Bulgarian dialects and The China Probrem: Difference between pages
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
→Old Bulgarian: // |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox Television episode |
|||
[[Image:Bulgarian dialects by Todor Bozhinov.png|right|thumb|350px|Map of the Bulgarian dialects within Bulgaria]] |
|||
| Title =The China Probrem |
|||
[[Image:Bgmap yat.png|right|300px|thumb|The ''[[Yat]]'' split in the [[Bulgarian Language]].]] |
|||
| Series =South Park |
|||
| Image = [[Image:Probrem.png|230px]] |
|||
| Caption = Stan talks to Kyle. |
|||
| Season =12 |
|||
| Episode =175 |
|||
| Airdate =[[October 8]], [[2008]] |
|||
| Total Time = |
|||
| Production =1208 |
|||
| Writer = Trey Parker |
|||
| Director = Trey Parker |
|||
| Guests = |
|||
| Episode list =[[List of South Park episodes]] |
|||
| Season list = {{Infobox South Park season 12 episode list}} |
|||
| Prev =[[Super Fun Time]] |
|||
| Next =TBA |
|||
}} |
|||
"'''The China Probrem'''"<ref>http://www.southparkstudios.com/guide/1208/ The China Probrem - Episode Guide - South Park Studio</ref> is episode 1208 (#175) of the animated series ''[[South Park]]'',<ref name=South Park Studios>{{cite web|url=http://www.southparkstudios.com/guide/1208/|title=South Park Episode Guide - 1208}} ''South Park Studios''. Accessed [[October 04]], [[2008]]</ref> which aired on [[October 8]], [[2008]]. It was the mid-season premiere for season 12. It is available to be streamed at South Park Studios.<ref>http://www.southparkstudios.com/episodes/187260/</ref> |
|||
'''Bulgarian dialects''' ({{lang-bg|български диалекти}}, ''balgarski dialekti'', also български говори, ''balgarski govori'' or български наречия, ''balgarski narechiya'') are the regional spoken varieties of the [[Bulgarian language]], a [[South Slavic language]]. Bulgarian [[dialectology]] dates to the 1830s and the pioneering work of [[Neofit Rilski]], ''Bolgarska gramatika'' (published 1835 in [[Kragujevac]]). Other notable researchers in this field include [[Marin Drinov]], [[Konstantin Josef Jireček]], [[Lyubomir Miletich]], [[Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan]], [[Stoyko Stoykov]]. |
|||
== Plot == |
|||
Bulgarian dialects are part of the South Slavic [[dialect continuum]], linked with [[Serbian language|Serbian]] to the west and bordering [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] to the south, and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] to the north. Bulgarian linguistics and dialectology<ref name=unity>{{cite book |author=Institute of Bulgarian Language |title=Единството на българския език в миналото и днес |publisher=[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1978 |page=p. 4 |language=Bulgarian |location=[[Sofia]] |oclc=6430481}}</ref> and many foreign researchers<ref name=foreigners>Mazon, Andre. ''Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction''; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.<br>* Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.<br>* ''Die Slaven in Griechenland'' von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands.<br>* K. Sandfeld, ''Balkanfilologien'' (København, 1926, MCMXXVI).<br>* [[Konstantin Josef Jireček]], ''Die Balkanvölker und ihre kulturellen und politischen Bestrebungen'', Urania, II, Jg. 13, 27. März 1909, p. 195.<br>* Stefan Verković, Описание быта македонских болгар; Топографическо-этнографический очерк Македонии (Петербург, 1889).</ref> consider all Slavic dialects spoken in the geographical regions of Macedonia and Thrace to be dialects of Bulgarian.<ref name=mixedexamples>Шклифов, Благой. Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори, София 1995, с. 14.<br>* Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VІІІ, с. 201-205.<br>* Mladenov, Stefan. ''Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache'', Berlin, Leipzig, 1929, § 207-209.<br>* Mazon, Andre. ''Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale'': Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.<br>* Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968, с. 580-582.<br>* ''Die Slaven in Griechenland'' von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands, p. 324.</ref> |
|||
Cartman has been plagued by persistent nightmares about the [[China|Chinese]] ever since he watched the [[2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] on TV. He awakens one night after yet another bad dream, and his mother tries to calm him, but Cartman comes to believe that the Chinese, with their "2 billion"-man population and "advances in technology," are a growing threat to America and the world. He concludes that America will be invaded by the Chinese within days. |
|||
