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{{Short description|East German political party}}
{{Politics in Germany}}
{{For|the political party in the Federal Republic of Germany|National Democratic Party of Germany}}
[[Image:Ndpd.gif|thumb|left|200px|The flag of NDPD]]
{{Infobox political party
The '''National Democratic Party of Germany''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands'', or ''NDPD'') was an [[East Germany|East German]] [[political party]] that acted as an organisation for former members of the NSDAP and the Wehrmacht. It should not be confused with today's extreme-right [[National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)]]. It was co-founded by [[Lothar Bolz]], who became its general secretary, [[Wilhelm Adam (politician)|Wilhelm Adam]] and others.
| country = Germany
| name = National-Democratic Party of Germany
| native_name = National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands
| logo = DEU NDPD Logo.svg
| colorcode = {{party color|National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany)}}
| leader =
| foundation = 25 May 1948
| dissolved = 27 March 1990
| merged = [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]
| ideology = {{ublist
| [[National liberalism]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Günter Bannas |author2=Eckart Lohse |author3=Karl Feldmeyer |author4=Albert Schäffer |author5=Peter Carstens |author6=Johannes Leithäuser |author7=Stephan Löwenstein |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/mitgliederbewegungen-volksparteien-verlieren-parteivolk-1134365-p3.html |title=Volksparteien verlieren Parteivolk |newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |date=1 October 2003 |language=de}}</ref>
| '''Until 1989'''
| [[Conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mdr.de/damals/archiv/artikel75634.html |title=Parteien der DDR |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]]}}</ref>
| [[Socialism]]<ref name="Die friedliche Revolution2"/>
| [[National conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/kapitel/nachkriegsjahre/neuanfaenge/zwangsvereinigung-zur-sed.html |title=Zwangsvereinigung zur SED |publisher=Lebendiges Museum Online}}</ref>
}}
| headquarters = [[East Berlin]], [[East Germany]]
| membership_year = late 1980s
| membership = {{circa}} 110,000<ref>Dirk Jurich, ''Staatssozialismus und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: eine empirische Studie'', p.31. LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, {{ISBN|3825898938}}</ref>
| newspaper = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''
| bullets =
| 1 = ''National-Zeitung'' (federal)
| 2 = ''[[Norddeutsche Neueste Nachrichten]]''
| 3 = ''[[Mitteldeutsche Neueste Nachrichten]]''
| 4 = ''Brandenburgische Neueste Nachrichten''
| 5 = ''Thüringer Neueste Nachrichten''
| 6 = ''Sächsische Neueste Nachrichten''
}}
| youth_wing =
| national = [[Democratic Bloc (East Germany)|Democratic Bloc]] (1948–1950)<br />[[National Front (East Germany)|National Front]] (1950–1990)<br />[[Association of Free Democrats]] (1990)
| europarl =
| european =
| flag = Flagge der NDPD.svg
| website =
| seats1_title =
| seats1 =
| seats2_title =
| seats2 =
| seats3_title =
| seats3 =
| colours =
| native_name_lang = de
}}
The '''National-Democratic Party of Germany''' ({{lang-de|National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands}}, {{lang|de|NDPD}}) was an [[East Germany|East German]] [[political party]] that served as a [[Bloc party (politics)|satellite party]] to the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (SED) from 1948 to 1989, representing former members of the [[Nazi Party]], the [[Wehrmacht]] and middle classes. It should not be confused with the far-right [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] (''Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands'', NPD), which was a party in [[West Germany]] and continues as a minor non-governmental party in the modern united [[Germany]].


