Talk:Oregon boundary dispute

This sentence cannot be right: Fortifications like Fort Wayne were built along the U.S.-British Columbian border in anticipation of combat. It can't be right because B.C. was not formed until after the dispute was settled. The only relevant boundaries at the time were the U.S.-Oregon Country boundary and the BNA-Oregon Country boundary. Without knowing more about this Fort Wayne, I don't know how to fix this section.--Indefatigable 18:03, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Fort Wayne here is in present-day Detroit. It was probably originally written as U.S-Canadian border, and someone probably mistook the extent of the dispute and tried to localize it to the U.S.-B.C. border. older≠wiser 18:37, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

No, what you guys are forgetting is that Canadian foreign affairs remained in the hands of the British Empire until the Statutes of Westminster in 1927 (or was it 1931?). If Britain had decided to go to war to keep at least Puget Sound if not the right bank of the Columbia (as it almost did, in fact) all British colonies and possessions would have been involved. Although naval battles were expected to resolve the issue in the Pacific Northwest (since there were no US troops at all west of the Mississippi at this time, except those busy on the other side of the Great Western Desert invading Mexico....), the main theatre of an "Oregon War" would have been along the Great Lakes-Maine "shatterbelt"; and so Fort Wayne and others. There were no American military installations in the Pacific Northwest until after the Oregon Treaty; but more than a few in place by the time of the Pig War and even more were built during the Alaska Boundary Dispute in anticipation of a war with Britain at that time (Canada still being a proxy, as mentioned, of Britain at the time).Skookum1 23:10, 2 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Article on James K. Polk says that fifty-four forty or fight was his slogan and then the page on that very slogan says that it was in fact NOT a campaign slogan.

This article is correct. The Polk page has some errors, including that one. I'll get around to correcting all references to 54'50 soon. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 03:34, 1 December 2005 (UTC)[reply]

In any case, this article needs a source for the claim that 54°40' was not Polk's slogan during the presidential campaign. Or at least sources showing that the slogan appeared later. Lupo 13:57, 12 December 2005 (UTC)[reply]

Both sources listed in the "References" section support those claims; the specific pages numbers are already there, but hidden and visible only in edit mode. I wasn't quite finished revising this one yet, to add the needed footnotes and such. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 15:50, 12 December 2005 (UTC)[reply]

Oops, I missed that! James K. Polk's bio at whitehouse.gov states

The 1844 Democratic platform claimed the entire Oregon area, from the California boundary northward to a latitude of 54'40', the southern boundary of Russian Alaska. Extremists proclaimed "Fifty-four forty or fight," ...

One would think that such a highly official site would get its facts right. While they don't claim it had been Polk's campaign slogan, they do imply that the slogan appeared during the campaign. The Grolier Encyclopedia agrees with this. The question is thus basically whether the slogan appeared in 1844 or only after Polk's election. This paper confirms our article's claim of it having originated after the election. [1] is also interesting, attributing the slogan to one Senator Allen (search for "fifty-four"). (Interesting: according to the Google cache, even the Britannica thinks it was Polks campaign slogan! :-) Since it is so widely reported, I would suggest including more than just one reference for this statement of our article, especially since print references are not readily accessible to many of our readers. (Mind you, they're perfectly fine! But if we can also provide on-line refs for it, all the better.) Lupo 11:10, 13 December 2005 (UTC)[reply]

All good points; thanks for the links. I'll include more inline citations to improve this article's "trustability" (an odd word I find myself using often with regards to Wikipedia). Finding good online references is more difficult; I have a low opinion about the trustability of most historical information on the Internet.

That being said, both the Grolier and the White House articles are technically correct, I think, but worded in such a way that could easily lead to one thinking the slogan appeared during the campaign. I suspect that's why the myth of the phrase as a campaign slogan was born: in a brief summary of the Oregon crisis, the election of '44 and the famous slogan get mentioned in such close proximity that they become conflated. And that error in turn creates another false impression: that the slogan was Polk's slogan. It was instead a slogan of his Democratic rivals like Lewis Cass of Michigan and Senator William Allen of Ohio. Ironically, "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" was not Polk threatening Great Britain (as is usually reported), it was really Northern Democrats threatening Southern Democrats...and Great Britain. Ain't history wacky. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 16:02, 13 December 2005 (UTC)[reply]

