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==Specifications==
==Specifications==
{{Aircraft specs
{{aircraft specifications|
|ref=Polish Aircraft 1893–1939<ref name=Cynk>{{cite book |title= Polish Aircraft 1893–1939|last= Cynk|first=Jerzy|year=1971 |publisher=Putnam Publishing |location=London |isbn=0 370 00085 4|pages=138-141}}</ref>
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
|prime units?=met
|plane or copter?=plane
<!--
|jet or prop?=prop
General characteristics
|crew=2, pilot and mechanic
-->
⚫
|capacity=10
|crew=
⚫
|length main= 16.5 m
|capacity=10-14 passengers
|length alt=
⚫
|length m=16.5
|span main=24.4 m
|span alt=
|span m=24.4
|height main=3.3 m
|height m=3.3
⚫
|wing area sqm=77
|height alt=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
⚫
|area main=77 m²
⚫
|airfoil=
|area alt= ft²
⚫
|empty weight kg=4081
⚫
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 4081 kg
|gross weight kg=5586
|empty weight alt=
|max takeoff weight kg=
⚫
|fuel capacity=
|loaded weight main= 5586 kg
|more general=
⚫
|loaded weight alt=
<!--
|useful load main= 1505 kg
Powerplant
|useful load alt=
-->
|max takeoff weight main=
|eng1 number=3
|max takeoff weight alt=
|eng1 name=[[Polish-Skoda J-5a Whirlwind]]
|engine (prop)=[[Wright Whirlwind J-5]]
|type of prop= air-cooled 9-cylinder radial
|eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines
|eng1 hp=220
|number of props=3

|power main=240 hp
|prop blade number=3
|power alt=
|prop name=Heddernheimer Kupferwerke adjustable-pitch metal propellers
⚫
|max speed main=190 km/h
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
⚫
|max speed alt=
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|cruise speed main= 170 km/h
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|cruise speed alt=
|prop dia note=
|stall speed main= <105 km/h
<!--
|stall speed alt=
Performance
⚫
|range main=800 km
-->
⚫
|range alt=
⚫
|max speed kmh=190
⚫
|ceiling main=2800 m
|max speed note=at sea level
|ceiling alt=
::::{{cvt|179|km/h|mph kn}} at {{cvt|2000|m}}
⚫
|climb rate main= 2.3 m/s
|climb rate alt=
|cruise speed kmh=
⚫
|stall speed kmh=
⚫
|loading main= 72.6 kg/m²
|never exceed speed kmh=
|loading alt=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|power/mass main=
⚫
|range km=800
|power/mass alt=
|combat range km=
|armament=
⚫
|ferry range km=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
⚫
|ceiling m=2800
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
⚫
|climb rate ms=
|time to altitude=</br>
::::{{cvt|1000|m}} 8 minutes 58 seconds
::::{{cvt|2000|m}} 22 minutes
⚫
|wing loading kg/m2=72.6
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.0535|hp/lb|kW/kg}}
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

*Glass, Andrzej. ''Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939'' (Polish Aviation Constructions 1893-1939, in Polish). Warsaw: WKiŁ, 1977 (Polish language, no ISBN).
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Glass |first1=Andrzej |title=Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (''Polish aviation constructions 1893-1939'') |date=1977 |publisher=WKiŁ |location=Warsaw |pages=162-164}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mazur|first1=Wojciech|date= 2016|title=Samoloty komunikacyjne PLL LOT|trans-title= |series=Wielki leksykon uzbrojenia. Wrzesień 1939 |volume=tom 81|language= pl|location=Warsaw |publisher= Edipresse Polska|isbn=978-83-7945-055-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mazur|first1=Wojciech|date= 2016|title=Samoloty komunikacyjne PLL LOT|trans-title= |series=Wielki leksykon uzbrojenia. Wrzesień 1939 |volume=tom 81|language= pl|location=Warsaw |publisher= Edipresse Polska|isbn=978-83-7945-055-8}}


Revision as of 15:55, 21 May 2019

PZL.4
Role Passenger aircraft
Manufacturer PZL
First flight 8 January 1932
Introduction 1933
Retired 1936
Status prototype
Primary user Polish civilian aviation (LOT Polish Airlines)
Number built 1

The PZL.4 was a Polish three-engine passenger aircraft for 10 passengers, built in PZL factory in 1932, which remained a prototype. It was the first Polish-designed and produced multi-engine plane.