==History==
It was recognized by the [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany]] on [[16 August]] [[1948]] and later sent 52 delegates to the East German [[parliament]], the [[Volkskammer]], as part of the [[National Front (East Germany)|National Front]]. None of these ever voted against the government on any issue, similarly to other [[block party|block parties]] which were effectively puppets of the ruling party, the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]]. Nonetheless, after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], it became an independent agent in politics, participating in the only free [[Volkskammer]] election ever held (March 18, 1990). NDPD was not included to the electoral cartel of the other liberal-to-be parties in East Germany and entered the race alone. The results were a debacle, though: with 44,292 votes (0.38%) they received fewer votes than they (nominally) had members. After these results, they soon merged with the [[Freie Demokratische Partei|West German Free Democrats]].<ref>Udo Leuschner ''Geschichte der FDP'' http://www.udo-leuschner.de/liberalismus/fdp26.htm</ref>
The NDPD was co-founded by [[Lothar Bolz]] (a former member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] and the [[National Committee for a Free Germany]] in the Soviet Union), [[Wilhelm Adam]] (a former member of the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]) and others. It was intended to reach out to social groups that had been attracted by the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP) before 1945 (such as military men and some of the middle classes) and provide them with a political outlet, so that they would not be tempted to support the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] again or turn to the [[Anticommunism|anti-communist]] [[Western Bloc|Western Allies]]. [[German nationalism]] had been a potent force during the interwar era and millions of Germans had been members of the NSDAP, and [[Stalin]] wanted to use them to create a new pro-Soviet and anti-Western strain in German politics.<ref>[[Vladislav Zubok|Zubok, Vladislav]]. ''A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev.'' The University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p. 89.</ref> According to top Soviet diplomat [[Vladimir Semyonov (diplomat)|Vladimir Semyonov]], Stalin even suggested that they could be allowed to continue publishing their own newspaper, ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]''. German Communists and some Soviet officials were initially appalled by Stalin's ideas and were not enthusiastic in their implementation.<ref>[[Vladislav Zubok|Zubok, Vladislav]]. ''A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev''. The University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p. 90.</ref> Instead, the party launched a regional daily, ''[[Mitteldeutsche Neueste Nachrichten]]'', in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mitteldeutsche neueste Nachrichten: Tageszeitung für Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt|url=https://zdb-katalog.de/title.xhtml?idn=010377972|publisher=Zeitschriften Datenbank|access-date=26 November 2021|language=German}}</ref>


[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-67478-0001, Berlin, Friedrichstraße, Haus des Parteivorstandes der National-Demokratischen Partei Deutschlands.jpg|thumb|NDPD house in East Berlin in 1959]]
Its programme demanded, among other things, the promotion of the middle class and an end to discrimination against former members of the [[Nazi Party]]. It's founding leader [[Lothar Bolz]] was, in fact, a member of the [[Socialist Unity Party]] until he founded the new party and had previously been a member of the former [[German Communist Party]]. The party was established by the communist authorities with the aim of claiming support among these ranks of society. The NDPD was organised on [[democratic centralism|democratic centralist]] grounds and had 110,000 members in the late [[1980s]].
In addition to old NSDAP members, former officers and [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|displaced persons]] were also to be intercepted by the new party, like the West German [[All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights]] and the Austrian [[Federation of Independents]]. The [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (SED) Board, meeting in May&nbsp;1948, stated that "these politically unclear people" should not vote "cadets" for the bourgeois parties [[Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)|CDU]] and [[Liberal Democratic Party of Germany|LDPD]] at the next election,<ref>Klaus Schroeder: ''Der SED-Staat. Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft 1949–1990.'' 2.&nbsp;Auflage, Propyläen, München 2000 (1998), S.&nbsp;41/42.</ref> like the West German [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]].


According to [[Klaus Schroeder]],<ref>Klaus Schroeder: ''Der SED-Staat. Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft 1949–1990.'' 2.&nbsp;Auflage, Propyläen: München 2000 (1998), S.&nbsp;42/43.</ref> the NDPD had fewer former Nazis among its ranks than the [[Communism|communist]] SED had. This was due to the NDPD being much smaller than the SED.
The party was supposed to represent 'liberalism, just as [[Liberal Democratic Party of Germany]], but NDPD was had an even more pro-SED stance and was reluctant to criticise the government even when the changes began to emerge in [[1989]].


