Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal: Difference between revisions
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==Kamala Valley== |
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[[Image:Sagarmatha districts.png|thumb|right|Sagarmatha zone: Udayapur district in green]] |
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{{coord|26|47|N|86|41|E |region:PK_type:valley |display=inline}} |
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The '''Kamala Valley''' is in the [[Udayapur district]] in the south-east of Nepal. About 30 km long and between 2 km and 4 km wide, it is drained by the Triyuga river, which runs east to feed the great [[Koshi River]]. The valley lies between the [[Mahabharat Lekh]] (Range) to the north and the the Churia or [[Sivalik Hills]] to the south, with an average elevation of about 430 meters<ref>[http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/pdfs/MS24N01P023.Pdf Notes on the Mosquitoes of Nepal (1991)]</ref>. |
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Traditionally, the valley was primarily inhabited by the [[Dhanwar language|Dhanwar]] or Danuwar people<ref>[http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_04.pdf The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary]</ref>, but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India. Towns include [[Gaighat]] (or [[Triyuga]]) and Katari. |
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==Marin Khola Valley== |
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[[Image:Janakpur districts.png|thumb|right|Janakpur zone: Sindhuli district is green band in center]] |
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{{coord|27|13|11|N|85|55|12|E|type:river|display=inline}} |
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'''Marin Khola Valley''' is one of the smaller Inner Terai Valleys, in the central south region, [[Sindhuli District|Sindhulī Garhi district]]<ref>[http://ncthakur.itgo.com/districtmaps/sindhuli_district.htm Map of Nepal: Sindhuli District]</ref>. The Kokhajor Khola, the Marin Khola and the Kyan Khola rivers join in the valley to form the Kamala river, a major tributary to the Bhurengi<ref>[http://www.biharonline.com/lnmodel/rivers.htm Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal - Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist 20.02.1999]</ref>.. |
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The main town is [[Kamalamai]]. |
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The Indian government is concerned about flooding from the Kamala river, and is funding engineering projects in an attempt to control the situation<ref>[http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/flood%20and%20centrally%20sponsered%20schemes2735345443.pdf Indian Ministry of Water Resources - Flood and centrally sponsored schemes (c)]</ref>. |
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==Chitwan Valley== |
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{{Main|Chitwan Valley]]}} |
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'''Chitwan Valley''' is in central-southern [[Nepal]]. An [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|Inner Terai]] [[valley]], it is 150 km long and roughly 30-48 km wide. The cities of [[Bhartpur]], [[Hetauda]], and [[Ratnanagar]] are in the valley. |
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This valley geographically also named as a Narayni east Rapti valley, Naryani is the main river and life line of Chitwan Valley, which flow from the Himalayan Glassier with the tributaries of Kaligandaki, Trishuli,Seti, Madi,Marshangdi, Budhi Gandaki and Draudi this river also know as Sapta Gandaki as well as Gandak in India. Rapti rivar comes from the Range of Mahabhart and interd in CHitwan Valley from Hetuda this river pass trhrouh Chitwan Netional Park and Join Naryani in west of the Meghauli. |
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Chitwan valley was a princplity kingdom before unifying Nepal the capital of the principality was in Upardanggadhi, from the history Chepang, Gurung,Magar, Chetri and Bahun ware the main resident in the surrounding Mountain of Chitwan Valley, but the indigenous group Tharu, Danuwar,Darai and Majhi ware the historical inhabitant of the Plane of Chitwan Valley. |
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After control of Malaria in sixties by the help of United states the Plane of Chitwan Valley is one of the very attractive place in Nepal, people from Different part of the country start to come in this valley and make its their home. |
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In modern political divide of Nepal Chitwan Valley is divided in to two development Region. (Mid Development Region From Hetuda to Bharatpur,) two zones (Naryani Zone (Hetuda to Bharatpu) Lumbini Zone (Gaidakot to Daunne) and three district ( Makwanpur :- Hetuda to Manhari , Chitwan District:-Manhari to Bharatpur, Nawal Parashi District:- Gaidakot to Dawanne. |
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Chitwan valley is with very fertile land with enough water rescores two main irrigation system of Nepal (khageri Canal system and Narayni Lift System ) is implemented. The people of this migrant valley made very good progress in Agriculture (Nepali Standard) and industrialized their product large No. (more than 70% production of the country) of poultry industry is within this valley, there is a Hetuda industrial District within east corner in the valley, also floriculture and Bea form are other business of Chitwan Valley. |