The next day, Cartman goes to warn Stan, Kyle, and Kenny, but Kyle suddenly runs off after seemingly [[breaking the fourth wall]], unable to denounce Cartman's outrageous ideas as he usually does. Stan later confronts him about this sudden departure and Kyle states that he cannot pretend things are normal again after "the [[rape]] of a friend." He confesses his feelings of deep guilt and his regret over the fact he, Stan and their friends "just stood there and did nothing". Stan admits that he shares Kyle's feelings but that they nonetheless have to move forward with their lives. |
|||
The main [[isogloss]] separating the Bulgarian dialects into '''Eastern''' and '''Western''' is the [[Yat#Yat in Bulgarian|Yat border]], marking the different reflexes of the [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Bulgarian]] yat form (ѣ), pronounced as either [[Open front unrounded vowel|/a/]] (variant /<sup>j</sup>a/) or [[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] to the east (''byal'', but plural ''beli'', "white") and strictly as /ɛ/ to the west of it (''bel'', plural ''beli''). In order to avoid political issues, many linguists use interchangeably Western Bulgarian and Macedonian in national and geographical contexts, respectively; however, this is not precise because Western Bulgarian dialects include also non-Macedonian dialects while some dialects in the region of Macedonia (Drama-Ser, Solun, Korca, Radojda-Vevcani dialects) are classified as Eastern Bulgarian on the basis of the Yat isogloss. |
|||
Elsewhere, Cartman finds Butters while the latter is taking a bath, and convinces Butters to join him in saving America instead. |
|||
==History of Bulgarian language== |
|||
{{main|History of the Bulgarian language}} |
|||
===Formation of the Bulgarian nation=== |
|||
At the end of the first quarter of the 7th century, the settlement of the [[Slavs]] on the [[Balkan Peninsula]] was almost completed. The western Balkans were occupied with Slavic ancestors of today Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians, while its central, eastern, and southern parts, i.e., Moesia and Dobrudja, Pomoravie and Timok, Thrace and Rhodopes, Macedonia, Central and Southern Albania, Epirus, were occupied by the Slavs of the eastern Slavic group. Part of these tribes continued to inhabit wide territory north of Danube. Slavic tribes penetrated to the southernmost parts of Greece, and settled some Aegean islands. |
|||
Kyle experiences a nightmare in which the rape incident is revealed to be about ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'', which he saw earlier in the summer. He was appalled to see [[George Lucas]] and [[Steven Spielberg]] "rape" [[Indiana Jones]], in the sense of destroying the integrity of the character and the film series by making a nonsensical and incoherent "popcorn movie." Other boys similarly are going through a tough time after having witnessed the "rape" alongside Kyle themselves. Jimmy, commiserating by the lake, sees a similarly depressed Stan, and the two converse about the incident, and as Stan is leaving, Jimmy tearfully calls out to him that he cannot pretend things have not changed. Later dream sequences by the boys are more literal in their interpretation of the term "rape." |
|||
In the second half of the 7th century, the fate of the eastern and southern Slavic tribes was forever associated with another people — Bulgars (proto-Bulgarians) — who, led by Asparuh, forced Byzantium after a series of battles to recognize in 681 the new state of Slavs and Bulgars, to conclude a peace treaty with them and pay them an annual tax. Another Bulgar leader, Kuber, with his group settled in Macedonia and from there tried to conquer Solun. |
|||
Meanwhile, Cartman and Butters dress up as [[stereotype|stereotypical]] Chinese children and go to [[P. F. Chang's China Bistro|P. F. Chang's]] to try and trick the Chinese people there into telling them when the "invasion" is set to occur. Cartman's frustration doubles upon seeing Americans working there and (in his eyes) selling out their country. The two boys' antics begin to annoy everyone, but when they are asked to leave, they instead take the entire restaurant [[hostage]]. Cartman gives Butters a gun and tells him to fire at a man who is trying to escape; Butters' shot accidentally hits the man in the [[genitalia]]. An enraged Cartman yells at Butters that "shooting guys in the [[penis|dick]] is not cool." |
|||