The NDPD was recognized by the [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany]] on 16 August 1948 and later sent 52 delegates to the East German [[parliament]], the ''[[People's Chamber|Volkskammer]]'', as part of the [[National Front (East Germany)|National Front]]. None of these ever voted against the government on any issue, similarly to other [[National Front (East Germany)|block parties]] which were effectively puppets of the ruling party, the SED.
In [[27 March]] [[1990]] the NDPD became part of the [[Bund Freier Demokraten]], a short-lived organization that eventually merged in the [[Free Democratic Party of Germany]] (FDP).


Nonetheless, after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the NDPD became an independent agent in politics, participating in the only free ''Volkskammer'' election ever held ([[1990 East German general election|on 18 March 1990]]). NDPD was not included in the electoral cartel of the other liberal-to-be parties in East Germany and entered the race alone. The results were a debacle: with 44,292 votes (0.38%) they received fewer votes than they (nominally) had members. On 27 March 1990 the NDPD became part of the ''[[Association of Free Democrats|Bund Freier Demokraten]]'', a short-lived organization that eventually merged into the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP).<ref>{{cite web |author=Udo Leuschner |title=Die FDP übernimmt zwei "Blockflöten" |work=Geschichte der FDP (26) |url=http://www.udo-leuschner.de/liberalismus/fdp26.htm |language=de |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>
==Chairmen of the NDPD [[Image:Ndpd.PNG|50px]]==

{| class=wikitable
== Programme and ideology ==
The NDPD programme demanded, among other things, the promotion of the middle class. Bolz was one of the few prominent members who was not a former Nazi and was, in fact, a member of the SED until he founded the new party. He had previously been a member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] until it was suppressed by the Nazis. The NDPD was established by the communist authorities with the aim of claiming support among these ranks of society. The NDPD was organised on [[democratic centralism|democratic centralist]] grounds and had 110,000 members in the late 1980s.

The party was supposed to represent [[liberalism]], like the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Germany]], and (at least initially) also played with the [[German nationalism|German national sentiment]]. However, the NDPD was even more loyal to the SED and was reluctant to criticise the government even during the [[Peaceful Revolution]] of 1989.<ref name="Die friedliche Revolution2">{{cite book |last=Richter|first=Michael|year=2009|title=Die friedliche Revolution: Aufbruch zur Demokratie in Sachsen 1989/90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46DWzmYSAdkC&q=sozialismus+ndpd&pg=PA1077|page=1077|publisher=[[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]]|isbn=978-3647369143}}</ref>

After the revolution, there were attempts by the [[far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany|National Democratic Party]] (NPD)<ref name="Die friedliche Revolution"/> and the [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] [[The Republicans (Germany)|The Republicans]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boell.de/de/demokratie/demokratie-entwicklung-der-neonazi-szene-in-thueringen-13361.html|title=Die Extreme Rechte in Thüringen: Entwicklung der Neonazi-Szene|publisher=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]}}</ref> to win the NDPD as an ally, but this failed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Oskar Niedermayer and Richard Stöss|title=Parteien und Wähler im Umbruch: Parteiensystem und Wählerverhalten in der ehemaligen DDR und den neuen Bundesländern|date=2 July 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqKABwAAQBAJ&q=Republikaner+NPD&pg=PA129|page=129|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783663109969}}</ref>

Later, the NDPD understood itself as a [[Centrism|centrist]] party and distanced itself from communist and [[Nationalism|nationalist]]/[[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] endeavors. Likewise, they were [[Pro-Europeanism|pro-European]] and rejected designation as "[[right-wing]] party", [[National conservatism|right-wing national]] or national conservative. It was also argued to rename the party "New Democratic Party of Germany".<ref name="Die friedliche Revolution">{{cite book |last=Richter|first=Michael|year=2009|title=Die friedliche Revolution: Aufbruch zur Demokratie in Sachsen 1989–90, Band 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ptt9GyatDT8C&q=NDPD+rechts&pg=PA1211|page=1211|publisher=[[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]]|isbn=978-3525369142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Oskar Niedermayer and Richard Stöss|title=Parteien und Wähler im Umbruch: Parteiensystem und Wählerverhalten in der ehemaligen DDR und den neuen Bundesländern|date=2 July 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqKABwAAQBAJ&q=nationalistisch+ndpd&pg=PA130|page=130|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783663109969}}</ref>

