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''' Mudaliyār ''' also ''''' Mudaliar ''''', '''''Mudali''''' and '''''Moodley''''' in [[Tamil language]] literally means a person of first rank in a feudal society<ref name = "Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2">Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2
#REDIRECT [[Mudaliar]] {{R from merge}}
</ref>. It is originally the title and the surname of '''Tondaimandala Vellalars''' only, <ref name = "Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2">Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2
</ref> <ref name="Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B">Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492,http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B</ref> <ref name="Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.">Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.</ref><ref name=" http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090300780600.htm"> http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090300780600.htm</ref>.
However in recent times due to the process of [[sanskritization]] the name is used by people belonging to various [[caste]]s originally from [[Tamil Nadu]] and in the [[Tamil diaspora]] for the purpose of social upliftment. Some castes are forward-caste while most are backward-caste. Mudaliars are usually more financially well off than other communities. Mudaliars also tend not to marry outside their community. Most Mudaliars are pure Tamilians with [[Tamil]] as their native language.

==Origin==

In ancient times, cultivation in South India was spread by force, people would move into virgin land which was used by tribal people for slash and burn agriculture or for hunting and convert it into prime agricultural land. These raids were organised and carried out by chieftains, feudal lords and agricultural landlords called [[Vellalars]].<ref name="http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html">http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
</ref><ref name="Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361">Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361
</ref><ref name="http://dino-latchmi.tripod.com/id12.html">http://dino-latchmi.tripod.com/id12.html
</ref>. [[Vellalars]] are agricultural landlords and inhabitants of the "marutha nilam" (one of the [[Sangam landscape|five lands]] advocated by the [[Sangam]] literature).

Mudaliar, like [[Pillai]] is a title conferred upon prominent [[Vellalar]] chieftains and feudal lords by the King depending upon the Tamil Kingdom. More specifically, the Vellalars of Thondaimandalam or the Pallava Kingdom were given the title Mudaliar, while the [[Vellalars]] of [[Pandya]] and [[Chola]] Kingdoms were given the title Pillai <ref name="http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html">http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
</ref><ref name="Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361">Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361
</ref>.

The Chola King, Karikala Chola collected the whole of the Mudali tribe of Vellalars and settled them in Tondaimandalam.The country was divided into territorial domains called kootams, a reference to kurumbar policies. The spatialization of the vellalas in the villages of the Tondai country had begun long before the British arrived. <ref name = "Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2">Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2
</ref><ref name="Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B">Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492,http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B</ref><ref name="Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.">Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.</ref>

==Mudaliars as Vellalars and sanskritization of other castes==

During cultural diversification, the Vellalars of TamilNadu can be classified into layers. The first layer consists of Saiva Vellalars (Saiva Vellala Mudaliars and Pillais). They are strict vegetarians, literate and sophisticated like Brahmins but do not perform priestly duties. They were major landlords, feudal lords and powerful like Rajputs and Thakurs of Northern India. Saiva Vellalars of the [[Tondai Nadu|Thondaimandalam]] became the Thondaimandala vellalars Mudaliars. This area includes the present day areas of [[Chennai]], [[Chengalpet]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Vellore]], [[Cadalore]], [[Arcot]], [[Vadalore]], [[Thrivannamalai]], etc.<ref name="http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html">http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
</ref>,<ref name="Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361">Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361
</ref>

The second layer consists of a number of unique castes, which do not intermarry at all like Pandia Vellalar,(Madurai) Chozhia Vellalar, those who inhabited the areas of [[Chola]] ([[Thichy]], [[Thanjavur]], and [[Pudukottai]]) and [[Pandiya]] [[mandalam]]s ([[Madurai]], [[Thuthukudi]], [[Kanyakumari]], and [[Nagerkovil]]) became the Shoziya Vellar (or "Chola Velar") and Pandiya Vellar respectively. These communities use Mudaliar, Pillai titles.<ref name="http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html">http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
</ref><ref name="Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361">Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361
</ref>

In recent times, due to the process of "[[sanskritization]]" a number of backward castes<ref name="http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm">http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm</ref>, <ref name="http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/ap.html">http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/ap.html</ref>
have taken up the Mudaliar title for the purpose of social upliftment. This is discussed below.

