Axayacatl: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎External links: More specific categorization
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(33 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Sixth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan}}
{{for|the insect|Axayacatl (insect)}}
{{for|the insect|Axayacatl (insect)}}
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Axayacatl
| name = Axayacatl
| succession = <!--Tlatoani prior to Tizoc/Ahuitzotl did not use the style Huey Tlatoani, see sources in their articles and in the list of Tenochtitlan rulers-->[[List of Tenochtitlan rulers|''Tlatoani'' of Tenochtitlan]]
| title =[[List of Tenochtitlan rulers|6th]] [[Hueyi Tlatoani|Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan]]<br/>Ruler of the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]]
| image= Axayacatl.jpg
| image = Axayacatl.jpg
| caption =Axayacatl as depicted in the [[Codex Azcatitlan]]
| caption = Axayacatl as depicted in the {{lang|la|[[Codex Azcatitlan]]}}
| reign = [[Aztec calendar|3 House – 2 House]]<br/>(1469–1481)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conrad |first1=Geoffrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqecX148zLsC&pg=PA45 |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Demarest |first2=Arthur A. |date=1984-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31896-9 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>
| reign =1469–1481
| predecessor =[[Moctezuma I]]
| predecessor = [[Atotoztli II]]
| successor =[[Tizoc]]
| successor = [[Tizoc]]
| father =Prince [[Tezozomoc (son of Itzcoatl)|Tezozomoc]]
| father = Prince [[Tezozomoc (son of Itzcoatl)|Tezozomoc]]
| mother =Princess [[Atotoztli II]]
| mother = Princess [[Atotoztli II]]
| spouse = Xochicueyetl
| spouse = Xochicueyetl
| issue = {{Plainlist}}
| issue=King [[Moctezuma II]]<br>King [[Cuitláhuac]]
* [[Moctezuma II]]
⚫
| birth_date = c. {{birth-date|1449}}
* [[Cuitláhuac]]
| death_date = {{death-date|1481}}
{{Endplainlist}}
⚫
|}}
⚫
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{birth-date|1449}}
⚫
'''Axayacatl''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|k|s|ə|ˈ|j|ɑː|k|ə|t|ə|l}}; {{lang-nci|link=no|āxāyacatl}}, {{IPA-nah|aːʃaːˈjákatɬ|-|Axayakatl.ogg}}; {{lang-es|link=no|Axayácatl}}, {{IPA-es|aksaˈʝakatɬ|pron}}; meaning "face of water"; c. 1449-1481) was the sixth ''[[tlatoani]]'' of the ''[[altepetl]]'' of [[Tenochtitlan]] and ruler of the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]].
| death_date = [[Aztec calendar|2 House]]<br/>{{death year and age|1481|1449}}|
⚫
}}
⚫
[[File:Aztecexpansion.png|thumb|500px|Map showing territorial expansions of the Aztec Empire under each of the Aztec rulers. Expansions during the reign of Axayacatl are indicated in blue.<ref>Map based on Hassig (1988)</ref>]]

⚫
'''Axayacatl''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|ʃ|ə|ˈ|j|ɑː|k|ə|t|əl}}; {{lang-nci|āxāyacatl}} {{IPA-nah|aːʃaːˈjákatɬ||Axayakatl.ogg}}; {{lang-es|Axayácatl}} {{IPA-es|axaˈʝakatɬ|}}; meaning "face of water"; {{circa|1449}}–1481) was the sixth {{lang|nci|[[tlatoani]]}} of the {{lang|nci|[[altepetl]]}} of [[Tenochtitlan]] and [[Emperor]] of the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
Line 22: Line 28:
Axayacatl was a son of the princess [[Atotoztli II]] and her cousin, prince [[Tezozomoc (son of Itzcoatl)|Tezozomoc]]. He was a grandson of the Emperors [[Moctezuma I]] and [[Itzcoatl]]. He was a descendant of the king [[Cuauhtototzin]].
Axayacatl was a son of the princess [[Atotoztli II]] and her cousin, prince [[Tezozomoc (son of Itzcoatl)|Tezozomoc]]. He was a grandson of the Emperors [[Moctezuma I]] and [[Itzcoatl]]. He was a descendant of the king [[Cuauhtototzin]].