==Chairmen of the NDPD ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
| [[Lothar Bolz]] || [[1948]]-[[1972]]
| [[Lothar Bolz]] || 1948–1972
|-
|-
| [[Heinrich Homann]] || [[1972]]-[[1989]]
| [[Heinrich Homann]] || 1972–1989
|-
|-
| [[Günter Hartmann]] || [[1989]]-[[1990]]
| [[Günter Hartmann]] || 1989–1990
|-
|-
| [[Wolfgang Glaeser]] || [[1990]]
| Wolfgang Glaeser || 1990
|-
|-
| [[Wolfgang Rauls]] || [[1990]]
| [[Wolfgang Rauls]] || 1990
|}
|}


== Electoral history ==
==Reference==


;Volkskammer elections
<references />
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!'''Election'''
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Seats'''
! +/–
|-
|[[1949 East German Constitutional Assembly election|1949]]
| colspan="2" |{{small|as part of [[Democratic Bloc (East Germany)|Democratic Bloc]]}}
|{{Composition bar|15|330|hex=gold}}{{efn|name=fn1|The 1,400 elected members of the Third [[German People's Congress]] selected the members of the second [[German People's Council]].}}
|–
|-
|[[1950 East German general election|1950]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="9" |{{small|as part of [[National Front of the German Democratic Republic|National Front]]}}
|{{Composition bar|30|400|hex=gold}}
|{{increase}} 15
|-
|[[1954 East German general election|1954]]
|{{Composition bar|45|466|hex=gold}}
|{{increase}} 15
|-
|[[1958 East German general election|1958]]
|{{Composition bar|45|400|hex=gold}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[1963 East German general election|1963]]
|{{Composition bar|45|434|hex=gold}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[1967 East German general election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|45|434|hex=gold}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[1971 East German general election|1971]]
|{{Composition bar|45|434|hex=gold}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[1976 East German general election|1976]]
|{{Composition bar|45|434|hex=gold}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[1981 East German general election|1981]]
|{{Composition bar|52|500|hex=gold}}
|{{increase}} 7
|-
|[[1986 East German general election|1986]]
|{{Composition bar|52|500|hex=gold}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[1990 East German general election|1990]]
|44,292
|0.4%
|{{Composition bar|2|400|hex=gold}}
|{{decrease}} 50
|}


{{notelist}}
==See also==


== See also ==
*[[East Germany#Politics]]

*[[Politics of East Germany]]
*[[National Front (East Germany)]]
*[[National Front (East Germany)]]


==External links==
==References==
{{reflist|40em}}
*[http://www.chronikderwende.de/english/term.jsp?key=E_NDPD Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands from ''chronik der wende'']
*[http://www.udo-leuschner.de/liberalismus/fdp26.htm FDP takes 'Block flutes' over (In German)]


==External links==
[[Category:Political parties in the former GDR]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050829000232/http://www.chronikderwende.de/english/term.jsp?key=E_NDPD Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands from ''chronik der wende'']
[[Category:East German political parties]]
*[http://www.udo-leuschner.de/liberalismus/fdp26.htm FDP takes over 'Block flutes'(In German)]

{{GDR political parties}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Germany-party-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Democratic Party Of Germany (East Germany)}}
{{start box}}
[[Category:1948 establishments in Germany]]
{{succession box|
[[Category:1990 disestablishments in East Germany]]
title=liberal German parties|
[[Category:Conservative parties in Germany]]
before=-|
after=[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)]]|
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Free Democratic Party (Germany)]]
years
[[Category:German nationalist political parties]]
}}
[[Category:German veterans' organisations]]