Agamudaiyar, a caste belonging to the Mukkulathor community -generally use Devar as surname- moved to northern TamilNadu and assumed a identity for social upliftment in the Tamil caste society.
"Kallarum, Maravarum, Agamudaiyarum mella mella vanthu vellalar anaarkal"- so goes the saying in [[Tamil]], that is Kallar or thieves (as in spies not to be confused with common thief), supported the rulers and became soldiers or Maravar, learned and earned and became home owners or Agamudaiyar and eventually became very cultured and respectable in the society and were called Vellalars eventually,<ref name="http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html">http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
</ref>.

Similarly, the Sengunthars, who are weavers started using the Mudaliar surname for social upliftment<ref name="Contending identities: Sacred prostitution and reform in colonial South India Priyadarshini Vijaisri A1, A1 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), New Delhi, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group Issue: Volume 28, Number 3 / December 2005 Pages: 387 - 411. http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jv31l27518262711">Contending identities: Sacred prostitution and reform in colonial South India Priyadarshini Vijaisri A1, A1 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), New Delhi, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group Issue: Volume 28, Number 3 / December 2005 Pages: 387 - 411. http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jv31l27518262711</ref><ref name=" http://globalindiamissions.org/newsletter/nwsltr0802.htm"> http://globalindiamissions.org/newsletter/nwsltr0802.htm</ref><ref name="http://www.go2southasia.org/l_peoples.html">http://www.go2southasia.org/l_peoples.html </ref>
.

Therefore, even though 90% of the Tamil Vellalas have Pillai, Mudaliar surnames, it should be remembered that not all Mudaliars, Pillais are Vellalas. The vice versa is also true — thus sometimes some Vellalas have other surnames like Chettiar, Nayakar, and so on.

==Various castes using the "Mudaliar" title==

A brief description of various castes using the title Mudaliar is given below.

===''Tondaimandala Saiva Vellalar''===

The Tondaimandala Saiva Vellala Mudaliars are forward-caste and are strict vegetarians. They are the original homogeneous group of Vellalars who were settled in Tondaimandalam or Tondai Nadu in South India by the Chola King Karikala Chola,<ref name = "Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2">Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2
</ref><ref name="Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B">Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492,http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B</ref><ref name="Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.">Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.</ref><ref name=" http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090300780600.htm"> http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090300780600.htm</ref>. They are feudal lords, major landowners in Thondaimandalam area which includes the present day areas of [[Chennai]], Chengalpet, [[Kanchipuram]], [[Vellore]] etc. A significant population of Thondaimandala Saiva Vellala Mudaliars have also migrated to other areas such as Madurai, Tirunelveli etc. They are endogamous and inter-marriage with other Mudaliars is quite rare. Their mother tongue is Tamil<ref name="http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html">http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
</ref> <ref name="http://dino-latchmi.tripod.com/id12.html">http://dino-latchmi.tripod.com/id12.html
</ref> and not Telugu.

===''Agamudayar/Arcot/Thuluva Vellala''===

The Adamudayars [[Agamudayar]] actually belong to the [[Mukkulathor]] community, which also includes the [[Kallar]]s and [[Maravar]]s. These three communities (as the name "Mukkulathor" — meaning three communities — have Devar as their surname. But later the [[Agamudaiyar]]s (the most upward community among the three) slowly migrated towards the northern part of Tamil Nadu, settled there, changed their caste name to Thuluva Vellala. So in reality Thuluva vellalar is just the renaming of Agamudayar and hence are classified as one by the [[Tamil Nadu]] goverment, [[India]]<ref name="http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm">http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm</ref>. So intermingling of on a large scale between two distinct communities is very unlikely and has no historical evidence. The Agamudaiyars changed their name to Thuluva Vellala, which is similar to Konnars becoming Yadava, Pallars becoming Devendra Kula Vellalar and Chanar becoming Nadar in recent history.

===''Sengunthar/Kaikolar''===

The Kaikolan are a large Tamil and Telugu caste of weavers. There are seventy-two subdivisions (nadu or desams). Their name comes from a mythical hero and from the words "kai" (hand) and "koi" (shuttle). They consider the different parts of the loom to represent various gods and sages. They are also known as Sengundar, which means a red dagger, which is traced to the legend of the earth being harassed by demons, which led to the people asking the god Shiva to help them.