During 6 to 9 century most of the Slavic tribes to the north and south of the Danube were included within the Bulgarian state, which became an attractive center for Slavs, because they considered Bulgars as their defenders and allies against the common enemy Byzantium. Slavs, through their superiority in number, assimilated first the local Thracian population, who had been partly Romanized and partly Hellenized, and then the two Bulgar tribes (one in the northeast and the other in the area of today's Macedonia). Through this process of assimilation, Slavs became the main ethnic component of the Bulgarian ethnicity in the three geographic areas — Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia — that comprised the Bulgarian state during most of its existence until it was conquered by the Ottomans. The name of the new state — Bulgaria — was derived from Bulgars whose families governed the state administration. Such examples are not rare in the political history of European nations. It is enough to indicate the case with the French, a people of Latin origin, who took the name of the Germanic tribe Franks. |
|||
At the same time, Kyle visits the Park County [[District Attorney]] and asks him to arrest Spielberg and Lucas for raping Indiana Jones. The attorney initially dismisses the case as rubbish, even after Stan, Jimmy, Clyde and Kenny come to back Kyle up, but when they make him relive the rape in his mind, he tearfully agrees to help them. The attorney and the boys go to the Park County Police Station and try to convince [[List of other South Park residents#Sergeant Harrison Yates|Sergeant Yates]] to find Lucas and Spielberg, but Yates refuses, as he never saw the movie, which shocks the boys. After another policeman admits he did see the movie and relives the rape in his mind, Yates agrees to help the boys bring down Lucas and Spielberg. |
|||
It is well known and universally accepted that early Bulgarian (and Slavic, in general) literature is associated with the work of the Solun brothers Cyril and Methodius. Direct incentive for the creation of Slavic alphabet and the first Slavic books was the request of the Moravian Prince Rostislav made in 862 to the Byzantine Emperor Michael, to send him "a bishop and mentor" to preach Christianity in understandable language. For this difficult educational mission, the Byzantine Emperor chose Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and his brother Methodius who had been already famous for their knowledge. According to the hagiographies of two brothers-saints, the Emperor chose them because, although they were Byzantines, as citizens of Solun they knew the language of the local Slavo-Bulgarian population. Cyril made a new alphabet (glagolitsa), which was original and cleverly composed to fit the local Slavic language and translated the most important liturgical books from Greek to Slavo-Bulgarian with the help of Methodius. |
|||
At the restaurant, the police arrive to respond to the hostage situation and Butters accidentally wounds one of them in the genitalia. Noticing that one of the policemen is Chinese, Cartman convinces himself that the Chinese have already infiltrated the [[United States]]. He demands to speak directly with the [[President of the United States|President]], the only safe option in his view. |
|||
The mission of the two brothers in Moravia was not successful: their schools were closed and their students were persecuted and driven out of Moravia. Some of the students reached Bulgaria where they were met with respect and jubilation. Bulgaria was ruled at this time by the learned Tsar Boris I, who several years earlier had enforced Christianization of Bulgarians. Boris I immediately organized building of schools and teaching the new Slavic alphabet throughout Bulgaria. Two centers of learning and writing, led by Cyril and Methodius students, were established in Bulgaria: one in the second Bulgarian capital Preslav in the northeast, led by Naum and Ioan Exarch, and the other in Ochrid in the southwest, led by Climent. In the second half of 9th and the first half of 10th centuries these centers, and also schools and monasteries throughout Bulgaria produced the earliest Slavic literature, a period which is known as the Golden Century in Bulgarian culture.<ref>For some of the most important works of this period, see Ivanova K. and S. Nikolova. ''Celebration of Words. The Golden Century of Bulgarian Literature: Annals, Biographies, Theology, Rhetorics, Poetry'' (Тържество на Словото. Златният Век на Българската Книжнина: Летописи, жития, богословие, риторика, поезия). Sofia: Agata-A, 1995.</ref> |
|||
In the closing moments, the police find and take away Spielberg and Lucas, right as the two directors are raping a [[Imperial Stormtrooper|Stormtrooper]]. The two are taken off to jail despite their protests over a lack of evidence and the huge totals they have brought in at the box office. Meanwhile, at the restaurant, Butters has now shot a [[SWAT team]] officer in the genitalia, by which time Cartman is fed up, and abandons his mission of saving America in frustration. As he is walking outside to announce his surrender, a police officer arrives to inform the others that Lucas and Spielberg are finally in custody. The officers and hostages all rejoice that "it's all over," and while everyone is hugging and crying, Cartman and Butters sneak away. Cartman ultimately explains to Butters that seeing Butters "go crazy" has made him realize that it may be difficult or feel intimidating for Americans to witness the emergence of a new global power but that Americans need to be more accepting of the idea. He adds that he is always willing to defend his country, but not if it means shooting people in the penis and losing his dignity. |