Map

I am not sure what other information should be included in the map? as has been said on my user page. Is any of it in the already existing maps [2], [3], [4], [5] -- Astrokey44|talk 21:40, 2 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

http://media.maps101.com/SUB/STATE_THEMATIC/orhist2.gif looks to be the best of the group; but in showing the American settlement in the Williamette Valley but nothing else it looks like there was nothing else going on; but there was HBC settlement on the north bank of the Columbia AND in the Williamette, as well as around Puyallup and Nisqually and of course at Victoria and Fort Langley. Worth noting that the American settlement was not significant until the few years immediately prior to the treaty; all American claims prior to that had been advanced in the complete absence of actual Americans on the ground, other than stray preachers and the occasional freebooting marine trader. Also, British subjects - usually French Canadians brought in from the area of present-day Manitoba, as well as other - Metis-native and Hawaiian-native families - that were in the area annexed by the US were denied rights. Still, in the end, many former HBC employees chose to settle "south of the line" following the partition, those that could rapidly Americanizing themselves to fit in to the new social equation. Skookum1 22:56, 2 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

I've been compiling date/figure details on dispute-era settlements; just came across mention that it wasn't until the arrival of the Whitman Party that the 3:1 ratio of British subjects/HBC settlers to settlers arrived via the Oregon Trail was reversed; well, not reversed, more like the Americans now had a plurality, IIRC about 70%-80% of the Williamette (but only the Williamette) until the treaty was signed; and there was no American in the Puget Sound area or anywhere else north of the Columbia until the era of whatsisface homesteading on declared British territory (San Juan Island) to push the envelope (why a group of islands closer to the British regional capital than to the US mainland should be given to the latter is best explained by the latter's insatiable appetite for acquisition/appropriation......).

I remain hot on this idea that the article as it stands is non-POV. The Oregon debate also figured in British hansard and British press at the same time; yet there's no reportage of that, or as already mentioned of the views of the HBC and its staff, who actually lived and worked in the area. It's thorny stuff all over because it involves the murky waters of imperial claims - the three parameters of which, BTW, included "economic use" after "prior discovery" (which includes both discovery and the "staking of claim", raising the flag, claiming the land for the king etc), after which was "active settlement". Until 1843, the only active settlement was by the British, and also economic use (on the inland portion of the territory; the marine trade was British, American and "other"). The technicalities of the treaties with Russia and Spain are interesting too, and tend to get glossed over (there were treaties between Britain and its imperial rivals concerning the area, remember, not just ones between Russia/Spain and the Americans).

That's all for today; just feeding stuff into the mill for consideration. Other Canadian historians aren't generally interested in this because they regard BC as "Canadian manifest destiny" and aren't interested in the early history of the place, or even aware of the imperial politics of which it was a fairly important football; the assumption in mainstream Canadian history is that the 49th Parallel was a foregone conclusion, which it wasn't; easy enough for a flatlander to assume by looking at the map, but a totally different story when you look at the 49th Parallel as it runs east from Blaine/Sumas....Skookum1 18:45, 9 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Maps

The maps cited are all missing important pre-Treaty landmarks; the one from marianopolis.edu even shows Walla Walla and Boise, and has Fort Vancouver on the wrong side of the Columbia; Forts Kamloops, Colville and Shuswap are missing, among others - most importantly Puyallup and Nisqually, whose presence on the map gives substance to why the British were trying so hard to keep Puget Sound (and why, during the American Civil War, there were plans afoot in BC to seize it back). The name "Columbia District", which was the British/HBC name for the Oregon Country, should also be given equal prominence to the American name, which was dubbed long after the HBC's Columbia District established.

I took the Marianpolis map and drew a series of lines indicating the British compromise boundaries, which were all rejected by the US, which nominally filed the 50th Parallel and 49th-Parallel-to-the-Ocean lines (bisecting Vancouver Island) but which were obvious affronts to the Royal Navy, given the importance of the Esquimalt naval base. Here's the series of boundary proposals, although I can't date them for you as yet:

These maps are only for a Wiki mapbuilder's reference; some way to incorporate them all into the same map would be nice; AFAIK the marianopolis.edu basemap is copyrighted. I'll make some maps later showing the division between the Columbia District and the New Caledonia districts, and the locations of Forts Puyallup, Nisqually, Colville etc. Also the route of the HBC Brigades and other important pre-Oregon Trail routes.