Traditionally, one girl in every family was set apart to be dedicated to temple service and becomes a "Devdasi" (meaning female servant of god). In the temple, the girl is considered married to the temple deity but in practice becomes a prostitute, especially to the Brahmans and she learns traditional music and dancing <ref name="Contending identities: Sacred prostitution and reform in colonial South India Priyadarshini Vijaisri A1, A1 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), New Delhi, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group Issue: Volume 28, Number 3 / December 2005 Pages: 387 - 411. http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jv31l27518262711">Contending identities: Sacred prostitution and reform in colonial South India Priyadarshini Vijaisri A1, A1 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), New Delhi, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group Issue: Volume 28, Number 3 / December 2005 Pages: 387 - 411. http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jv31l27518262711</ref><ref name=" http://globalindiamissions.org/newsletter/nwsltr0802.htm"> http://globalindiamissions.org/newsletter/nwsltr0802.htm</ref><ref name="http://www.go2southasia.org/l_peoples.html">http://www.go2southasia.org/l_peoples.html </ref>

===''Sri Lankan Mudaliyars''===
See [[Sri Lankan Mudaliyars]] for the class of Mudaliyars created by the British administrators during 19th century [[Sri Lanka]].

==Trivia==

*'''Mudaliars of Bangalore'''- Mudaliars constitute a significant percentage of the population in South Bangalore (surrounding Ulsoor Lake, MG Road, High grounds). Many well-known buildings on MG Road & surrounding were once owned by Mudaliars (e.g - Gangaram's, Plaza Cinema). The famous "Attara Kachheri" or the red court house that stands opposite of Vidhana Sauda was built by Rai Bahadur Arcot Narayansamy Mudaliar. Palatial homes surrounding Windsor Manor (5 star hotel) are even today owned & inhabited by affluent Mudaliar families. The Bangalore Exhibition is usually conducted on the RBANMS grounds in Ulsoor which owned by Rai Bahadur Arcot Narayansamy Mudaliar trust. The trust has several schools and colleges affiliated to it.

*'''Mudaliars of Hyderabad'''- Mudaliars live in significant numbers in the areas of Boiguda, Padma Rao Nagar, Maredpalli in Secunderabad. They run a popular girls school called "Keys High's School" in addition to some colleges. A popular residential area called "Padma Rao Nagar" is named after late. Dewan Bahadur Padma Rao Mudaliar.

*'''Mudaliars of Sri Lanka'''- Mudaliars live in significant numbers in various areas of Sri Lanka. People of different caste can become Mudaliyars even though originally Mudaliars was a homogenous caste group. Mudaliyar transformed from a caste name to a title due to the nature of political development which promoted Mudaliyars to positions of leadership. Soon all leaders had to take the name of Mudaliyar.

*'''Historical Gatti Mudaliars of Salem/Omalur as Feudal Lords'''

The Gatti '''Mudaliars''' were in charge of the most dangerously exposed province of the Nayak Kingdom with Kaveripuram on the right bank of the Cauvery as their strategic capital commencing one of the principal passes to the Mysore Plateau. The centre of their power seems, however, to have been Taramangalam where they have built a grant edifice of a temple. It is said their domination extended as far as [[Thalaivasal]] to the east, Dharapuram in Erode district in the west and Karur district in the south. The forts of greatest strategic importance held by the Gatti '''Mudaliars '''were Omalur and [[Attur]]. By about 1635 A.D., the Muslim Sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda made in roads into the south when the power of Tirumalai Nayak had wanted palacode area came under Bijapur. Meanwhile Kantirava narasa Raja of Serangapatnam took several places in Coimbatore from Gatti Mudaliars in 1641 A.D.

Mudaliars were prominent in the anti-Brahmin Dravidian movement during the early years, but no longer play a significant part in Dravidian politics.