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==Surkhet Valley== |
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The Surkhet Valley is in the mid-west of Nepal, in the [[Surkhet]] district. It is drained by the [[Bheri River]]<ref>[http://www.ub.uib.no/elpub/NORAD/2002/ntnu/thesis01.pdf Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal]</ref>. [[Birendranagar]] is a population center in the valley. |
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==Deukhuri Valley== |
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The Deukhuri Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the [[Dang Deokhuri District|Dang Deokhuri]] district. It is drained by the West Rapti river<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2003/jun/jun06/opinion.htm Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project]</ref>. |
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==Dang Valley== |
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The Dang Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the [[Dang Deokhuri District|Dang Deokhuri]]. It is drained by the Babai river<ref>[http://www.ku.edu.np/kuset/aej/sharma.pdf ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.]</ref>. [[Royal Bardia National Park]]. |
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The cities of [[Tribhuvannagar]] and [[Tulsipur]] are in this valley. |
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==Jogbudha Valley== |
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The Jogbudha Valley is in the far west of Nepal, in the Dadeldhura district. It is drained by the [[Sarda River|Mahakali river]]. |
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==External Links== |
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[http://dallith.vjf.cnrs.fr/en/introduction.php?lg=vay&lg_label=Hayu Dallith: Hayu : introduction] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 03:00, 13 October 2008
The phrase Inner Terai Valleys or Bhitri tarai (भित्री तराइ) refers to various elongated valleys in Nepal lying between the southernmost Himalayan foothills, the ~600 metre Chure or Siwalak Range and the 2-3,000 metre high Mahabharat Range further north, whereas Outer Terai refers to plains extending south of the Chure/Sivalik Hills to the border with India.
Major examples in Nepal include the Chitwan Valley southwest of Kathmandu and the parallel Dang and Deukhuri Valleys in western Nepal.
Climate & Economy
In the past the inner and outer Terai regions contained thick, malaria-infested forests, forming a frontier between Nepal and the British Raj (1858-1947) in India. The indigenous people, Tharu had a degree of inherited resistance to malaria and populated these areas. After an malaria eradication campaign people migrated to the Terai from the mountains and from neighbouring India. Today more than half the population are migrants, and many towns have developed.
The Inner and Outer Tarai's are Nepal's richest economic regions, with fertile farms and forests. The Tarai is still Nepal's main source of food, and a migration destination for landless hill peasants. Tarai residents have more available agricultural land than other Nepalese because of the area's generally flat terrain, which is drained and nourished by several rivers. As well, the Terai has the largest commercially exploitable forests.
Environmental Issues
The Inner Terai valleys are home to a rich and diverse ecosystem. Since the early 1990s, however, the forests have been increasingly destroyed because of growing demands for timber and agricultural land[1][2] This has led to concerns about the risk of losing many rare plant species[3][4].
The valleys also play an important role in mitigating the severity of floods in the Gangetic plains. In times of heavy rainfall, the forests absorb the water. In times of heavy run-off from the Himalayan watershed, the rivers spread out from their banks, flooding the forest. Later, the forests gradually release the water into the rivers that feed the Ganges. Forest removal reduces or eliminates this buffering effect[5].
Valleys
The Inner Terai includes several valleys, including[6]:
| Region | Valley | District | Rivers | Centers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| East | Kamala[7] | Udayapur | Triyuga | Gaighat (or Triyuga), Katari |
| Central South | Marin Khola | Sindhuli | Sun Koshi, Kamla (Tributaries of the Koshi) | Kamalamai |
| Central | Chitwan[8] | Chitwan | Narayani (Gandaki), East Rapti[9] | Bharatpur |
| Mid-West | Surkhet | Surkhet | Bheri[10] | Birendranagar |
| West | Deukhuri | Dang Deokhuri | West Rapti[11] | |
| West | Dang | Dang Deokhuri | Babai[12] Royal Bardia National Park | Tribhuvannagar |
| Far West | Jogbudha | Dadeldhura | Mahakali | Dadeldhura |
Kamala Valley
26°47′N 86°41′E / 26.783°N 86.683°E
The Kamala Valley is in the Udayapur district in the south-east of Nepal. About 30 km long and between 2 km and 4 km wide, it is drained by the Triyuga river, which runs east to feed the great Koshi River. The valley lies between the Mahabharat Lekh (Range) to the north and the the Churia or Sivalik Hills to the south, with an average elevation of about 430 meters[13].
Traditionally, the valley was primarily inhabited by the Dhanwar or Danuwar people[14], but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India. Towns include Gaighat (or Triyuga) and Katari.