Questions please ask Skookum1 22:50, 2 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Could you verify/provide source for these proposals? -- Astrokey44|talk 23:14, 2 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Derek Hayes, Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, among many others. Should be in Akrigg or Bancroft or Scholefield, which are the main 19th Century historians for details like this. Hayes has some of the actual proposal maps and also the dates of some of the British efforts at compromise. The 54-40 line was always unrealistic and a deliberate provocation due to the continued British economic presence in the region - and the complete absence, as noted, of actual Americans, esp. north of the Columbia River.

I can see, looking at the text, that the currently-written version of the article is entirely based around the American perspective and the various myths associated with it (as with the settlement in the Williamette Valley, which was vastly outnumbered and predated by various HBC employee settlements). So at some point I'm going to have to write up the OTHER side of this story, and how the British in the Northwest felt that they had been robbed by the Americans and their feeling that London had no idea what it was giving up. And as Governor Douglas and various writers have noted since, the drawing of the boundary precipitated a massive kill-off of natives south of the new boundary, a fact not lost on those to the north of it nor to the horrified HBC staff who had traded with the Cayuse, Yakima and others for years. I'd like to write all that up, but not today......Skookum1 23:19, 2 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

A few of the maps above I can now assign dates to, in terms of British bargaining positions/proposals, from the Derek Hayes Atlas; not tonight but I'll get to it soon; wondering about some kind of ToC arrangement within the article on the "British" perspective (as if London ultimately cared, which it barely did in the long run, to its great loss IMO). There are dates on the Columbia River boundary (from the 49th Parallel at Trail/Pend'oreille downstream) and the line-of-the-Cascades boundary (to the gorge, I think). Not sure of the copyright status on some of the maps in Hayes (which include details of the old Russo-Spanish versions of the area's geography/claims as well as following the mutation of OR-WA-ID-MT etc boundaries; if some are public domain I'll scan them in; but at least I can point to/verify some of the maps cited above; the Snake River boundary was only putative, like the first bid, the opening round, so I'm not sure it would have a date unless it's buried in some diplomatic history somewhere (as my story about Aberdeen was, in AJP Taylor's 1848-1918 somewhere). The US proposal for a bisection of Vancouver Island was, by the way, regarded from the British perspective on things as provocative and, in fact, an overt threat; an unreasonable proposal meant to be provoke; and it was for this reason that Victoria worked so hard to get the Royal Navy drydock built at Esquimalt in the 1860s; to underline the reason for the Island's inclusion in the Empire (which then was a coaling, water and timber station, and the main British naval base in the North Pacific); plus Fort Rupert on northern Vancouver Island, and Nanaimo; both important coal mines, FR especially earlier on before the Nanaimo diggings.

Locations of important HBC posts and routes should also be on the maps; those are fairly easy to source so I'll try to take the time to make a new rough map with those on them, and on the boundary maps the important posts/trails only; Colville, Puyallup and Nisqually were important "British" strategic losses (as were the San Juans, later on) and Forts Douglas, Langley, Hope and Yale were directly the product of the geopoliticking over the boundary, and imported links in the remaining British infrastructure (i.e. the Fraser Canyon-Coldwater HBC Brigade Trail and Douglas/Lillooet Road, then the Dewdney Trail and other Cascade passes, replacing the old Columbia-Okanagan route to the Cariboo and beyond to Rupert's Land and Hudson Bay (also lost to the British/HBC were the easier travel routes to the passes through the southern Rockies via the Columbia and Kootenay/Kootenai/Clark Fork etc.).Skookum1 09:27, 19 March 2006 (UTC) Skookum1 09:27, 19 March 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Comment