|||
The presence of a common written language at such early time preceding the formation of most other European nations was a great unifying factor that gave a strong impetus to the consolidation of the Bulgarian nation and the development of Bulgarian national conscience. In the following centuries during periods of foreign occupation, the effort to preserve the Bulgarian language was the main factor counteracting the assimilatory policies of the occupying powers. |
|||
As Cartman dramatically walks away, Butters mumbles that he does not understand the big deal about ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull|Crystal Skull]]'', as he actually thought that it was a pretty good movie. |
|||
===Periods in language development=== |
|||
====Prehistoric period==== |
|||
The period from the time of the settlement of the Slavo-Bulgarians on the Balkans until the late 9th century is considered a prehistoric period for the Bulgarian language. |
|||
== Cultural references == |
|||
Some linguistic features of the Slavo-Bulgarian dialects before the appearance of Slavic books (9th century) can be inferred through the analysis of the numerous local Slavic names, preserved since that distant era in areas populated by Slavo-Bulgarians, and by old Bulgarian loan words that entered the Albanian, Greek, Romanian and Hungarian languages. Best suited for this purpose are Slavic toponyms in today's Greece, particularly in its southern parts. Slavo-Bulgarian population in Greece was assimilated by Greeks (Hellenized) much earlier than in the trans-Danubian regions. Furthermore, the Greek lands were far from any later influence from another Slavic language. Compared with the very few Slavic loan words in the Greek language, the Greek toponyms of Slavic origin in today's Greece surprise with their great number and antiquity. Most of them reflect the very old phonetic features of the language of the Bulgarian Slavs who penetrated as already noted, deep in southern Greece. It was not so with the trans-Danubian regions that are now occupied by Hungary and Romania. Surrounded from all sides by other Slavic nations, they had been experiencing their varied impact over the following centuries. |
|||
The spelling of the episode's title is a reference to [[Engrish]], something that the show often uses. |
|||
Cartman and Butters's subplot makes several references to the rapid industrial and political development of modern [[China]], including the [[2008 Beijing Olympic Games]]. |
|||
Between 6th to 9th century A.D. the Slavic languages gradually separated by a slow but constant departure from the original proto-Slavic language. In this period the Bulgarian national language slowly took shape on the basis of tribal dialects of the Slavo-Bulgarian population, whose main mass was located already in the south-eastern regions of the Balkan Peninsula. The earliest differences between the emerging Slavic languages were phonetic. Thus, for example, in the dialects of the Slavo-Bulgarian tribes the proto-Slavic palatals *tj and *dj were already pronounced as diphtongs '''шт''' /ʃt/ (or шч /ʃtʃ/) and '''жд''' /ʒd/ (or ждж /ʒdʒ/), cf. свѣ'''шт'''а from pr.-Sl. свѣ/*tj/а and ме'''жд'''а from pr.-Sl. ме/*dj/а. In all other Slavic languages these sounds underwent a different change specific for each language. An early difference between the Slavo-Bulgarian dialects and the dialects of other Slavic peoples is found in the evolution of the typical proto-Slavic vowel '''ѣ''' /*ja/ (yat). Only in the dialects of the Slavo-Bulgarians, ѣ evolved in wide ''e'' (either я /ʲa/ or е /ɛ/) which is very typical even for the modern Bulgarian language, cf. e.g. хл'''я'''б /hlʲab/ (bread) or dial. хл'''е'''б /hlɛb/ from pr. Sl. хлѣбъ. |
|||
The episode lampoons ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' as disloyal to the rest of the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' franchise. To this end, several scenes depict Lucas and Spielberg engaged in the violent rape of Indiana Jones, marking the second time the two men were portrayed as antagonists against their own creation since "[[Free Hat]]". Their raping of a Stormtrooper later could easily be a similar critique of ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', and possibly of the entire [[Star Wars prequel trilogy]]. |