He was a successor of Moctezuma and his brothers were Emperors [[Tixoc]] and [[Ahuitzotl]] and his sister was the Queen [[Chalchiuhnenetzin]]. He was an uncle of the Emperor [[Cuauhtémoc]] and father of Emperors [[Moctezuma II]] and [[Cuitláhuac]].
He was a successor of Moctezuma and his brothers were Emperors [[Tizoc]] and [[Ahuitzotl]] and his sister was the Queen [[Chalchiuhnenetzin]]. He was an uncle of the Emperor [[Cuauhtémoc]] and father of Emperors [[Moctezuma II]] and [[Cuitláhuac]].


===Rise to power===
===Rise to power===
During his youth, his military prowess gained him the favor influential figures such as [[Nezahualcoyotl]] and [[Tlacaelel I]], and thus, upon the death of [[Moctezuma I]] in 1469, he was chosen to ascend to the throne, much to the displeasure of his two older brothers, [[Tizoc]] and [[Ahuitzotl]].
During his youth, his military prowess gained him the favor influential figures such as [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] and [[Tlacaelel I]], and thus, upon the death of [[Moctezuma I]] in 1469, he was chosen to ascend to the throne, much to the displeasure of his two older brothers, [[Tizoc]] and [[Ahuitzotl]].


It is also important that the [[Aztec calendar stone|Great Sun Stone]], also known as the Aztec Calendar, was carved under his leadership. An [[1475 Tenochtitlan earthquake|earthquake in Tenochtitlán]] occurred and destroyed many homes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://staging.doaks.org/research/publications/doaks-online-publications/palaces-of-the-ancient-new-world/isbn-0-88402-300-1.pdf#page=16 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://staging.doaks.org/research/publications/doaks-online-publications/palaces-of-the-ancient-new-world/isbn-0-88402-300-1.pdf#page=16 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Palaces of the Ancient New World |last1=Evans |first1=Susan Toby |last2=Pillsbury |first2=Joanne |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |year=1998 |isbn=0-88402-300-1 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=16 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
It is also important that the [[Aztec calendar stone|Great Sun Stone]], also known as the Aztec Calendar, was carved under his leadership. In the year 1475 there was a major earthquake that destroyed many homes in Temochtitlán.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}


===Military actions and death===
===Military actions and death===
Using as a pretext the insulting behavior of a few Tlatelolcan citizens, Axayacatl invaded his neighbor, killed its ruler, [[Moquihuix]], and replaced him with a military governor. The Tlatelolcans lost any voice they had in forming Aztec policy.
Using as a pretext the insulting behavior of a few Tlatelolcan citizens, Axayacatl invaded his neighbor, killed its ruler, [[Moquihuix]], and replaced him with a military governor. The Tlatelolcans lost any voice they had in forming Aztec policy.
[[File:Moquihuix_mendoza.jpg|left|250px|thumb| Moquihuix's death as depicted in the [[Codex Mendoza]].]]
⚫
Axayacatl largely dedicated his twelve-year reign to consolidating his militaristic repute: he led successful [[Aztec warfare|campaigns]] against the neighboring {{lang|nci|altepetl}} of [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]] in 1473 (see [[Battle of Tlatelolco]]) and the [[Matlatzinca people|Matlatzinca]] of the [[Toluca Valley]] in 1474, but was finally defeated by the [[Purépecha people|Tarascan]]s of [[Michoacán]] in 1476. Despite some subsequent minor triumphs, Axayacatl's defeat at the hands of the Tarascans irreversibly marred his image, as it constituted the only major defeat suffered by the Aztecs up to that moment. In spite of his young age, he fell gravely ill in 1480, passing away a mere year later, in 1481, whereupon he was succeeded by his brother Tizoc.