I should add that I don't mean to be confrontational, or anti-American. It's just that from the British historical perspective the entire story looks quite different, never mind the map. It's not only American historians that gloss over the story of this region; Canadian historians are far worse in general, other than the internal politics of the HBC and McLoughlin's relations, perhaps, with the incoming Americans. Other than that it's fait accompli as far as they're concerned, and they have every bit as much an attitude of manifest destiny towards BC as the US did towards its West (and, uh, including BC in that, even after 1846). So I don't mean to sound pompously anti-American propaganda or anything like that; it's just that Wiki is supposed to be non-POV, and/or hopefully to represent both sides of a dispute. There's also a lot of Canadians in webspace, and in Wikispace; so same as I have to dig around in your Polk and Jackson stuff to see, over time, if there's anything that could be tidied, there's material from our side that you can poke in around to explore the British and colonist positions (not the same thing) on the various boundary disputes, and the comparative and radically different positions on the influx of Americans during the Fraser gold rush, which mysteriously enough didn't result in statehood as it might have; diplomatic and fly-the-flag bluffing by Douglas and his officials and the risk evaporated like a puff of smoke (and soon after most Americans drifted off to the Colville rush, which began two years later). There's a lot about the early Northwest that most Canadians don't know, and even fewer Americans (per capita). I'll try and provide more detailed cites on the boundaries thing, and if you guys are seriously interested I'll dig up some bibliographical resources; not that I agree with many of the pronouncements on the Oregon dispute in most major histories; it's been the side-references to it in books on other subjects that have helped clue me in over the years. More a risk of war than people today on either side now realize; and the change in would have meant in the British Northwest is tremendous - no need to integrate with the Canadas, for instance, if the colony had included the more settle-able lands around Puget Sound and the banks of the Columbia; ten to fifteen million now, or more, instead of four. Whatever. I gotta go but I'll dig up some refs for you later this week (busy next few days).Skookum1 02:11, 3 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

1826 British Boundary Proposal Map

OK, here's the first dated map I've come up with, alongside the others whose dates I have to establish; the proposal here is the preferred British one http://www.cayoosh.net/pix/maps/clip_image001_021_6thBritishcompromise.jpg which was proposed in 1826 (Hayes, Historical Atlas p.117. American proposals from 1824 and 1825 are on the same map and I'll try and get those done later today for comparison. NB the existing map is not acceptable, which is why I'm fielding these; BTW the lands east of the Rockies were not "British North America" but "Rupert's Land"; similarly the whole area was disputed, not just the area labelled as such; the the name Columbia District has to be added. The original Fort Simpson, BTW, was not north of 54-40 but offshore from Bella Coola (right around the area where the BC Ferry sank last night, in Wright Sound). Also, Boise should NOT be on the map (Boise didn't exist yet, duh); and if Fort Walla Walla is, then so should be Forts Colville, Okanagan, Kamloops, Nisqually and Puyallup....Skookum1 22:42, 22 March 2006 (UTC)[reply]

United States proposal 1824-1825

http://www.cayoosh.net/pix/maps/clip_image001_021-US1824-25proposal.jpg. This line, from Boundary Bay/Point Roberts SSW across the Olympic Peninsula and Gray's Harbour to the mouth of the Columbia, was proposed by the US in 1824 and 1825, and it was because of this proposal that the British/HBC were "on notice" that the US intended to obtain exclusive control of Puget Sound (even though there were NO American settlers there, virtually until 1844 or so); and as a partial result of this proposal Fort Langley was founded in 1826 as a surety in case the Americans got their projected territorial aims (which they ultimately did). The boundary is notable for a couple of reasons, in that the US clearly shows its disregard for the presence on the Sound of established "factories" and farms at Nisqually and Puyallup, then going concerns of the HBC and its subsidiary the Puget Sound Agricultural Company; Port Townsend, then only a harbour with no commercial existence, also appears to have been included in the US territorial proposal, although its value as a deepwater port and railhead was not yet realized (railways not yet being invented).Skookum1 22:56, 22 March 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Also proposed by the US in the same time period (1824-25) was http://www.cayoosh.net/pix/maps/clip_image001_021_1stAmericancompromise.jpg, which ran the 49th Parallel through to the Pacific Ocean, bisecting Vancouver Island. This "offer" was meant as a provocation relative to the other one from the same year, which would leave Vancouver Island intact as a British possession as well as command the entry to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and so also to Puget Sound. It is not incidental that it was around this time that Fort Camosun was revamped into Fort Douglas aka Victoria, which was the British/HBC way of asserting their intent to retain Vancouver Island to its southern tip; so this proposal, in combination with the one cited in the paragraph above, was meant from the US side to say "give us Nisqually and Puyallup or we'll take Vancouver Island, too". Pretty bold words for a country that didn't even have a fleet or troops in the area at the time, never mind settlers. Further corollary is that there would inevitably be a quarrel over control of the STrait of Juan de Fuca, otherwise any Puget Sound holdings of the US would be cut off from trade, except overland, and so what's the point? The 2nd American "compromise" map in the list farther above is the 50th Parallel; I'm not sure when it was "proposed" but it, like the 49th-through-the-Island boundary here, was meant as a provocation/threat, a reminder of how much the British stood to lose (deep water harbours, coaling stations) if they didn't yield to the expansionist demands of the still-distant Americans.Skookum1 18:41, 23 March 2006 (UTC)[reply]