==Notable Mudaliars==

===Arts===
*[[Bharathidasan]] (1891-1964) Tamil Poet
*[[Pammal Sambandam Mudaliar]]: Tamil movie director and actor of early 20th century.
*[[Nataraja Mudaliar]]: First Person to Produce and direct a Movie in South India-(1917)
*[[N Veerasamy]]: [[Kannada]] movie producer who introduced Dr. Rajkumar to films.
*[[V Ravichandran]]: Kannada movie star, son of N Veerasamy.
*[[K Vijayabhaskar]]: Kannada film music director.
*[[Judo KK Ratinam]] : Stunt master in Tamil and other cine field
*[[K S Ravi kumar]]: Tamil film director.
*[[Goundamani]]: Tamil comedian.
*[[Prashanth]]: Tamil actor.
*[[SP Parameswaran]]: Tamil Actor.
*[[R.K.SELVAMANI]]: Tamil DIRECTOR.
*[[P.S VEERAPPA]]: Tamil Actor.

===Business===

*[[CHELLAPPAN DHARMAN]]: BUSSINESSMAN.

*[[Siva Sankaran]]: Serial Entrepreneur; promoted Sterling Computers, Aircel, Dishnet, etc., Owns Barista Coffee Chain. Has considerable stakes in Best & Crompton, Tata Teleservices, IDEA Telecom, etc.,

===Education===
*[[Sir. A. Ramaswami Mudaliar]]: Mayor of Madras(1928-30), Member-Advisor in High Level "War Committee" formed by the British PM Sir.Winson Churchill during the World Wars, Member-Advisor in all the 3 London-Round Table Conferences(1930,'31,'32);Commerce member of the Viceroy's Council;Indian Representative & Leader in U.N.in 1945 and his efforts put India as a Member Nation in the U.N.; Chief of U.N. Finance Committee; Diwan of Mysore(1946-49) and his efforts put Mysore in joining the Indian Union in 1949; Vice Chancellor of University of Kerala(1951-61),Travancore ; Chairman-The Shipping Corporation of India; FOUNDER Chairman & Managing Director of ICICI (1955) -Industrial Credits & Investment Corporation of India.
*[[Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar]]: First Indian principal of the Madras Medical College, Served as Chairman-UNESCO; Vice Chancellor,University of Madras for the Longest Tenure of 27 Yrs; Chairman-W.H.O,Younger Twin Brother of Sir.A.Ramaswami Mudaliar.
*[[Dr. V.C.Balasubramaniam (VCB)]]: Retired Director, Institute of Pathology, MMC, Past Master of Masonic Lodge. Saiva Vellalar.
*[[V.L Ethiraj Mudaliar]]: Founder of Ethiraj College for Women
*[[Prof. Dr. P. R. Rangawami]]: Principal, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai; Chairman-Teacher's Selection Committee,Kendriya Vidhyalaya Central Schools-IIT,Madras; Member-Advisor in the Student's Reforms Committee set-up by TN Chief Minister C.N.Anna; Very Popular Student Leader of Tamil Nadu during 1965-70; Served as Chairman/Gen Secretary of Pachaiyappa's College Student's Union and Leader of Anti-Hindi Agitation which led the DMK Capturing Power in the state of TamilNadu in 1967; Mentor & Leader of various forums in Tamil Nadu; Nominated as Leader in various Forums on Human Rights and Human Values & Ethics by the D.K leader Veeramani; Close ally of leaders K.Veeramani,Vaiko,M.Natrajan.
*Dr. [[M Murugesh Mudaliar]]: Principal, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore.
*[[Arunchalam Mudaliar]]: Founder [[Murugappa Group]].
*[[A.D.Raj Kumar]]: Formerly, Vice Principal, University College of Engineering, Osmania University. Presently (2005 onwards), Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Osmania University, 1st Phd holder in Electrical Engineering from Osmania University.

===Freedom Fighter===
*[[Tirupur Kumaran]]: [[Republic of India|Indian]] Freedom Fighter.
*[[kodai idi kuppusamy mudaliar]] freedom fighter from vellore.