Development

In spite of buying a party of three-engine Fokker F.VIIb/3m aircraft, LOT Polish Airlines soon started looking for more modern design and organized a design contest in 1928. The contest was won by the Polish engineer Zygmunt Bruner, working in the French Bernard works, with his design T-600. It was all-metal high-wing three-engine monoplane, similar to Ford Trimotor. State Aviation Works PZL decided to take over its development, and a group of engineers was sent to Paris and worked the design in 1929, under direction of Zygmunt Bruner. There were also carried out aerodynamic trials of a plane model. Detailed technical drawings were worked in PZL in Warsaw in 1930, under direction of Stanisław Prauss, and a prototype was built, designated PZL.4 (this designation was used before for a single-engine design worked out for a passenger plane contest in 1928, won by PWS-20).

The PZL.4 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction, with closed cab and three engines. The fuselage was rectangular in cross-section, made of duralumin and covered with duralumin sheet. The two-spar wings and tailfins were covered with Wibault-pattern ribbed duralumin sheet. The wings had squared-off wingtips. A crew of two (pilot and mechanic), were accommodated in front, before the wing, equipped with twin controls. Behind and slightly below under the wing, there was a cabin for 10 passengers in three compartments in the fuselage. The cabin had wide rectangular windows, sloped outwards for a better view, and door on the left side. The cabin had places for a baggage behind it and below a floor.

Three 9-cylinder radial engines Wright Whirlwind J-5 produced by the Polish Skoda Works division) mounted in the fuselage front and in wing nacelles provided (240 hp takeoff power, 220 hp nominal power. The engines were fitted with Townend rings and three-blade metal propellers, later two-blade wooden propellers of a fixed pitch. A conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear wheel, main gear wheels' diameter 1.15 m was also fitted. The fuel tanks located in the central wing section had 915 l, providing (cruise fuel consumption 180 l/h).

Operational history

The prototype was flown on 8 January 1932 in Warsaw by Bolesław Orliński (markings SP-AGY). In June 1932 it took part in an international air meeting in Warsaw. From autumn 1932 to 1935 it was evaluated by LOT Polish Airlines, but it was found unsatisfactory. The empty weight was bigger by 730 kg, than designed, which decreased performance. As a result, its performance was inferior to Fokker F.VIIb/3m, with the same engines. Proposals to use Gnome-Rhone K-7 300 hp or Pratt-Whitney Wasp 450 hp engines were rejected by LOT (the latter engines would demand strengthening of construction).

The prototype cost was 1.416.110 złoty and it brought the manufacturer 663.000 złoty loss.[1] The prototype was withdrawn from service in 1936 and scrapped in 1937.

Specifications

Data from Polish Aircraft 1893–1939[2]

General characteristics

  • Capacity: 10-14 passengers
  • Length: 16.5 m (54 ft 2 in)
  • Wingspan: 24.4 m (80 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
  • Wing area: 77 m2 (830 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 4,081 kg (8,997 lb)
  • Gross weight: 5,586 kg (12,315 lb)
  • Powerplant: 3 × Polish-Skoda J-5a Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 160 kW (220 hp) each
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Heddernheimer Kupferwerke adjustable-pitch metal propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn) at sea level
179 km/h (111 mph; 97 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
  • Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 2,800 m (9,200 ft)
  • Time to altitude:
1,000 m (3,300 ft) 8 minutes 58 seconds
2,000 m (6,600 ft) 22 minutes
  • Wing loading: 72.6 kg/m2 (14.9 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.0535 hp/lb (0.0880 kW/kg)

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference mazur16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cynk, Jerzy (1971). Polish Aircraft 1893–1939. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 138–141. ISBN 0 370 00085 4.

Further reading

  • Glass, Andrzej (1977). Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (Polish aviation constructions 1893-1939). Warsaw: WKiŁ. pp. 162–164.
  • Mazur, Wojciech (2016). Samoloty komunikacyjne PLL LOT. Wielki leksykon uzbrojenia. Wrzesień 1939 (in Polish). Vol. tom 81. Warsaw: Edipresse Polska. ISBN 978-83-7945-055-8.

External links

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to PZL civil aircraft.

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

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