New Oregon/Columbia Map

I've uploaded a new map that incorporates most of your requests. I added some forts, I don't think there's space for all of them, I tried to get the most important ones. I also didn't try to portray all the different proposed boundaries - I think that should go into a second map, keeping the relatively clean one for reference. I went ahead and renamed British North America to Rupert's Land - though that's a bit of a fudge, as part of that is North-Western Territory rather than Rupert's Land, but I didn't have room to show that and I'm not sure it's relevant to the article anyway Kmusser 18:56, 5 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

No, it's not really; but terminology is important. The Historical Atlas contains maps which show the unsettled-dispute Oregon/Columbia as part of British North America (in part, anyway), even though there was no formal title as there was in the case of Rupert's Land. Also, the term Northwest Territory did not come into parlance until the purchase/handover of Rupert's Land to Canada in 1867. I've never been sure about the northwest boundary of Rupert's Land, i.e. if the Mackenzie-Peace-Athabasca drainage was part of the dedicated HBC lands which is what the name Rupert's Land refers to (the HBC had title, as opposed to merely a trading monopoly as was the case west of the Continental Divide); I have a friend who's up on HBC history and she may know...what I'm getting at is the northeast sector of BC might have been formally part of Rupert's Land, including much of the northern part of the province tributary to the Peace River (implicitly including the northern part of New Caledonia, which was drained by the Parnsip, Nation, Omineca, Finlay and Fox Rivers (all tribs of the Peace). The area east of the Rockies is the only one in BC covered by the system of treaties which covers the rest of Prairies; but that doesn't necessarily mean it was part of Rupert's Land; in any case, Rupert's Land is the proper designation; you could put "Rupert's Land (HBC)", perhaps.

Of the routes I put on the update map, only the Express really counts; and the Brigade Trail; the Grease Trail is historically important but not so much relevant to the Oregon Dispute; same with the route up the Columbia to the Yellowhead Pass, which I also marked.Skookum1 22:34, 5 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

I added the additional HBC forts, and several more besides the ones you mentioned. Also added in the Thompson River. I left Rupert's Land as is - maps of the time all seem to use the more generic "British Possessions", but I think it's more informative as is. Also left "Disputed Area" as is, I didn't want to get more wordy than it already was and I think that's better explained in the text of the article rather than the map. I took out Ft. Clatsop as it didn't exist at the time the map. I did not add the Express because I couldn't find a good source to copy the route from (and ideally I'd want more than one source) - I think I'd need scans from your Atlas (or go book shopping - but that's not going to happen anytime soon). Kmusser 17:20, 6 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

I'll have to get to a scanner somewhere this weekend, then; the Express route, at least its portion in BC, is very well known and (if you knew the topography) so obvious as to be unavoidable (BC's topography tends to do that to routes of any kind); there's a more formal name for it, perhaps; and mayb I can find something on the online HBC archive, too.Skookum1 17:55, 6 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Gave this a new section-heading to make it easier to edit...just looked up Forts Umpqua, Hall and Walla Walla. Ft Umpqua I can't find anything on in wiki, other than a redlink in List of Oregon state parks - was it HBC or American-founded? - and according to the Wikistub on it Fort Walla Walla wasn't founded until 1858. Fort Hall is a different matter (q.v.); to augment that article I have to dig out a cite about the HBC's "fur desert" policy, by which was a strategy to strip the Oregon Country towards the United States of all its fur in order to make it unprofitable/inviable for Americans to penetrate a region the HBC considered rightfully theirs (blood had been spilled over it, if you didn't know, in the vicious feud with the Northwest Company much earlier in the Century than Ft Hall's founding in 1834; it appears the HBC's "fur desert" policy worked like a charm, as the fort couldn't make a go of it (as a trade outpost, that is) and it was sold to the HBC only three years later.

Insofar as "Fort Thompson" goes, that was the HBC's name until that fort's amalgamation with the former Northwest Company's Fort Kamloops; in all period records it's referred to as Fort Kamloops. Other name switches abound; Victoria started out as Fort Camosun, then Fort Douglas, ultimately Fort Victoria until the "Fort" was dropped in 1849 (when the Colony of Vancouver Island was founded).