===Government===
*Politics
**C N [[Annadurai]]: Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu & Founder DMK.
**[[V. Kalyanasundaram]]: Author and trade union Leader (Thiru. Vi. Ka).
**[[P Shanmugam]]: Former Chief Minister of Pondicherry State and present State Congress Chief.
**[[Bakthavatsalam]]: Former Chief Minister of [[Tamilnadu, India]]. (1963-1967)
**[[O V Alagesan]]: Former Union Minister of India.
**[[V R Nedunchezhiyan]]: Former Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu and Former Intermin Chief minister of Tamilnadu and DMK Leader.
**[[K Anbazhagan]]: Former Education Minister of Tamil Nadu and DMK Leader, Current Finance Minister.
**[[P T Rajan]]: Former Minister of Tamil Nadu, Leader Justice Party.
**[[PTR Palanivel Rajan]]: Former Speaker of Tamil Nadu Assembly, Late Endowment Minister of Tamilnadu, India.
**[[Damodaran]]: Current Minister of Tamil Nadu, India.
**[[Jayanthi Natarajan]]: Former Union Minister of India.
**[[Lalith Athulathmudali]] Former Minister of SriLanka.

*Civil Service
**[[T. L. Sankar]]: [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]], Former Chairman A.P.S.E.B, Former Principal [[Administrative Staff College of India]]
**[[K. V. Kannapa Mudaliar]]: [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]]
**[[K. Kumaraswamy]]: [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]

*Judicial
**[[S Natarajan]]: Former India's Supreme Court Justice.

*Social Service
**[[M B Nirmal]]: Founder of [[EXNORA International]] - Chennai.
**[[Dharmarathnakara Rai Bahadur Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar]]: Founder of RBANMS High School in [[Bangalore]].

*Army
**Commander [[V.S.P. Mudaliar]]: Vice-President of the Indian Ex-Service League.

===Religion===
*[[Kirupanandha Variyar]] (Variyar Swamigal): Saint
*[[Vethathiri|Yogiraj Shri Vethathiri Maharishi]]: Founder of the [http://wcsc.info The World Community Service Center], an organisation striving for [[World peace]] from 1911 and propagator of the famous blessing phrase of "''Vaazgha Vaiyagam Vaazgha Valamudan''" (வாழ்க வையகம் வாழ்க வளமுடன்).

===UnderWorld===
*[[Varadharajan Mudaliar]]: Known as Vardha Bhai; former prominent underworld kingpin of 70s. Tamil movie Nayagan was based on his life story. Thanks to the introduction of prohibition after Independence, bootlegging became a thriving business. Illicit trade in liquor attracted the covetous attention of hitherto loosely mobilised street gangs. Thus, the seeds of organised criminal activity were sown in India's commercial capital. The first of the recognised gangsters in Bombay was Vardharaj Mudaliar, popularly known as Vardha Bhai. He ruled the roost for over a decade by organising bootlegging in a systematic manner, and spreading a protective umbrella over several lesser gangs dealing in illicit liquor. He soon diversified his activities: Gold smuggling, matka gambling, extortion and supari killings. Mudaliar had to flee Bombay under relentless police pressure.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Tamil society]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Indian family names]]

Revision as of 22:18, 3 January 2007

Mudaliyār also Mudaliar , Mudali and Moodley in Tamil language literally means a person of first rank in a feudal society[1]. It is originally the title and the surname of Tondaimandala Vellalars only, [1] [2] [3][4]. However in recent times due to the process of sanskritization the name is used by people belonging to various castes originally from Tamil Nadu and in the Tamil diaspora for the purpose of social upliftment. Some castes are forward-caste while most are backward-caste. Mudaliars are usually more financially well off than other communities. Mudaliars also tend not to marry outside their community. Most Mudaliars are pure Tamilians with Tamil as their native language.

Origin

In ancient times, cultivation in South India was spread by force, people would move into virgin land which was used by tribal people for slash and burn agriculture or for hunting and convert it into prime agricultural land. These raids were organised and carried out by chieftains, feudal lords and agricultural landlords called Vellalars.[5][6][7]. Vellalars are agricultural landlords and inhabitants of the "marutha nilam" (one of the five lands advocated by the Sangam literature).

