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'''Maria Antonina Kratochwil''' (21 August 1881 – 7 October 1942) was beatified by [[Pope John Paul II]] as one of the [[108 Martyrs of World War II]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100814183154/http://www.franciscan-sfo.org/sts/Polmart.htm The 108 Polish martyrs.] Secular Franciscan Order via Internet Archive.</ref> Along with her Catholic convent she helped Jews survive during [[the Holocaust]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150529153945/http://www.avenueoftherighteous-illinois.org/polishinterfaith.html Avenue of the Righteous (May 4, 2000).] In memory of Sister Maria Antonina Kratochwil and all of the Polish priests and sisters who helped Jews in need. Internet Archive.</ref> A member of the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]] residing in the [[Kresy]] [[macroregion]] of the [[Polish Second Republic]] before the war began, she taught children in [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanisławów]] (present-day [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], [[western Ukraine]]) a provincial capital with a large [[Polish Jewish]] population who were soon entrapped in the [[Stanisławów Ghetto]]. She was arrested after the [[Nazi]]s occupied the region in the course of the 1941 [[Operation Barbarossa]], singled out by collaborators for rescuing and harbouring local Jews. She was severely beaten while in prison, contracted typhus, and died upon her hasty release. A short book was published about her life in 2001.<ref name="Kupka2001">{{cite book |author=Amata Kupka |title=Błogosławiona siostra Maria Antonina Kratochwil |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=67B7AQAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Wydaw. Duszpasterstwa Rolników |isbn=978-83-88743-94-8}}</ref>
'''Maria Antonina Kratochwil''' (21 August 1881 – 7 October 1942)<ref name="SND"/> was beatified by [[Pope John Paul II]] as one of the [[108 Martyrs of World War II]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100814183154/http://www.franciscan-sfo.org/sts/Polmart.htm The 108 Polish martyrs.] Secular Franciscan Order via Internet Archive.</ref> Along with her Catholic nuns she helped the Jews survive survive during [[the Holocaust]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150529153945/http://www.avenueoftherighteous-illinois.org/polishinterfaith.html Avenue of the Righteous (May 4, 2000).] In memory of Sister Maria Antonina Kratochwil and all of the Polish priests and sisters who helped Jews in need. Internet Archive.</ref> A member of the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]] residing in the [[Kresy]] [[macroregion|region]] of the [[Polish Second Republic]] before the war began; she was arrested along with her nuns by Nazi Germans a year after [[Operation Barbarossa]] of the 1941, singled out for anti-Nazi activities. She was severely beaten while in prison, contracted typhus, and died upon her hasty release.<ref name="Kupka2001">{{cite book |author=Amata Kupka |title=Błogosławiona siostra Maria Antonina Kratochwil |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=67B7AQAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Wydaw. Duszpasterstwa Rolników |isbn=978-83-88743-94-8}}</ref>