I see you can't fit Fort Puyallup in underneath "Disputed Area", which is understandable. That term I still have issues with, and we should find a better one, as theoretically the whole area from 42N to 54.40N was under dispute, as the various counter-proposals over the boundary show; it was the Cascades/Puget Sound/Lower Columbia that was of most interest to local HBC management (excepting McLoughlin, much to Douglas' chagrin); Britain was largely oblivious to the area's resources and various advantages. What the "Disputed Area" represents is the last British redoubt in face of American desires to take the whole region; but they gave up even this.....I'll try and think of a term for the status of this area, which was the focus of the Venerable Company's activities in the Columbia District; Fts Langley and Victoria were founded expressly as retreat positions.

The route of the Express is fairly obvious, as alluded to before; up the Columbia to Ft Okanagan, up the Okanagan valley to some jumping-off point towards Ft Kamloops (probably the route of today's Hwy 97c via Monte Creek; although a more marine/lake route via Shuswap Lake existed; only it was longer. From Kamloops, down the Thompson to Cache Creek (near where the Bonaparte River meets the Thompson), then up that river and onto the Cariboo plateau to Fort Alexandria. The exact route from Ft Alexandria to Ft St James I'm not sure of; I don't think it was via Ft George (today's Prince George), and again from there I'm not sure. I'll see what I can find in the way of specifics for that end of the route, and some "proof" for you of the route's importance and existence (it's a well-known part of regional history on our side of the line, which can make finding a source-cite hard).Skookum1 19:51, 6 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

The extra forts I added because they were marked clearly on period maps (Library of Congress had several nice ones on-line), Fort Umpqua was HBC. Fort Walla Walla is confusing because there were two of them, the one shown is an HBC fort which existed from 1818-1860. An American fort with the same name was founded in 1856. I found http://www.geocities.com/naforts/forts.html useful for determining if a fort was active during the time period (though it's definitely not complete). For Fort Thompson/Kamloops all period maps I found used Ft. Thompson, but since literature widely uses Kamloops I thought it worth using both names, for other places I tried to use whatever name was most common. For the Express - I don't doubt it's importance, I found plenty of references to it, just no actual maps showing the route that I could copy from - I probably could do the southern portion following the topography like you describe, but I do need more after it leaves the Fraser. Kmusser 03:00, 7 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

On Fort Walla Walla: there were two of them, and the one shown on the map is the probably the one you don't want (namely Fort Walla Walla, located at Walla Walla, Washington). The one on the HBC trade route down the Columbia river was founded in 1818 as "Fort Nez Percé" by the North West Company at the mouth of the Walla Walla River, where it meets the Columbia river on the area of today's Wallula, Washington. [6] Paul Kane referred to it as "Fort Walla Walla" in 1847. You could also add Boat Encampment (see the Footnote in the Kane article). And finally, I think you should also show the main HBC trade route across the continental divide from Ft. Vancouver up the Columbia River to Boat Encampment, over Athabasca Pass to Jasper's House and then down the Athabasca River to Ft. Assiniboine and then to Edmonton, where we're about to leave the area of that map. Lupo 08:31, 7 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Checked, you're right, will fix the Ft. Walla Walla location, but probably won't get to it till Monday - I pulled the name off a 1841 map, but if it was Ft. Nez Perce during most of the time period I'll use that. I would like to show more HBC routes, but like the Express talked about above I have not found maps showing the routes to copy from.Kmusser 12:43, 7 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

That's a really beautiful map, Kmusser. You're the expert, but my eyes would be happier if the "dots" marking the forts and the "Oregon Trail" text were a little darker. These are a little hard to see on the reduced map. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 14:26, 7 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

The Express went via Boat Encampment, huh? Had the impression it went via New Caledonia, but it does make more sense distance-wise; was that straight up the Columbia to the Big Bend, then? Looks like I'll have to dig out that history textbook (I think a buddy still has one, or his notes anyway). In which case the main Express route (via Boat Encampment/Athabasca Pass) as well as the Kamloops-Alexandria-Ft St James connection should be shown; also, British-claim-wise, it would be nice to show David Thompson's wanderings in the Kootenay and Flathead, but I realize that would clutter the map.