Mudaliar, like Pillai is a title conferred upon prominent Vellalar chieftains and feudal lords by the King depending upon the Tamil Kingdom. More specifically, the Vellalars of Thondaimandalam or the Pallava Kingdom were given the title Mudaliar, while the Vellalars of Pandya and Chola Kingdoms were given the title Pillai [5][6].

The Chola King, Karikala Chola collected the whole of the Mudali tribe of Vellalars and settled them in Tondaimandalam.The country was divided into territorial domains called kootams, a reference to kurumbar policies. The spatialization of the vellalas in the villages of the Tondai country had begun long before the British arrived. [1][2][3]

Mudaliars as Vellalars and sanskritization of other castes

During cultural diversification, the Vellalars of TamilNadu can be classified into layers. The first layer consists of Saiva Vellalars (Saiva Vellala Mudaliars and Pillais). They are strict vegetarians, literate and sophisticated like Brahmins but do not perform priestly duties. They were major landlords, feudal lords and powerful like Rajputs and Thakurs of Northern India. Saiva Vellalars of the Thondaimandalam became the Thondaimandala vellalars Mudaliars. This area includes the present day areas of Chennai, Chengalpet, Kanchipuram, Vellore, Cadalore, Arcot, Vadalore, Thrivannamalai, etc.[5],[6]

The second layer consists of a number of unique castes, which do not intermarry at all like Pandia Vellalar,(Madurai) Chozhia Vellalar, those who inhabited the areas of Chola (Thichy, Thanjavur, and Pudukottai) and Pandiya mandalams (Madurai, Thuthukudi, Kanyakumari, and Nagerkovil) became the Shoziya Vellar (or "Chola Velar") and Pandiya Vellar respectively. These communities use Mudaliar, Pillai titles.[5][6]

In recent times, due to the process of "sanskritization" a number of backward castes[8], [9] have taken up the Mudaliar title for the purpose of social upliftment. This is discussed below.

Agamudaiyar, a caste belonging to the Mukkulathor community -generally use Devar as surname- moved to northern TamilNadu and assumed a identity for social upliftment in the Tamil caste society. "Kallarum, Maravarum, Agamudaiyarum mella mella vanthu vellalar anaarkal"- so goes the saying in Tamil, that is Kallar or thieves (as in spies not to be confused with common thief), supported the rulers and became soldiers or Maravar, learned and earned and became home owners or Agamudaiyar and eventually became very cultured and respectable in the society and were called Vellalars eventually,[5].

Similarly, the Sengunthars, who are weavers started using the Mudaliar surname for social upliftment[10][11][12] .

Therefore, even though 90% of the Tamil Vellalas have Pillai, Mudaliar surnames, it should be remembered that not all Mudaliars, Pillais are Vellalas. The vice versa is also true — thus sometimes some Vellalas have other surnames like Chettiar, Nayakar, and so on.

Various castes using the "Mudaliar" title

A brief description of various castes using the title Mudaliar is given below.

Tondaimandala Saiva Vellalar

The Tondaimandala Saiva Vellala Mudaliars are forward-caste and are strict vegetarians. They are the original homogeneous group of Vellalars who were settled in Tondaimandalam or Tondai Nadu in South India by the Chola King Karikala Chola,[1][2][3][4]. They are feudal lords, major landowners in Thondaimandalam area which includes the present day areas of Chennai, Chengalpet, Kanchipuram, Vellore etc. A significant population of Thondaimandala Saiva Vellala Mudaliars have also migrated to other areas such as Madurai, Tirunelveli etc. They are endogamous and inter-marriage with other Mudaliars is quite rare. Their mother tongue is Tamil[5] [7] and not Telugu.

Agamudayar/Arcot/Thuluva Vellala

The Adamudayars Agamudayar actually belong to the Mukkulathor community, which also includes the Kallars and Maravars. These three communities (as the name "Mukkulathor" — meaning three communities — have Devar as their surname. But later the Agamudaiyars (the most upward community among the three) slowly migrated towards the northern part of Tamil Nadu, settled there, changed their caste name to Thuluva Vellala. So in reality Thuluva vellalar is just the renaming of Agamudayar and hence are classified as one by the Tamil Nadu goverment, India[8]. So intermingling of on a large scale between two distinct communities is very unlikely and has no historical evidence. The Agamudaiyars changed their name to Thuluva Vellala, which is similar to Konnars becoming Yadava, Pallars becoming Devendra Kula Vellalar and Chanar becoming Nadar in recent history.