[[Category:Landsmannschaften]]
[[de:Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (DDR)]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in Germany]]
[[es:Partido Nacional Democrático de Alemania (RDA)]]
[[Category:National liberal parties]]
[[nl:Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (DDR)]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in Germany]]
[[fi:Saksan kansallisdemokraattinen puolue]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1990]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1948]]
[[Category:Political parties in East Germany]]

Latest revision as of 05:48, 16 April 2024

For the political party in the Federal Republic of Germany, see National Democratic Party of Germany.
National-Democratic Party of Germany
National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands
Founded25 May 1948
Dissolved27 March 1990
Merged intoFree Democratic Party
HeadquartersEast Berlin, East Germany
Newspaper
See list
Membership (late 1980s)c. 110,000[1]
Ideology
National affiliationDemocratic Bloc (1948–1950)
National Front (1950–1990)
Association of Free Democrats (1990)
Party flag

The National-Democratic Party of Germany (German: National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands, NDPD) was an East German political party that served as a satellite party to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) from 1948 to 1989, representing former members of the Nazi Party, the Wehrmacht and middle classes. It should not be confused with the far-right National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD), which was a party in West Germany and continues as a minor non-governmental party in the modern united Germany.

History[edit]

The NDPD was co-founded by Lothar Bolz (a former member of the Communist Party of Germany and the National Committee for a Free Germany in the Soviet Union), Wilhelm Adam (a former member of the SA) and others. It was intended to reach out to social groups that had been attracted by the Nazi Party (NSDAP) before 1945 (such as military men and some of the middle classes) and provide them with a political outlet, so that they would not be tempted to support the far-right again or turn to the anti-communist Western Allies. German nationalism had been a potent force during the interwar era and millions of Germans had been members of the NSDAP, and Stalin wanted to use them to create a new pro-Soviet and anti-Western strain in German politics.[6] According to top Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonov, Stalin even suggested that they could be allowed to continue publishing their own newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter. German Communists and some Soviet officials were initially appalled by Stalin's ideas and were not enthusiastic in their implementation.[7] Instead, the party launched a regional daily, Mitteldeutsche Neueste Nachrichten, in 1952.[8]

NDPD house in East Berlin in 1959

In addition to old NSDAP members, former officers and displaced persons were also to be intercepted by the new party, like the West German All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights and the Austrian Federation of Independents. The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) Board, meeting in May 1948, stated that "these politically unclear people" should not vote "cadets" for the bourgeois parties CDU and LDPD at the next election,[9] like the West German CDU and FDP.

According to Klaus Schroeder,[10] the NDPD had fewer former Nazis among its ranks than the communist SED had. This was due to the NDPD being much smaller than the SED.

The NDPD was recognized by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany on 16 August 1948 and later sent 52 delegates to the East German parliament, the Volkskammer, as part of the National Front. None of these ever voted against the government on any issue, similarly to other block parties which were effectively puppets of the ruling party, the SED.

Nonetheless, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the NDPD became an independent agent in politics, participating in the only free Volkskammer election ever held (on 18 March 1990). NDPD was not included in the electoral cartel of the other liberal-to-be parties in East Germany and entered the race alone. The results were a debacle: with 44,292 votes (0.38%) they received fewer votes than they (nominally) had members. On 27 March 1990 the NDPD became part of the Bund Freier Demokraten, a short-lived organization that eventually merged into the Free Democratic Party (FDP).[11]

Programme and ideology[edit]

The NDPD programme demanded, among other things, the promotion of the middle class. Bolz was one of the few prominent members who was not a former Nazi and was, in fact, a member of the SED until he founded the new party. He had previously been a member of the Communist Party of Germany until it was suppressed by the Nazis. The NDPD was established by the communist authorities with the aim of claiming support among these ranks of society. The NDPD was organised on democratic centralist grounds and had 110,000 members in the late 1980s.