==World War II==
==Life==
Maria Antonina was born in Witkowice near [[Ostrava]] where her parents arrived in 1879 from [[Węgierska Górka]] in the [[Austrian Partition]] in search of sustenance; her father worked at a foundry.<ref name="DKo">{{cite web |title=Bł. Maria Antonina (Maria Anna) Kratochwil (1881, Witkowice - 1942, Stanisławów), męczennica, patronka Zgromadzenia Ubogich Sióstr Szkolnych de Notre Dame, wspomnienie |author=Dekanat konstanciński |location=Konstancin-Jeziorna |publisher=Rzymskokatolicka Parafia pod wezwaniem św. Zygmunta |url=http://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/SAINTs/HTMs/1002blMARIAANTONINAKRATOCHWILmartyr01.htm |accessdate=15 August 2016}}</ref> In 1885 the family returned to her mother's hometown in Węgierska Górka close to [[Żywiec]], and settled in [[Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko]] nearby.<ref name="SND">{{cite web |title=Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil SSND |author=School Sisters of Notre Dame |url=http://www.gerhardinger.org/index.php/justice-peace/shalom-network/patrons-of-shalom/86-blessed-maria-antonina-kratochwil-ssnd |publisher=Generalate, Via della Stazione Aurelia, 95 - 00165 Roma, Italia |quote=Beatified with 108 martyrs of World War II by Pope John Paul II, in Warsaw, on June 13, 1999.}}</ref>
Following the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] at the beginning of World War II, Sister Antonina was removed from school where she taught children with her nuns. The Soviet authorities raided the convent in Mikuliczyn where they lived, disbanded the community and expelled the nuns from the convent between February 1940 and June 1941. The nuns were prohibited from wearing habits ever again. After the German takover, on July 9, 1942, together with six other Sisters, Kratochwil was arrested by the German authorities and thrown into prison in [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanisławów]].
⚫
{{quote|Enduring inhumane conditions (hunger, beating, tortures, scoffing) she gave witness to Christian love, faith, and forgiveness; she uplifted her Sisters and lay co-prisoners. Five days after release from prison, she died from the consequence of tortures and the illness of typhus.<ref name="ASi">{{cite web |title=Sr M. Antonina "Maria Anna" Kratochwil |author=AnnieSings |date=16 June 2010 |publisher=Find A Grave Memorial |work=No. 53753361 |url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=53753361}}</ref>}}


In 1901 Maria Antonina entered the Congregation of [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]], a worldwide [[Roman Catholic]] order devoted to providing primary, secondary, and post-secondary education. She passed her maturation exams in 1906,<ref name="PBr"/> and became a professed sister. Ten years before the [[Second Polish Republic|rebirth of sovereign Poland]] Kratochwil was sent to [[Karviná]] near [[Cieszyn]] to teach at a Polish elementary school,<ref name="DKo"/> twice: between 1906–09, and 1910–17. Already in independent Poland she settled in [[Lwów]] in the [[Kresy]] region where she taught until 1925. She served as director of Catholic boarding school there in 1925–32; relocated to the town of Tłumacz to train other sisters as teachers, and returned to Lwów, where she was appointed director of a school for candidates in 1931–39.<ref name="SND"/>
⚫
== References ==