Sengunthar/Kaikolar

The Kaikolan are a large Tamil and Telugu caste of weavers. There are seventy-two subdivisions (nadu or desams). Their name comes from a mythical hero and from the words "kai" (hand) and "koi" (shuttle). They consider the different parts of the loom to represent various gods and sages. They are also known as Sengundar, which means a red dagger, which is traced to the legend of the earth being harassed by demons, which led to the people asking the god Shiva to help them.

Traditionally, one girl in every family was set apart to be dedicated to temple service and becomes a "Devdasi" (meaning female servant of god). In the temple, the girl is considered married to the temple deity but in practice becomes a prostitute, especially to the Brahmans and she learns traditional music and dancing [10][11][12]

Sri Lankan Mudaliyars

See Sri Lankan Mudaliyars for the class of Mudaliyars created by the British administrators during 19th century Sri Lanka.

Trivia

  • Mudaliars of Bangalore- Mudaliars constitute a significant percentage of the population in South Bangalore (surrounding Ulsoor Lake, MG Road, High grounds). Many well-known buildings on MG Road & surrounding were once owned by Mudaliars (e.g - Gangaram's, Plaza Cinema). The famous "Attara Kachheri" or the red court house that stands opposite of Vidhana Sauda was built by Rai Bahadur Arcot Narayansamy Mudaliar. Palatial homes surrounding Windsor Manor (5 star hotel) are even today owned & inhabited by affluent Mudaliar families. The Bangalore Exhibition is usually conducted on the RBANMS grounds in Ulsoor which owned by Rai Bahadur Arcot Narayansamy Mudaliar trust. The trust has several schools and colleges affiliated to it.
  • Mudaliars of Hyderabad- Mudaliars live in significant numbers in the areas of Boiguda, Padma Rao Nagar, Maredpalli in Secunderabad. They run a popular girls school called "Keys High's School" in addition to some colleges. A popular residential area called "Padma Rao Nagar" is named after late. Dewan Bahadur Padma Rao Mudaliar.
  • Mudaliars of Sri Lanka- Mudaliars live in significant numbers in various areas of Sri Lanka. People of different caste can become Mudaliyars even though originally Mudaliars was a homogenous caste group. Mudaliyar transformed from a caste name to a title due to the nature of political development which promoted Mudaliyars to positions of leadership. Soon all leaders had to take the name of Mudaliyar.
  • Historical Gatti Mudaliars of Salem/Omalur as Feudal Lords

The Gatti Mudaliars were in charge of the most dangerously exposed province of the Nayak Kingdom with Kaveripuram on the right bank of the Cauvery as their strategic capital commencing one of the principal passes to the Mysore Plateau. The centre of their power seems, however, to have been Taramangalam where they have built a grant edifice of a temple. It is said their domination extended as far as Thalaivasal to the east, Dharapuram in Erode district in the west and Karur district in the south. The forts of greatest strategic importance held by the Gatti Mudaliars were Omalur and Attur. By about 1635 A.D., the Muslim Sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda made in roads into the south when the power of Tirumalai Nayak had wanted palacode area came under Bijapur. Meanwhile Kantirava narasa Raja of Serangapatnam took several places in Coimbatore from Gatti Mudaliars in 1641 A.D.

Mudaliars were prominent in the anti-Brahmin Dravidian movement during the early years, but no longer play a significant part in Dravidian politics.

