinus humani sp. nov., a new whaler shark (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) from the western Indian Ocean. Zootaxa 3821 (1): 71-87 (2014)
- ↑ LJV Compagno, WT White, PR Last: Glyphis garricki sp. nov., a new species of river shark (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) from northern Australia and Papua New Guinea, with a redescription of Glyphis glyphis (Müller & Henle, 1839) . In: PR Last, WT White, JJ Pogonoski (Ed.): Descriptions of new Australian Chondrichthyans . CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, 2008, ISBN 978-1-921424-18-2 , pp. 203-226 .
- ↑ LJV Compagno, WT White, RD Cavanagh: Glyphis fowlerae sp. nov., a new species of river shark (Carcharhiniformes; Carcharhinidae) from northeastern Borneo. In: PP Last, WT White, JJ Pogonoski (Ed.): Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. (CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32), pp. 29-44. ( Full text ; PDF; 7.6 MB)
- Jump up ↑ WT White, PP Last, GJP Naylor, M. Harris: Resurrection and redescription of the Borneo Broadfin Shark Lamiopsis tephrodes (Fowler, 1905) (Carcharhiniformes, Carcharhinidae). In: PP Last, WT White, JJ Pogonoski (Ed.): Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. (CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32), pp. 45-60. ( Full text ; PDF; 7.6 MB)
- ↑ WT White, PP Last, GJP Naylor: Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Bleeker, 1858), a second species of spadenose shark from the Western Pacific (Carcharhiniformes, Carcharhinidae). In: PP Last, WT White, JJ Pogonoski (Ed.): Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. (CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32), pp. 45-60. ( Full text ; PDF; 7.6 MB)