Ft Nez Percé I recognize, which is I guess why Ft Walla Walla threw me; seems to me the pre-1846 names are the ones that should hold for the map. Which 1841 map was that you found Ft Walla Walla on? Skookum1 15:17, 7 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

You're talking to me? Let's take that slowly. First, I have no idea what "Express" route you're talking about. But I know that Paul Kane travelled with an HBC brigade from Toronto to Ft. Vancouver in 1846/47 and back again in 1847/48. They travelled the way I have indicated. From Fort Edmonton eastwards, the followed the Saskatchewan River via Fort Carlton, The Pas, Grand Rapids to Norway House, then to Fort Alexander, then by the Lake of the Woods to Fort Frances, across Rainy Lake, and then on the Kaministiquia River to Fort William (Thunder Bay). In other words, the canoe brigades followed the large water bodies and rivers except for overland crossings between Edmonton and Ft. Assiniboine and across the Athabasca Pass. A small and not very detailed map is also available online.

I also have a much larger and much more detailed 1844 map drawn by John Arrowsmith that I could basically upload, but its a 20MB JPEG or a 13MB MSID file. I could try to produce a crop showing just the area we're interested in, but it would still be several MB. The Arrowsmith map does show Boat Encampment, by the way, a sure sign that it was considered important, even though it wasn't even a settlement but just a place where the Columbia canoes and the horse trecks that went over Athabasca Pass met. But then, Arrowsmith was even commissioned by the HBC to draw that map, so of course it would show places important to the HBC. Boat Encampment is basically at the western foot of Athabasca Pass, so yes, they went up the Columbia as far as they could.

Interesting side note: the HBC brigade Kane travelled with in 1846/47 on his way westward carried the documents informing the HBC people at Fort Vancouver about the conclusion of the Oregon Treaty. Ft. Victoria had already been constructed as the new designated main HBC post west of the Rockies, and the papers Kane's brigade brought with them instructed the factors at Ft. Vancouver to wind down operations and to relocate to Ft. Victoria.

As for the name of Fort Nez Percé: I don't know when it became known as Fort Walla Walla, but I guess it has something to do with the takeover/merger of the North West Company by the HBC in 1821. I'll have to clean up this Fort Walla Walla article one of these days. Probably will turn it into a disambiguation page for the two locations. Lupo 16:10, 7 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

The map I mentioned is at [7], definitely one of the nicest period maps I found. To Kevin, the map is really designed so that you have to look at the full size version to get the detail - I would have to take a lot out to make it legible at the reduced size.Kmusser 05:19, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

The link's non-functional because it invokes a temp file within a CGI query; what did you search for at the LoC? Oregon Treaty? and under which collection? Better with those kind of things to "save image as" and cite the online source; surprised the LoC works that way: www.archives.gov.bc.ca will always generated linkable pages, even though it's a CGI search (hmm, never thought of looking there for Oregon Treaty stuff). I'll have to check over the respective maps in the Hayes Atlas, and will get their cites; e.g. Ft Thompson vs Ft Kamloops, also known as Ft Shuswap (Ft Kamloops was originally the NWC one of a rival pair); possibly also Ft Walla Walla/Nez Percé; At some point I'd like to do a map of "gold trails" in the region - actually of the migrations between the goldfields; up out of Cali to the Fraser (the largest single movement of miners to date at the time), over to Rock Creek, Wild Horse Creek, Big Bend, Colville, up to the Cariboo, down to Colorado and so on; route of the Okanagan Trail, the Whatcom Trail, others connected with the Fraser Canyon, Cariboo and Colville gold rushes (the three biggest).Skookum1 07:45, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

The LoC gives for each of its digitized holdings a "digital ID", typically even in the form of a URL, which is a short and persistent URL to the item. An example is e.g. at commons:Image:Harriet Quimby 2.jpg, which points to http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a17324 at the LoC. "cph 3a17324" is the digital ID in this case. Lupo 08:37, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks Lupo, link fixed.Kmusser 16:01, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

That's some guy sitting in an old glider or biplane, leather flightcap and all.Skookum1 16:41, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