===Axayacatl the poet===
⚫
Axayacatl largely dedicated his twelve-year reign to consolidating his militaristic repute: he led successful [[Aztec warfare|campaigns]] against the neighboring ''altepetl'' of [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]] in 1473 and the [[Matlatzinca people|Matlatzinca]] of the [[Toluca Valley]] in 1474, but was finally defeated by the [[Purépecha people|Tarascan]]s of [[Michoacán]] in 1476. Despite some subsequent minor triumphs, Axayacatl's defeat at the hands of the Tarascans irreversibly marred his image, as it constituted the only major defeat suffered by the Aztecs up to that moment. In spite of his young age, he fell gravely ill in 1480, passing away a mere year later, in 1481, whereupon he was succeeded by his brother Tizoc.
Axayacatl wrote two poems. The first, ''Ycuic Axayayatzin'' (English: "Song of Axayacatl") is a defense against his brothers and critics; the second, ''Huehue cuicatl'' (English: "Song of the Ancients") is a lament written after his defeat in Michoacan.<ref name="azteca">{{cite book|title=Trece Poetas del Mundo Azteca|author=Miguel Leon-Portilla|publisher=Universidad Nacinal Autonoma de Mexico|date=1978|location=Mexico City|edition=2nd, 1972|language=Spanish|trans-title=Thirteen Poets of the Aztec World|pages=133–153}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
⚫
[[Image:Aztecexpansion.png|thumb|left|300px|Map showing territorial expansions of the Aztec Empire under each of the Aztec rulers. Expansions during the reign of Axayacatl are indicated in blue.<ref>Map based on Hassig (1988)</ref>]]
* The ''Obsidian and Blood'' series by [[Aliette de Bodard]] are set in the last year of the reign of Axayacatl and the first years of the reign of [[Tizoc]], with their youngest brother [[Ahuitzotl]] appearing as a primary character.

{{clear|left}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 43: Line 51:
==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Mexico|Biography}}
{{Portal|Mexico|Biography}}
*[[List of Tenochtitlan rulers]]
* [[List of Tenochtitlan rulers]]


==References==
==References==
*{{cite book|last=Davies |first=Nigel |year=1980 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd|location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Nigel |year=1980 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press }}
*{{cite book|last=Davies |first=Nigel |year=1987 |title=The Aztec Empire: The Toltec Resurgence |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Nigel |year=1987 |title=The Aztec Empire: The Toltec Resurgence |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press }}
*{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=0-8061-2121-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=0-8061-2121-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Townsend |first=Richard F. |year=2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=revised |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-28132-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Townsend |first=Richard F. |year=2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=revised |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-28132-7 }}
*{{cite book |last = Weaver |first = Muriel Porter | year = 1993 | title = The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica | edition = 3rd | publisher = Academic Press | location = San Diego | isbn = 0-01-263999-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Weaver |first=Muriel Porter |year=1993 |title=The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica |edition=3rd |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=0-01-263999-0 }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
* {{Wikisource-inline |list=
** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Axayacatl|short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana |wstitle=Axayacatl |short=x |noicon=x }}
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Axayacatl|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NIE |wstitle=Axayacatl |year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x }}
** {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Axayacatl|year=1900 |notaref=x |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Appletons' |wstitle=Axayacatl |year=1900 |notaref=x |short=x |noicon=x }}
** {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Axayacatl|short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite AmCyc |wstitle=Axayacatl |short=x |noicon=x }}
}}
}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Moctezuma I]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Moctezuma I]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan]]|years=1469–1481}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan]] |years=[[Aztec calendar|3 House – 2 House]]<br/>(1469–1481) }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tizoc]]}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Tizoc]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
⚫
{{Tenochtitlan rulers}}{{Authority control}}

⚫
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Tenochca tlatoque]]
[[Category:Tenochca tlatoque]]
[[Category:Nahuatl-language poets]]
[[Category:Nahuatl-language poets]]
[[Category:15th-century rulers]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in North America]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in North America]]
[[Category:15th-century indigenous people of the Americas]]
[[Category:15th-century Aztec nobility]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1440s births]]
[[Category:1440s births]]
[[Category:1481 deaths]]
[[Category:1481 deaths]]
[[Category:15th century in the Aztec civilization]]
[[Category:Moctezuma family]]