===World War II===
Following the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] at the beginning of World War II, the [[NKVD]] authorities closed down the Polish schools in Lwów and dismissed the sisters. Maria Antonina relocated with her nuns to Mikuliczyn in December 1939 (or February 1940).<ref name="SND"/><ref name="PBr"/> The Soviets raided the convent in Mikuliczyn, nationalized it, and expelled the nuns; they were prohibited from wearing their [[religious habit]]s ever again. Lwów was taken over by the Germans in June 1941 at the onset of [[Operation Barbarossa]]. A year later, Sister Kratochwil was arrested by the [[Gestapo]] on 9 July 1942, along with six other nuns, and thrown into prison in [[Stanisławów]] (present-day [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], [[western Ukraine]]), a provincial capital with a large [[Polish Jewish]] population entrapped in the [[Stanisławów Ghetto]]. The nuns were kept in a cell with dozens of other women.<ref name="DKo"/> Sister Kratochwil intervened against the brutal treatment of Jewish female prisoners by the Gestapo office run by the notorious Holocaust perpetrator ''SS''-''[[Hauptsturmführer]]'' [[Hans Krueger]].<ref name="yadvashem-Pohl">{{cite book |author=Dieter Pohl |title=Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) |url=http://yad-vashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202292.pdf |format=PDF file from Yad Vashem.org |pages=12/13, 17/18, 21}}</ref> As punishment for her audacity, Kratochwil was subjected to a torturous beating. Returned to the cell all bloodied, she could no longer lie on her back.<ref name="DKo"/> The six sisters were released at the end of September 1942, after weeks of interrogations.<ref name="PBr"/> Maria Antonina died from her injuries on 2 October 1942 in a hospital,<ref name="PBr">{{cite web |title=Szykanowana przez Sowietów, torturowana przez Niemców. Bł. Maria Antonina Kratochwil |author=Paweł Brojek |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://prawy.pl/3915-szykanowana-przez-sowietow-torturowana-przez-niemcow-bl-maria-antonina-kratochwil/ |publisher=Fundacja 'Edukacja przez media' |accessdate=15 August 2016}}</ref> five days after her release from prison. She was buried in (the no-longer existing) Sapieżyński Cemetery in Stanisławów.<ref name="PBr"/><ref name="SND"/> Sister Kratochwil was declared patron of ''Shalom'' at the 3rd ''International Shalom'' meeting held in [[El Salvador]] in August 2000.<ref name="shalom">{{cite journal |author=Shalom International |title=Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil, School Sister of Notre Dame (1881-1942). A Patron of Shalom |publisher=Shalom News North America (SNAC) |url=http://files.ctctcdn.com/5c9328ed001/6df26cbd-a2c5-44bd-9c3a-82ad393dcdd4.pdf |date=September 2015}}</ref> A short book was published about her life in 2001.<ref name="Kupka2001"/>
⚫
{{quote|Enduring inhumane conditions (hunger, beating, tortures, scoffing) she gave witness to Christian love, faith, and forgiveness; she uplifted her Sisters and lay co-prisoners. Five days after release from prison, she died from the consequence of tortures and the illness of typhus.<ref name="SND"/><ref name="ASi">{{cite web |title=Sr M. Antonina "Maria Anna" Kratochwil |author=AnnieSings |date=16 June 2010 |publisher=Find A Grave Memorial |work=No. 53753361 |url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=53753361}}</ref>}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
==References==
* {{cite AV media |people=Sister M. Agnieszka Mucha SSND |date=2 October 2012 |title=Blessed S. Antonina Kratochwil, SSND |medium=video recording, 5:13 min |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4FMb-3Y-s0 |access-date=15 August 2016 |format= |time=[[Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń]] |publisher=YouTube |id= |quote= |ref= }}
* {{cite journal |title=Five Heroic Catholics of the Holocaust, and Other Heroic Nuns |author=Rev. Vincent A Lapomarda, S.J. |date=4 January 2000 |publisher=College of the Holy Cross, Hiatt Holocaust Collection |pages=6–7 |url=http://www.sacredheartva.org/history/holocaust%20heroic%20catholics%20(2).pdf |work=Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil (1881-1942)}}


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Revision as of 18:29, 15 August 2016

Blessed Maria Anna Kratochwil
Roman Catholic nun, Maria Antonina Kratochwil, forbidden by the authorities to wear a religious habit in 1939
Born(1881-08-21)21 August 1881
Ostrava, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)
Died2 October 1942(1942-10-02) (aged 61)
Stanisławów, occupied Poland
BeatifiedJune 13, 1999, Warsaw, Poland by Pope John Paul II

Maria Antonina Kratochwil (21 August 1881 – 7 October 1942)[1] was beatified by Pope John Paul II as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II.[2] Along with her Catholic nuns she helped the Jews survive survive during the Holocaust.[3] A member of the School Sisters of Notre Dame residing in the Kresy region of the Polish Second Republic before the war began; she was arrested along with her nuns by Nazi Germans a year after Operation Barbarossa of the 1941, singled out for anti-Nazi activities. She was severely beaten while in prison, contracted typhus, and died upon her hasty release.[4]

Life

Maria Antonina was born in Witkowice near Ostrava where her parents arrived in 1879 from Węgierska Górka in the Austrian Partition in search of sustenance; her father worked at a foundry.[5] In 1885 the family returned to her mother's hometown in Węgierska Górka close to Żywiec, and settled in Bielsko nearby.[1]