First, it's a woman, second, it's a Moisant monoplane, and third, it was an example of a permanent link to a LoC asset, not an example of a map of the Oregon country... Kmusser fixed his link to the map given above to point now to http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4240.ct000908 instead of some temporary URL only. Lupo 18:57, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Found an 1846 map http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4050.ct000603 and it's kinda cute: For 1846 it interestingly omits Ft Victoria entirely, and shows the 49th Parallel drawn right through Vancouver Island as the boundary; Forts Hall, Boise and Walla Walla are there; didn't look for Colville; interesting that Cowlitz Farm, an HBC installation, is shown, but none of the HBC Williamette settlements are acknowledged....map-making in those days was a propagandistic activity, as the Hayes Atlas explores.Skookum1 17:28, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Found your 1841 map - by Wilkes, right? It ALSO ignores Fort Victoria (but takes lots of room to write Point Gonzales where the city/fort-name could be) and specifies the "dry at low water" on the tidal flats around Point Roberts (indicating an early awareness of the issues around that mini-boundary dispute). I see the Ft Thompson you're talking about; on both these maps; and I just browsed Hayes quickly and usually it's Ft Thompson; I think the reason may be that histories of early BC - populist and histiographical - often simply refer to it as Kamloops, or use the NWC moniker Ft Kamloops; maps tended to be more official and would reflect HBC interests/names; apparently this was also Ft Shuswap, although my earlier impression about that name was that it had been at Chase or Salmon Arm; it has an interesting story about an attack by white wolves I intend on adding to my Talk:Skookum1/Bestiary page (but not yet). It also had a rep for hard-ass chief traders; John Tod, Donald MacLean, and the surrounding village was the seat of an important chief named Nicola (Hwxemqexstin or something like that in his own language)Skookum1 17:37, 8 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

I managed to produce a 1.6MB JPG cutout of that huge Arrowsmith map I mentioned above. Uploaded as commons:Arrowsmith Oregon Country.jpg. The full 13MB SID file is at the David Rumsey Map Collection. A nice complement to Wilkes' 1841 map, as it shows a couple of places such as Boat Encampment, Jasper's House, Ft. Assiniboine, and Ft. Edmonton, that Wilkes doesn't show. Committee's Punch Bowl is on Athabasca Pass, between Mt. Browne and Mt. Hooker. (Both maps.) Arrowsmith shows Ft. Nez Percé, whereas Wilkes gives Ft. Walla Walla, so maybe that naming issue is a Canadian vs. U.S. thing, with the U.S. name "Walla Walla" becoming prevalent with the increasing influx of U.S. settlers? Lupo 10:07, 10 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Settlers, no, political influence on mapmakers, yes; same as on our side of the line. You have to remember with nearly ALL maps of that era, and also photos - even apparently bland street scenes - were all commissioned by people with money, and in the case of maps, power. What's on the maps is highly politically charged - necessarily so concerning a region under dispute. Hence my tart comments about the Wilkes' map (or the other one, whichever) showing the boundary bisecting Vancouver Island, and omitting Victoria altogether (or the route of the Brigade/Express, for that matter, the HBC equivalent to the Oregon Trail, more or less). The Hayes Atlas dissects a lot of this political stuff; comparing Russian maps with Spanish ones, comparing colorations of the frontier and markings on American maps with British/HBC ones.

The Nez Percé/Walla Walla thing is pretty much as you say, I'd think; there's another bunch of switched names relating to the US takeover (but I just got up and haven't had enough coffee yet...). Generally the HBC would change names if taking over another fort (starting with Nootka, which originally had a nice big long Spanish name that's slipped my mind at the moment); ditto with Fort George; anything with "George" on it in those days smacked of being British ("King George" in the Chinook Jargon simply meant "British"), so of course it was a name that had to be changed once the US took it over. Skookum1 15:16, 10 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Archival Maps issues

Tried to look at your Arrowsmith map; got this:

There is currently no text in this page. You can search for this page title in other pages or edit this page. It is possible it once existed but was deleted. Check for Arrowsmith Oregon Country.jpg in the deletion log.

It isn't in the Deletion Log, so not sure what happened there. Did you have a suitable copyright/licence status? My own photos have sometimes been deleted on some pages, not sure why; thought I had the copryight thing understood, but apparently not....

Both the Wilkes and Arrowsmith are US-side maps; I've been intending on scanning some of the ones in the Hayes Atlas but I'm not sure of the copyright status to use; and I can't tell from the plate directory of bibliography if maps in private or public collections are copyrighted; or because it's in Hayes' book is it copyrighted?Skookum1 15:16, 10 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

It should have been :commons:Image:Arrowsmith_Oregon_Country.jpg, of course. Sorry 'bout that. And note that the Arrowsmith map is a British map, not a U.S. map :-) Lupo 15:29, 10 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]