Latest revision as of 16:41, 28 January 2024

For the insect, see Axayacatl (insect).
Axayacatl
Axayacatl as depicted in the Codex Azcatitlan
Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
Reign3 House – 2 House
(1469–1481)[1]
PredecessorAtotoztli II
SuccessorTizoc
Bornc. 1449 (1449)
Died2 House
1481 (aged 31–32)
SpouseXochicueyetl
Issue
FatherPrince Tezozomoc
MotherPrincess Atotoztli II
Map showing territorial expansions of the Aztec Empire under each of the Aztec rulers. Expansions during the reign of Axayacatl are indicated in blue.[2]

Axayacatl (/ˌæʃəˈjɑːkətəl/; Classical Nahuatl: āxāyacatl [aːʃaːˈjákatɬ] ⓘ; Spanish: Axayácatl [axaˈʝakatɬ]; meaning "face of water"; c. 1449–1481) was the sixth tlatoani of the altepetl of Tenochtitlan and Emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance.

Biography[edit]

Early life and background[edit]

Axayacatl was a son of the princess Atotoztli II and her cousin, prince Tezozomoc. He was a grandson of the Emperors Moctezuma I and Itzcoatl. He was a descendant of the king Cuauhtototzin.

He was a successor of Moctezuma and his brothers were Emperors Tizoc and Ahuitzotl and his sister was the Queen Chalchiuhnenetzin. He was an uncle of the Emperor Cuauhtémoc and father of Emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitláhuac.

Rise to power[edit]

During his youth, his military prowess gained him the favor influential figures such as Nezahualcoyotl and Tlacaelel I, and thus, upon the death of Moctezuma I in 1469, he was chosen to ascend to the throne, much to the displeasure of his two older brothers, Tizoc and Ahuitzotl.

It is also important that the Great Sun Stone, also known as the Aztec Calendar, was carved under his leadership. An earthquake in Tenochtitlán occurred and destroyed many homes.[3]

Military actions and death[edit]

Using as a pretext the insulting behavior of a few Tlatelolcan citizens, Axayacatl invaded his neighbor, killed its ruler, Moquihuix, and replaced him with a military governor. The Tlatelolcans lost any voice they had in forming Aztec policy.

Moquihuix's death as depicted in the Codex Mendoza.

Axayacatl largely dedicated his twelve-year reign to consolidating his militaristic repute: he led successful campaigns against the neighboring altepetl of Tlatelolco in 1473 (see Battle of Tlatelolco) and the Matlatzinca of the Toluca Valley in 1474, but was finally defeated by the Tarascans of Michoacán in 1476. Despite some subsequent minor triumphs, Axayacatl's defeat at the hands of the Tarascans irreversibly marred his image, as it constituted the only major defeat suffered by the Aztecs up to that moment. In spite of his young age, he fell gravely ill in 1480, passing away a mere year later, in 1481, whereupon he was succeeded by his brother Tizoc.

Axayacatl the poet[edit]

Axayacatl wrote two poems. The first, Ycuic Axayayatzin (English: "Song of Axayacatl") is a defense against his brothers and critics; the second, Huehue cuicatl (English: "Song of the Ancients") is a lament written after his defeat in Michoacan.[4]

In popular culture[edit]

  • The Obsidian and Blood series by Aliette de Bodard are set in the last year of the reign of Axayacatl and the first years of the reign of Tizoc, with their youngest brother Ahuitzotl appearing as a primary character.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Conrad, Geoffrey W.; Demarest, Arthur A. (1984-08-31). Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-521-31896-9.
  2. ^ Map based on Hassig (1988)
  3. ^ Evans, Susan Toby; Pillsbury, Joanne (1998). Palaces of the Ancient New World (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 16. ISBN 0-88402-300-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ Miguel Leon-Portilla (1978). Trece Poetas del Mundo Azteca [Thirteen Poets of the Aztec World] (in Spanish) (2nd, 1972 ed.). Mexico City: Universidad Nacinal Autonoma de Mexico. pp. 133–153.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Davies, Nigel (1980). The Aztecs (2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Davies, Nigel (1987). The Aztec Empire: The Toltec Resurgence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Hassig, Ross (1988). Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2121-1.
  • Townsend, Richard F. (2000). The Aztecs (revised ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28132-7.
  • Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993). The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-01-263999-0.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Axayacatl.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
3 House – 2 House
(1469–1481) 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axayacatl&oldid=1200052017"