In 1901 Maria Antonina entered the Congregation of School Sisters of Notre Dame, a worldwide Roman Catholic order devoted to providing primary, secondary, and post-secondary education. She passed her maturation exams in 1906,[6] and became a professed sister. Ten years before the rebirth of sovereign Poland Kratochwil was sent to Karviná near Cieszyn to teach at a Polish elementary school,[5] twice: between 1906–09, and 1910–17. Already in independent Poland she settled in Lwów in the Kresy region where she taught until 1925. She served as director of Catholic boarding school there in 1925–32; relocated to the town of Tłumacz to train other sisters as teachers, and returned to Lwów, where she was appointed director of a school for candidates in 1931–39.[1]

World War II

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, the NKVD authorities closed down the Polish schools in Lwów and dismissed the sisters. Maria Antonina relocated with her nuns to Mikuliczyn in December 1939 (or February 1940).[1][6] The Soviets raided the convent in Mikuliczyn, nationalized it, and expelled the nuns; they were prohibited from wearing their religious habits ever again. Lwów was taken over by the Germans in June 1941 at the onset of Operation Barbarossa. A year later, Sister Kratochwil was arrested by the Gestapo on 9 July 1942, along with six other nuns, and thrown into prison in Stanisławów (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk, western Ukraine), a provincial capital with a large Polish Jewish population entrapped in the Stanisławów Ghetto. The nuns were kept in a cell with dozens of other women.[5] Sister Kratochwil intervened against the brutal treatment of Jewish female prisoners by the Gestapo office run by the notorious Holocaust perpetrator SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Krueger.[7] As punishment for her audacity, Kratochwil was subjected to a torturous beating. Returned to the cell all bloodied, she could no longer lie on her back.[5] The six sisters were released at the end of September 1942, after weeks of interrogations.[6] Maria Antonina died from her injuries on 2 October 1942 in a hospital,[6] five days after her release from prison. She was buried in (the no-longer existing) Sapieżyński Cemetery in Stanisławów.[6][1] Sister Kratochwil was declared patron of Shalom at the 3rd International Shalom meeting held in El Salvador in August 2000.[8] A short book was published about her life in 2001.[4]

Enduring inhumane conditions (hunger, beating, tortures, scoffing) she gave witness to Christian love, faith, and forgiveness; she uplifted her Sisters and lay co-prisoners. Five days after release from prison, she died from the consequence of tortures and the illness of typhus.[1][9]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f School Sisters of Notre Dame. "Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil SSND". Generalate, Via della Stazione Aurelia, 95 - 00165 Roma, Italia. Beatified with 108 martyrs of World War II by Pope John Paul II, in Warsaw, on June 13, 1999.
  2. ^ The 108 Polish martyrs. Secular Franciscan Order via Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Avenue of the Righteous (May 4, 2000). In memory of Sister Maria Antonina Kratochwil and all of the Polish priests and sisters who helped Jews in need. Internet Archive.
  4. ^ a b Amata Kupka (2001). Błogosławiona siostra Maria Antonina Kratochwil. Wydaw. Duszpasterstwa Rolników. ISBN 978-83-88743-94-8.
  5. ^ a b c d Dekanat konstanciński. "Bł. Maria Antonina (Maria Anna) Kratochwil (1881, Witkowice - 1942, Stanisławów), męczennica, patronka Zgromadzenia Ubogich Sióstr Szkolnych de Notre Dame, wspomnienie". Konstancin-Jeziorna: Rzymskokatolicka Parafia pod wezwaniem św. Zygmunta. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e Paweł Brojek (2 October 2013). "Szykanowana przez Sowietów, torturowana przez Niemców. Bł. Maria Antonina Kratochwil". Fundacja 'Edukacja przez media'. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  7. ^ Dieter Pohl. Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) (PDF file from Yad Vashem.org). pp. 12/13, 17/18, 21.
  8. ^ Shalom International (September 2015). "Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil, School Sister of Notre Dame (1881-1942). A Patron of Shalom" (PDF). Shalom News North America (SNAC). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ AnnieSings (16 June 2010). "Sr M. Antonina "Maria Anna" Kratochwil". No. 53753361. Find A Grave Memorial.

References

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