Notable Mudaliars

Arts

Business

  • Siva Sankaran: Serial Entrepreneur; promoted Sterling Computers, Aircel, Dishnet, etc., Owns Barista Coffee Chain. Has considerable stakes in Best & Crompton, Tata Teleservices, IDEA Telecom, etc.,

Education

  • Sir. A. Ramaswami Mudaliar: Mayor of Madras(1928-30), Member-Advisor in High Level "War Committee" formed by the British PM Sir.Winson Churchill during the World Wars, Member-Advisor in all the 3 London-Round Table Conferences(1930,'31,'32);Commerce member of the Viceroy's Council;Indian Representative & Leader in U.N.in 1945 and his efforts put India as a Member Nation in the U.N.; Chief of U.N. Finance Committee; Diwan of Mysore(1946-49) and his efforts put Mysore in joining the Indian Union in 1949; Vice Chancellor of University of Kerala(1951-61),Travancore ; Chairman-The Shipping Corporation of India; FOUNDER Chairman & Managing Director of ICICI (1955) -Industrial Credits & Investment Corporation of India.
  • Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar: First Indian principal of the Madras Medical College, Served as Chairman-UNESCO; Vice Chancellor,University of Madras for the Longest Tenure of 27 Yrs; Chairman-W.H.O,Younger Twin Brother of Sir.A.Ramaswami Mudaliar.
  • Dr. V.C.Balasubramaniam (VCB): Retired Director, Institute of Pathology, MMC, Past Master of Masonic Lodge. Saiva Vellalar.
  • V.L Ethiraj Mudaliar: Founder of Ethiraj College for Women
  • Prof. Dr. P. R. Rangawami: Principal, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai; Chairman-Teacher's Selection Committee,Kendriya Vidhyalaya Central Schools-IIT,Madras; Member-Advisor in the Student's Reforms Committee set-up by TN Chief Minister C.N.Anna; Very Popular Student Leader of Tamil Nadu during 1965-70; Served as Chairman/Gen Secretary of Pachaiyappa's College Student's Union and Leader of Anti-Hindi Agitation which led the DMK Capturing Power in the state of TamilNadu in 1967; Mentor & Leader of various forums in Tamil Nadu; Nominated as Leader in various Forums on Human Rights and Human Values & Ethics by the D.K leader Veeramani; Close ally of leaders K.Veeramani,Vaiko,M.Natrajan.
  • Dr. M Murugesh Mudaliar: Principal, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore.
  • Arunchalam Mudaliar: Founder Murugappa Group.
  • A.D.Raj Kumar: Formerly, Vice Principal, University College of Engineering, Osmania University. Presently (2005 onwards), Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Osmania University, 1st Phd holder in Electrical Engineering from Osmania University.

Freedom Fighter

Government

  • Judicial
  • Army

Religion

UnderWorld

  • Varadharajan Mudaliar: Known as Vardha Bhai; former prominent underworld kingpin of 70s. Tamil movie Nayagan was based on his life story. Thanks to the introduction of prohibition after Independence, bootlegging became a thriving business. Illicit trade in liquor attracted the covetous attention of hitherto loosely mobilised street gangs. Thus, the seeds of organised criminal activity were sown in India's commercial capital. The first of the recognised gangsters in Bombay was Vardharaj Mudaliar, popularly known as Vardha Bhai. He ruled the roost for over a decade by organising bootlegging in a systematic manner, and spreading a protective umbrella over several lesser gangs dealing in illicit liquor. He soon diversified his activities: Gold smuggling, matka gambling, extortion and supari killings. Mudaliar had to flee Bombay under relentless police pressure.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:wAFcJ_wAnhAJ:texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view%3FdocId%3Dft038n99hg%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3Dprint+mudali+tribe+tondaimandala&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2
  2. ^ a b c Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492,http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X(1989)23%3A3%3C459%3AOADICS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B
  3. ^ a b c Lionel Place, 1799 East India Company Report, para. 59.
  4. ^ a b http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090300780600.htm
  5. ^ a b c d e f http://www.saivaneri.org/keralal-pillai-history.html
  6. ^ a b c d Castes & Tribes of South India - ET.Thurston, VII 361
  7. ^ a b http://dino-latchmi.tripod.com/id12.html
  8. ^ a b http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm
  9. ^ http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/ap.html
  10. ^ a b Contending identities: Sacred prostitution and reform in colonial South India Priyadarshini Vijaisri A1, A1 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), New Delhi, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group Issue: Volume 28, Number 3 / December 2005 Pages: 387 - 411. http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jv31l27518262711
  11. ^ a b http://globalindiamissions.org/newsletter/nwsltr0802.htm
  12. ^ a b http://www.go2southasia.org/l_peoples.html
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