The party was supposed to represent liberalism, like the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, and (at least initially) also played with the German national sentiment. However, the NDPD was even more loyal to the SED and was reluctant to criticise the government even during the Peaceful Revolution of 1989.[4]

After the revolution, there were attempts by the far-right National Democratic Party (NPD)[12] and the right-wing populist The Republicans[13] to win the NDPD as an ally, but this failed.[14]

Later, the NDPD understood itself as a centrist party and distanced itself from communist and nationalist/neo-fascist endeavors. Likewise, they were pro-European and rejected designation as "right-wing party", right-wing national or national conservative. It was also argued to rename the party "New Democratic Party of Germany".[12][15]

Chairmen of the NDPD[edit]

Lothar Bolz 1948–1972
Heinrich Homann 1972–1989
Günter Hartmann 1989–1990
Wolfgang Glaeser 1990
Wolfgang Rauls 1990

Electoral history[edit]

Volkskammer elections
Election Votes % Seats +/–
1949 as part of Democratic Bloc
15 / 330
[a] 		–
1950 as part of National Front
30 / 400
 Increase 15
1954
45 / 466
 Increase 15
1958
45 / 400
 Steady
1963
45 / 434
 Steady
1967
45 / 434
 Steady
1971
45 / 434
 Steady
1976
45 / 434
 Steady
1981
52 / 500
 Increase 7
1986
52 / 500
 Steady
1990 44,292 0.4%
2 / 400
 Decrease 50
  1. ^ The 1,400 elected members of the Third German People's Congress selected the members of the second German People's Council.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dirk Jurich, Staatssozialismus und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: eine empirische Studie, p.31. LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, ISBN 3825898938
  2. ^ Günter Bannas; Eckart Lohse; Karl Feldmeyer; Albert Schäffer; Peter Carstens; Johannes Leithäuser; Stephan Löwenstein (1 October 2003). "Volksparteien verlieren Parteivolk". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German).
  3. ^ "Parteien der DDR". MDR.
  4. ^ a b Richter, Michael (2009). Die friedliche Revolution: Aufbruch zur Demokratie in Sachsen 1989/90. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 1077. ISBN 978-3647369143.
  5. ^ "Zwangsvereinigung zur SED". Lebendiges Museum Online.
  6. ^ Zubok, Vladislav. A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. The University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p. 89.
  7. ^ Zubok, Vladislav. A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. The University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p. 90.
  8. ^ "Mitteldeutsche neueste Nachrichten: Tageszeitung für Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt" (in German). Zeitschriften Datenbank. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  9. ^ Klaus Schroeder: Der SED-Staat. Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft 1949–1990. 2. Auflage, Propyläen, München 2000 (1998), S. 41/42.
  10. ^ Klaus Schroeder: Der SED-Staat. Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft 1949–1990. 2. Auflage, Propyläen: München 2000 (1998), S. 42/43.
  11. ^ Udo Leuschner. "Die FDP übernimmt zwei "Blockflöten"". Geschichte der FDP (26) (in German). Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  12. ^ a b Richter, Michael (2009). Die friedliche Revolution: Aufbruch zur Demokratie in Sachsen 1989–90, Band 1. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 1211. ISBN 978-3525369142.
  13. ^ "Die Extreme Rechte in Thüringen: Entwicklung der Neonazi-Szene". Heinrich Böll Foundation.
  14. ^ Oskar Niedermayer and Richard Stöss (2 July 2013). Parteien und Wähler im Umbruch: Parteiensystem und Wählerverhalten in der ehemaligen DDR und den neuen Bundesländern. Springer. p. 129. ISBN 9783663109969.
  15. ^ Oskar Niedermayer and Richard Stöss (2 July 2013). Parteien und Wähler im Umbruch: Parteiensystem und Wählerverhalten in der ehemaligen DDR und den neuen Bundesländern. Springer. p. 130. ISBN 9783663109969.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_(East_Germany)&oldid=1219177073"