Marin Khola Valley
27°13′11″N 85°55′12″E / 27.21972°N 85.92000°E
Marin Khola Valley is one of the smaller Inner Terai Valleys, in the central south region, Sindhulī Garhi district[15]. The Kokhajor Khola, the Marin Khola and the Kyan Khola rivers join in the valley to form the Kamala river, a major tributary to the Bhurengi[16]..
The main town is Kamalamai.
The Indian government is concerned about flooding from the Kamala river, and is funding engineering projects in an attempt to control the situation[17].
Chitwan Valley
Chitwan Valley is in central-southern Nepal. An Inner Terai valley, it is 150 km long and roughly 30-48 km wide. The cities of Bhartpur, Hetauda, and Ratnanagar are in the valley.
This valley geographically also named as a Narayni east Rapti valley, Naryani is the main river and life line of Chitwan Valley, which flow from the Himalayan Glassier with the tributaries of Kaligandaki, Trishuli,Seti, Madi,Marshangdi, Budhi Gandaki and Draudi this river also know as Sapta Gandaki as well as Gandak in India. Rapti rivar comes from the Range of Mahabhart and interd in CHitwan Valley from Hetuda this river pass trhrouh Chitwan Netional Park and Join Naryani in west of the Meghauli.
Chitwan valley was a princplity kingdom before unifying Nepal the capital of the principality was in Upardanggadhi, from the history Chepang, Gurung,Magar, Chetri and Bahun ware the main resident in the surrounding Mountain of Chitwan Valley, but the indigenous group Tharu, Danuwar,Darai and Majhi ware the historical inhabitant of the Plane of Chitwan Valley.
After control of Malaria in sixties by the help of United states the Plane of Chitwan Valley is one of the very attractive place in Nepal, people from Different part of the country start to come in this valley and make its their home.
In modern political divide of Nepal Chitwan Valley is divided in to two development Region. (Mid Development Region From Hetuda to Bharatpur,) two zones (Naryani Zone (Hetuda to Bharatpu) Lumbini Zone (Gaidakot to Daunne) and three district ( Makwanpur :- Hetuda to Manhari , Chitwan District:-Manhari to Bharatpur, Nawal Parashi District:- Gaidakot to Dawanne.
Chitwan valley is with very fertile land with enough water rescores two main irrigation system of Nepal (khageri Canal system and Narayni Lift System ) is implemented. The people of this migrant valley made very good progress in Agriculture (Nepali Standard) and industrialized their product large No. (more than 70% production of the country) of poultry industry is within this valley, there is a Hetuda industrial District within east corner in the valley, also floriculture and Bea form are other business of Chitwan Valley.
Surkhet Valley
The Surkhet Valley is in the mid-west of Nepal, in the Surkhet district. It is drained by the Bheri River[18]. Birendranagar is a population center in the valley.
Deukhuri Valley
The Deukhuri Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the Dang Deokhuri district. It is drained by the West Rapti river[19].
Dang Valley
The Dang Valley is in mid-western Nepal, in the Dang Deokhuri. It is drained by the Babai river[20]. Royal Bardia National Park.
The cities of Tribhuvannagar and Tulsipur are in this valley.
Jogbudha Valley
The Jogbudha Valley is in the far west of Nepal, in the Dadeldhura district. It is drained by the Mahakali river.
External Links
References
- ^ Regional Workshop on Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Forest Management of Terai, Inner Terai and Churia in Nepal
- ^ Forests Monitor: The Terai Forests
- ^ Orchids in the Churiya Hills and their survival in Nepal
- ^ An Overview of Floral Diversity in Wetlands of Terai Region of Nepal: M. Siwakoti, Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University Swayambhu, Nepal
- ^ GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Kosi River Basin, India
- ^ Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal by Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist, 20.02.1999
- ^ The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary
- ^ Royal Chitwan and Royal Bardia National Parks
- ^ Nepal: Rapti River - Rapid response inundation map
- ^ Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal
- ^ Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project
- ^ ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.
- ^ Notes on the Mosquitoes of Nepal (1991)
- ^ The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary
- ^ Map of Nepal: Sindhuli District
- ^ Rivers Of North Bihar and Nepal - Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Singh, Economist 20.02.1999
- ^ Indian Ministry of Water Resources - Flood and centrally sponsored schemes (c)
- ^ Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal
- ^ Nepal News: West Rapti High Dam Project
- ^ ASSESSING WATER QUALITY FOR ECOSYSTEM HEALTH OF THE BABAI RIVER IN ROYAL BARDIA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL.