Rhossili and Ctenosaura pectinata: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Rhosilli village from the air.jpg|thumb|220px|Rhosilli village from the air]] |
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| name = Mexican Spinytail Iguana |
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[[Image:Rhossili 06 05.jpg|thumb|220px|Rhossili Down and the beach as seen from headland]] |
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'''Rhossili''' ({{gbmapping|SS416880}}) is a small [[village]] and [[community]] on the southwestern tip of the [[Gower peninsula]]<ref>''A Guide to Gower'', published by the Gower Society, ISBN 0-902767-23-2</ref> near [[Swansea]] in [[Wales]]. Since the 1970s it has fallen within the boundaries of [[Swansea]]. It is in an area designated an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]]. The village has a [[Local government in the United Kingdom#Parishes and communities|community council]] and is part of the [[Gower (UK Parliament constituency)|Gower parliamentary constituency]], and the [[Gower (electoral ward)|Gower]] electoral ward. |
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| image_caption = |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[reptile|Sauropsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Squamata]] |
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| familia = [[Iguanidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Ctenosaura]]'' |
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| species = '''''C. pectinata''''' |
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| binomial = ''Ctenosaura pectinata'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann|Wiegmann]], 1834 |
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}} |
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The '''Mexican Spinytail Iguana''' (''Ctenosaura pectinata'') is a moderate sized [[lizard]] native to western [[Mexico]] from mid-[[Sinaloa]] to south [[Oaxaca]], but it has been [[introduced species|introduced]] to the [[United States]] in the very southern tip of the state of [[Texas]] and in the state of [[Florida]]. |
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== Origin of name == |
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[[Image:Rhossili Church.JPG|thumb|Church of St. Mary the Virgin]] |
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Rhossili probably gets its name in part from the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] word for moorland, ''rhos''. The second element in the name may be a reference to a [[Saint]] [[Sulien]] or [[St. Sili]], but details are not clear. Certainly the present [[Norman architecture|Norman]] [[Church (building)|church]] is dedicated to [[St. Mary the Virgin]]. Inside there is a memorial to [[Edgar Evans]] who was the first to perish on the [[Terra Nova Expedition]] on the return from the [[South Pole]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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The Mexican Spinytail Iguana was first described by [[Germany|German]] [[zoology|zoologist]] [[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann]] in 1834.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=173916|taxon=Ctenosaura|year=2007|date=30 December}}</ref> The [[genus|generic]] name, ''Ctenosaura'', is derived from two [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words: ''cteno'' (Κτενός), meaning "comb" (referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back and tail), and ''saura'' (σαύρα), meaning "lizard".<ref name="malfatti">{{cite journal|last=Malfatti|first=Mark|date=2007|title=A Look at the Genus Ctenosaura: Meet the World's fastest lizard and its kin|journal=Reptiles Magazine|volume=15|issue=11|pages=64-73}}</ref> Its [[species|specific]] name is the [[Latin]] word ''pectinata'' also meaning "comb", also referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back.<ref name="hollingsworth"/> |
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[[Image:Worm's Head (Rhossili).jpg|thumb|220px|Worm's Head with causeway exposed at low tide]] |
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The genus it belongs to represents the most diverse group of iguanas with 15 currently recognized species.<ref name="CtenoSession">{{Citation | last = Buckley | first = Larry | last2 = Pagel | first2 = Katelyn | last3 = Villela | first3 = Oscar | title = Evolution of Spiny-tailed Iguanas (Genus Ctenosaura): How Identification of Species Groups and their Relationships Can Help with Conservation Priorities | journal = Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society | volume=14 | number= 4 | pages=248-251 | year = 2007 }}</ref> These species inhabit lowland (below 1200m elevation) dry forests on both coasts of Mexico and [[Central America]].<ref name="CtenoSession"/> All species of ''Ctenosaura'' fall within one of seven [[cladistics|clades]].<ref name="CtenoSession"/> Distributions of these clades fall geographically within well established areas.<ref name="CtenoSession"/> Closely related species show [[Allopatric speciation|allopatry]] whereas species from divergent clades show [[Sympatric speciation|sympatry]].<ref name="CtenoSession"/> |
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[[Image:Worm's Head.jpg|thumb|220px|View of Worm's Head from about halfway along it]] |
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Phylogenic study shows this species to be most closely related to ''[[Ctenosaura acanthura|C. acanthura]]'', the Northeastern spinytail iguana.<ref>De Queiroz, Kevin. (1987): ''Phylogenetic systematics of iguanine lizards: a comparative osteological study''. University of California Publishing, 118:1-203.</ref> Additional [[mitochondrial DNA]] research is being performed to determine whether additional subspecies may exist.<ref name="blackiguana"> |
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There was a local tradition that there had been an earlier, pre [[medieval]] village complete with church closer to the sea which had been abandoned after "besanding" in the 14th century. A storm and subsequent excavation of newly-exposed remains in the Warren (an area of sand dunes to the north of the present village) in 1980 helped to confirm the truth of this. |
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{{Citation | last = Reynoso | first = Victor | last2 = Zarra-Franco | first2 = Eugenia | last3 = Medina Mantecon | first3 = Wendoli | last4 = Rueda Zozaya | first4 = Pilar | title = Black Iguana Project 2006 Update: Genetics, Demography, and Feeding | journal = Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society | volume=14 | number= 4 | pages=249-250 | year = 2007 }}</ref> Because of the different human cultures throughout this species distribution, the clades are being evaluated for their impact from humans.<ref name="blackiguana"/> For example, these iguanas are not eaten in their northern ranges by humans as they are in the southern ranges, but the hatchlings in the southern ranges have a better survival rate due to better environmental conditions.<ref name="blackiguana"/> |
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==Description== |
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Despite its relatively remote position, Rhossili is a popular tourist destination: the views from the headland and the Down are panoramic; several pleasant walks begin, end, or pass through the village; [[Iron Age]] remains are found on Rhossili Down; and the 4 mile (6.4km) long beach attracts [[surfer]]s, particularly at the [[Llangennith]] (northern) end. |
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Mexican Spinytail Iguanas have distinctive keeled [[scale (zoology)|scales]] on their long [[tail]]s, which gives them their common name. They are one of the larger members of the genus ''Ctenosaura'', capable of growing to 140 cm in length, with females being slightly smaller than males at 100 cm, and are typically [[brown]] or [[grey]]-brown in coloration with a [[yellow]]ish ventral surface.<ref name="malfatti"/> They have a crest of long spines which extend down the center of their back.<ref name="malfatti"> |
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{{citation | last = Malfatti | first = Mark | title = A Look at the Genus Ctenosaura: Meet the World's fastest lizard and its kin | journal = Reptiles Magazine | date = 2007 | volume = 15 | number = 11 | pages = 64-73 }}</ref> Hatchlings are often a bright green color with no pattern and darken as they age.<ref name="bebler">{{cite book | last = Bebler | first = John L. | last2 = King | first2 = F. Wayne | title = The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |Location= New York | pages = 581 | date= 1979 | isbn = 0394508246}}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
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The prominent wreck of the Helvetia, which ran aground on Rhossili Bay in November 1887, bears witness to the challenging weather conditions and the tales of our ancestors, who lured boats ashore to plunder their holds. |
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The Mexican Spinytail Iguana is native to Western Mexico from [[Sinaloa]] to [[Oaxaca]].<ref name="hollingsworth">{{citation | last = Hollingsworth | first = Bradford D. | title = The Evolution of Iguanas an Overview and a Checklist of Species | work = Iguanas: Biology and Conservation | publisher = University of California Press | pages = 33-34 | date = 2004 | isbn = 9780520238541 }}</ref><ref name="malfatti"/> |
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This iguana has been introduced to [[Brownsville, Texas]] and South Florida and reproduces in the wild in several [[feral]] populations.<ref name="conant">{{cite book | last =Conant | first =Roger | last2 =Collins | first2 =Joseph |authorlink=Roger Conant (herpetologist) | title =A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America | publisher =Houghton Mifflin Company | date= 1991 | location =[[Boston, Massachusetts]] | isbn = 0395583896 }}</ref> On the south-eastern Florida coast, these iguanas have been found on [[Key Biscayne]], [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]], and in [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]]. On the south-western Florida coast, it has been reported on [[Gasparilla Island]].<ref name="Krysko"> |
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==Rhossili Bay== |
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{{citation | last = Krysko | first = K. L. | last2 = King | first2 = F. W. | last3 = Enge | first3 = Kevin | last4 = Reppas | first4 = A. T | title = Distribution of the introduced black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) on the southwestern coast of Florida | work = Florida Scientist | location = Lawrence, Kansas; | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | year = 2003 | pages = 74-79 }}</ref> It is currently estimated as of December 2007 that there are 12,000 iguanas on this island, descended from a trio of pet lizards released by a resident in the the 1970s.<ref name="invasion">{{Citation | last = Moser | first = Patrick | title = Florida island takes up arms against iguana invasion | journal = AFP: Agence France-Presse | url = http://www.physorg.com/news116401247.html | date = December 8, 2007 | year = 2007 }}</ref> |
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[[Image:NT sign Rhossili.JPG|thumb|National Trust sign]] |
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Rhossili Bay curves along an arc running northwards from the village. The sandy beach is three miles (5 km) long and is backed with [[sand dune]]s. Locals refer to the beach as Llangennith Sands. Behind the beach just north of the village is Rhossili Down with the highest point on the [[Gower]] [[Peninsula]], (the Beacon), and a number of [[prehistoric]] remains. It is between Rhossili Down and the beach proper that the Warren is found. |
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They are regarded as a "nuisance animal" on Gasparilla island because the iguanas eat ornamental flowers and shrubs and prey on nesting birds and [[sea turtle]] eggs.<ref name="invasion"/> They have been known to chew through electrical and telephone cables.<ref name="invasion"/> They may also carry salmonella and their prehistoric appearance has been known to scare residents.<ref name="invasion"/> As the iguanas like to burrow in the sand it is feared that their tunnels could cause dunes and even seawalls to collapse and deprive the island of crucial protection from landfalling [[hurricane]]s.<ref name="invasion"/> |
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At the southern end of the Bay is the outcrop of rock called the [[Worm's Head]]. At the north is [[Burry Holms]]. These islands are accessible at low tide only. Also at low tide, it is possible to see the remains of several [[shipwreck]]s, wood from the wreck of the ''Helvetia'' being the most prominent when looking north from Rhossili. |
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==Behavior== |
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The Mexican Spiny-tailed iguana is a social lizard, which has adapted to living in groups as opposed to other species of ''Ctenosaura'' which tend to be solitary animals.<ref name="gutman"> |
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Fall Bay is one of the most remote and hardest to reach beaches on the Gower. The beach is never crowded due to its remoteness. There is still some beach visible at high tide. The beach is very popular with surfers. At very low tide, it is possible to walk over from the beach to [[Mewslade Bay]]. The beach is reachable via a path which passes Rhossili village hall. It continues over fields and many stiles and has a steep final descent. The cliff path leads east to [[Mewslade Bay]] or westwards towards the Worm's Head and Rhossili Bay. |
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{{Citation |
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| last = Gutman |
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| first = AJ |
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| title = Getting Rid of the Gasparilla Island Ctenosaurs: the Lizards Don't Want to Leave |
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| journal = Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society |
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| volume=12 |
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| number= 1 |
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| pages=58 |
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| year = 2005 |
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}} |
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</ref> These iguanas are excellent climbers, and prefer a rocky habitat with plenty of crevices to hide in, rocks to bask on, and nearby trees to climb.<ref name="conant"/><ref name="malfatti"/> They are [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]] and fast moving, employing their speed to escape predators but will lash with their tails and bite if cornered.<ref name="malfatti"/> They are often found dwelling near or in towns in their native Mexico and where they have been introduced elsewhere.<ref name="conant"/> |
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They are primarily [[herbivorous]], eating a variety of [[flower]]s, leaves, stems, and [[fruit]], but they will opportunistically eat small animals, eggs, and [[arthropod]]s.<ref name="conant"/> |
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==Famous citizens== |
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*[[Edgar Evans]]<ref>[http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=34&coll_id=11286&expand=Edgar Evans Collection]</ref> — Antarctic Explorer- a memorial tablet is to be seen in the Parish Church<ref>''Rhossili Parish Church and the old Church in the Warren'' by Robert Lucas, published by Rhossili Parochial Church Council, 2000.</ref>. |
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* [[Jim Lee]] - British adventurer - after visiting Rhosilli long ago, and making love to many of the local women, Jim (known by the locals as 'Jimthor') became a local icon. |
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==Reproduction== |
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Mating occurs in the spring. Males show dominance and interest by head bobbing, eventually chasing the female until he can catch her and subdue her.<ref name="malfatti"/> Within eight to ten weeks, the female will dig a nest and lay clutches of up to 50 [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in a burrow of loose soil.<ref name="bebler"/><ref name="malfatti"/> These eggs hatch in 90 days with the bright green babies digging their way out of the sand.<ref name="malfatti"/> |
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The [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] owns and protects much land on the Gower peninsula. The Trust operates a [[visitor centre]] near the Warren, the Down, Worm's Head, Rhossili beach and coastal cliffs. |
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==Threatened status== |
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==Boating== |
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''Ctenosaura pectinata'' is used as a traditional food source in its native Mexico.<ref name="mexicomeeting"> |
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Rhossili Bay is not normally appropriate for overnight stays by visiting boats as the bay is West facing, relatively shallow and renowned as a surfing beach. It may however offer good shelter for boats in Easterly and Southerly winds - for all other wind directions it should be regarded as a no-go area. It is probably one of the few beaches that offers good shelter from Easterly winds in the [[Bristol Channel]]. |
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{{Citation |
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| last = Reynoso |
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| first = Victor |
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| last2 = Briseno |
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| first2 = Laura |
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| last3 = Olmos |
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| first3 = Gerardo |
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| last4 = Hernandez |
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| first4 = Victor |
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| title = The VIII National Meeting on Iguanas in Mexico, An Overview |
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| journal = Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society |
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| volume=13 |
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| number= 2 |
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| pages=130-132 |
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| year = 2006 |
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}} |
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</ref> Although not listed on the [[IUCN Redlist]], the species is listed on the Mexican Red List NOM-059-2001 as [[Threatened species|threatened]] and it is currently illegal to hunt them in Mexico.<ref name="blackiguana"/> This protection does not apply to areas in North America where they have been introduced, however. |
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Although hunting, trapping, and killing of these iguanas is illegal throughout Mexico; the Balsas depression along the borders of the states [[Michoacán]] and Gurrero is one of the largest illegal hunting and trading areas.<ref name="mexicomeeting"/> The remoteness of the areas and lack of enforcement of the laws is seen as the main reason.<ref name="mexicomeeting"/> A study is being conducted by the ''Instituto de Biologia'', UNAM, to solve the over-exploitation problem and to determine if the iguanas can be successfully farmed as a food source similar to the [[Green Iguana]] and the closely related ''[[Ctenosaura similis]]''.<ref name="blackiguana"/> |
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==Fishing== |
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At the appropriate time of the year, the areas of both Worms Head and Burry Holms are renowned for the good [[Sea Bass]] fishing. Worms Head can be seen to attract many small leisure fishing vessels during the summer months. Fishing from the shore is extremely popular along both the north and south sides of the [[Loughor estuary]] to the west of [[Burry Holms]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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{{Wikispecies|Ctenosaura pectinata}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{EMBL species|genus=Ctenosaura|species=pectinata}} |
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*[http://www.gowercc.org.uk/ Gower Community Councils] |
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*[http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/lizards/ctenosaura.pectinata.html Herps of Texas: ''Ctenosaura pectinata''] |
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*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-rhossilivisitorcentre/ Rhossili Visitor Centre information at the National Trust] |
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*[http://www. |
*[http://www.westcoastiguana.com/pectinata.htm West Coast Iguana Research] |
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*[http://myfwc.com/nonnatives/exotics/SpeciesNumberResults.asp?SPPNO=28 Florida's Exotic Wildlife. Species detail. Mexican Spinytail Iguana] |
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*[http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2730565 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Rhossili and surrounding area] |
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*[http://www.herpbreeder.com/pdf/pdfs/2003%20Townsend%20et%20al-Iguana.pdf.pdf Introduced Iguanas in Southern Florida: A History of More Than 35 Years] |
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*[http://www.gowersurfing.com Learn to surf on Rhossili beach] |
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*[http://www.vivanatura.org/Ctenosaura%20pectinata%20ExtraPhotos.html Ctenosaura pectinata at Viva Natura] |
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{{Iguanidae}} |
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[[Category:Iguanidae]] |
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[[Category:Ctenosaura]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of Mexico]] |
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[[nl:Mexicaanse zwarte leguaan]] |
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{{Swansea}} |
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{{coord|51.56856|N|4.28690|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SS416880)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref --> |
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[[Category:Bays of Wales]] |
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[[Category:Communities of Swansea]] |
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[[Category:Gower peninsula]] |
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[[Category:National Trust properties in Wales]] |
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[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in West Glamorgan]] |
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[[Category:Villages in Swansea]] |
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[[cy:Rhosili]] |
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[[de:Rhossili]] |
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Revision as of 02:41, 11 October 2008
| Mexican Spinytail Iguana | |
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| Species: | C. pectinata
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| Binomial name | |
| Ctenosaura pectinata Wiegmann, 1834
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The Mexican Spinytail Iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) is a moderate sized lizard native to western Mexico from mid-Sinaloa to south Oaxaca, but it has been introduced to the United States in the very southern tip of the state of Texas and in the state of Florida.
Taxonomy
The Mexican Spinytail Iguana was first described by German zoologist Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann in 1834.[1] The generic name, Ctenosaura, is derived from two Greek words: cteno (Κτενός), meaning "comb" (referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back and tail), and saura (σαύρα), meaning "lizard".[2] Its specific name is the Latin word pectinata also meaning "comb", also referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back.[3] The genus it belongs to represents the most diverse group of iguanas with 15 currently recognized species.[4] These species inhabit lowland (below 1200m elevation) dry forests on both coasts of Mexico and Central America.[4] All species of Ctenosaura fall within one of seven clades.[4] Distributions of these clades fall geographically within well established areas.[4] Closely related species show allopatry whereas species from divergent clades show sympatry.[4] Phylogenic study shows this species to be most closely related to C. acanthura, the Northeastern spinytail iguana.[5] Additional mitochondrial DNA research is being performed to determine whether additional subspecies may exist.[6] Because of the different human cultures throughout this species distribution, the clades are being evaluated for their impact from humans.[6] For example, these iguanas are not eaten in their northern ranges by humans as they are in the southern ranges, but the hatchlings in the southern ranges have a better survival rate due to better environmental conditions.[6]
Description
Mexican Spinytail Iguanas have distinctive keeled scales on their long tails, which gives them their common name. They are one of the larger members of the genus Ctenosaura, capable of growing to 140 cm in length, with females being slightly smaller than males at 100 cm, and are typically brown or grey-brown in coloration with a yellowish ventral surface.[2] They have a crest of long spines which extend down the center of their back.[2] Hatchlings are often a bright green color with no pattern and darken as they age.[7]
Distribution
The Mexican Spinytail Iguana is native to Western Mexico from Sinaloa to Oaxaca.[3][2]
This iguana has been introduced to Brownsville, Texas and South Florida and reproduces in the wild in several feral populations.[8] On the south-eastern Florida coast, these iguanas have been found on Key Biscayne, Hialeah, and in Broward County. On the south-western Florida coast, it has been reported on Gasparilla Island.[9] It is currently estimated as of December 2007 that there are 12,000 iguanas on this island, descended from a trio of pet lizards released by a resident in the the 1970s.[10]
They are regarded as a "nuisance animal" on Gasparilla island because the iguanas eat ornamental flowers and shrubs and prey on nesting birds and sea turtle eggs.[10] They have been known to chew through electrical and telephone cables.[10] They may also carry salmonella and their prehistoric appearance has been known to scare residents.[10] As the iguanas like to burrow in the sand it is feared that their tunnels could cause dunes and even seawalls to collapse and deprive the island of crucial protection from landfalling hurricanes.[10]
Behavior
The Mexican Spiny-tailed iguana is a social lizard, which has adapted to living in groups as opposed to other species of Ctenosaura which tend to be solitary animals.[11] These iguanas are excellent climbers, and prefer a rocky habitat with plenty of crevices to hide in, rocks to bask on, and nearby trees to climb.[8][2] They are diurnal and fast moving, employing their speed to escape predators but will lash with their tails and bite if cornered.[2] They are often found dwelling near or in towns in their native Mexico and where they have been introduced elsewhere.[8]
They are primarily herbivorous, eating a variety of flowers, leaves, stems, and fruit, but they will opportunistically eat small animals, eggs, and arthropods.[8]
Reproduction
Mating occurs in the spring. Males show dominance and interest by head bobbing, eventually chasing the female until he can catch her and subdue her.[2] Within eight to ten weeks, the female will dig a nest and lay clutches of up to 50 eggs in a burrow of loose soil.[7][2] These eggs hatch in 90 days with the bright green babies digging their way out of the sand.[2]
Threatened status
Ctenosaura pectinata is used as a traditional food source in its native Mexico.[12] Although not listed on the IUCN Redlist, the species is listed on the Mexican Red List NOM-059-2001 as threatened and it is currently illegal to hunt them in Mexico.[6] This protection does not apply to areas in North America where they have been introduced, however.
Although hunting, trapping, and killing of these iguanas is illegal throughout Mexico; the Balsas depression along the borders of the states Michoacán and Gurrero is one of the largest illegal hunting and trading areas.[12] The remoteness of the areas and lack of enforcement of the laws is seen as the main reason.[12] A study is being conducted by the Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, to solve the over-exploitation problem and to determine if the iguanas can be successfully farmed as a food source similar to the Green Iguana and the closely related Ctenosaura similis.[6]
References
- ^ "Ctenosaura". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 30 December.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Malfatti, Mark (2007). "A Look at the Genus Ctenosaura: Meet the World's fastest lizard and its kin". Reptiles Magazine. 15 (11): 64–73. Cite error: The named reference "malfatti" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004), "The Evolution of Iguanas an Overview and a Checklist of Species", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, pp. 33–34, ISBN 9780520238541
- ^ a b c d e Buckley, Larry; Pagel, Katelyn; Villela, Oscar (2007), "Evolution of Spiny-tailed Iguanas (Genus Ctenosaura): How Identification of Species Groups and their Relationships Can Help with Conservation Priorities", Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society, 14 (4): 248–251
- ^ De Queiroz, Kevin. (1987): Phylogenetic systematics of iguanine lizards: a comparative osteological study. University of California Publishing, 118:1-203.
- ^ a b c d e Reynoso, Victor; Zarra-Franco, Eugenia; Medina Mantecon, Wendoli; Rueda Zozaya, Pilar (2007), "Black Iguana Project 2006 Update: Genetics, Demography, and Feeding", Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society, 14 (4): 249–250
- ^ a b Bebler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 581. ISBN 0394508246.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|Location=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0395583896.
- ^
Krysko, K. L.; King, F. W.; Enge, Kevin; Reppas, A. T (2003), "Distribution of the introduced black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) on the southwestern coast of Florida", Florida Scientist, vol. 66, no. 2, Lawrence, Kansas;, pp. 74–79
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ a b c d e Moser, Patrick (December 8, 2007), "Florida island takes up arms against iguana invasion", AFP: Agence France-Presse
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Gutman, AJ (2005), "Getting Rid of the Gasparilla Island Ctenosaurs: the Lizards Don't Want to Leave", Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society, 12 (1): 58
- ^ a b c Reynoso, Victor; Briseno, Laura; Olmos, Gerardo; Hernandez, Victor (2006), "The VIII National Meeting on Iguanas in Mexico, An Overview", Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society, 13 (2): 130–132
External links
- Species Ctenosaura pectinata at The Reptile Database
- Herps of Texas: Ctenosaura pectinata
- West Coast Iguana Research
- Florida's Exotic Wildlife. Species detail. Mexican Spinytail Iguana
- Introduced Iguanas in Southern Florida: A History of More Than 35 Years
- Ctenosaura pectinata at Viva Natura
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