|||
Abundant evidence shows that in the language of the Slavo-Bulgarians the palatinized *tj and *dj were pronounced as /ʃt/ and /ʒd/ and the yat vowel was pronounced as /*ja/. Those are found primarily in archaic Slavo-Bulgarian toponymy in today's Greece and South and Central Albania, i.e. in areas that were densely populated by Slavo-Bulgarian population. Thus, in today Greece there are local names as Κορύ'''στ'''ιανη = Кори'''шт'''ане, Πε'''στ'''ά = Пе'''шт''', Με'''σδ'''άνι = Ме'''жд'''ане. South and Central Albanian toponyms are Пе'''шт'''ер, Ле'''шт'''а, Хо'''шт'''ова, Га'''жд'''ени. The fact that the yat vowel ѣ in the language of the Slavo-Bulgarians was pronounced as я /*ja/, is demonstrated by the presence of archaic Slavic toponyms in Greece as ̒Ρ'''εά'''χοβου = Р'''я'''хово, Λ'''ια'''σκοβέτσι = Л'''я'''сковец, Δρ'''α'''νίτσα = Др'''я'''ница. In today's South and Central Albania one finds archaic Slavic toponyms like Лясковик, Лябово, Сяново, etc. Hence, it is evident why all researchers of archaic Slavic toponymy in Greece and Albania clearly state that it is a remnant of a Slavic population who spoke Bulgarian language.<ref>Max Vasmer (1941).Die Slaven in Griechenland, Mit eine Karte. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1941 (Zentral Antiquariat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Leipzig 1970).</ref><ref>Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.</ref> The diphtongs '''шт''' and '''жд''' (the diphtong шт later acquired a letter, шт = щ) and the yat vowel '''ѣ''' as in хлѣб, мѣсто, грѣх remain typical for a large part of the Bulgarian dialects. |
|||
The dream sequence in which Lucas and Spielberg first rape Indiana is a reference to the movie ''[[Boys Don't Cry (film)|Boys Don't Cry]]''. |
|||
====Old Bulgarian==== |
|||
The earliest written sources that give information on the history of Bulgarian language are from 10th to 11th century. These are manuscripts on parchment, mostly transcripts of translations of Cyril and Methodius and their students. The language in the translations represents the first stage in the development of the Bulgarian written language. This language has the following major phonetic and morphological features: |
|||
*Existence of nasal vowels '''ѫ''' /oⁿ/ and '''ѧ''' /eⁿ/, for example, пѫть, мѫжь, рѧдъ, мѧсо |
|||
*Phonematic vowels '''ъ''' and '''ь''' |
|||
*Wide pronunciation of '''ѣ''' (either /*ja/ or /ɛ/) |
|||
*Vowel '''ы''' |
|||
*Reflex of the proto-Slavic /*tj/, /*dj/ as шт /ʃt/ (or шч /ʃtʃ/), жд /ʒd/ in words like хоштѫ, виждѫ, etc. |
|||
Old Bulgarian shows many common features with stages of development of the other Slavic languages. However, the translations of the Solun brothers show a number of morphological and syntactic features that were typical only for the Bulgarian population of 9th to 11th centuries, mostly word combinations like '''сестра еи''' (bg:сестра ӣ, her sister), '''братъ емоу''' (bg:брат му, his brother), '''рѫка ти''' (bg:ръката ти, your hand) that were not used by other Slavs. The main morphological features of Old Bulgarian are presence of cases, the presence of a variant of the infinitive form called supine form, synthetic adjective comparison forms, past imperfect, past perfect, and future simple verb tenses, etc. |
|||
The daydream of the lawyer consulted by the kids shows [[George Lucas]] raping [[Indiana Jones]] on a ''[[Howard the Duck (film)|Howard the Duck]]'' pinball machine at a bar with [[Steven Spielberg]] cheering him on. This is in reference to the movie ''[[The Accused (1988 film)|The Accused]]''. The district attorney can be seen playing a ''[[Willow (movie)|Willow]]'' arcade game during the nightmare sequence. There was a quick appearance made by Nazi Agent [[Toht]] and a couple of his Nepalese companions, referencing the Nepal bar scene in the first Indiana Jones movie ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', who are shocked and repulsed by the act, and simply walk out of the room. |
|||
The Bulgarian character of the language of Cyril and Methodius was scientifically proven as early as 19th century during the emergence of Slavic linguistics on the basis of the above phonetic features.<ref> For details, see V. Jagić, Entstehungsgeschichte der altkirchen-slawischen Sprache, Berlin, 1913.</ref> The most important evidence are the above mentioned diphtongs шт and жд that appear in old Bulgarian manuscripts instead of the proto-Slavic palatals *tj and *dj. This is a typical feature only for Bulgarian: all other Slavic languages have other replacements of these proto-Slavic phonemes. Thus, e.g., the proto-Slavic forms свѣт/*tj/а, ме/*dј/а in old manuscripts are written as свѣ'''шт'''а, ме'''жд'''а (as they are spoken in modern Bulgarian) unlike the Serbo-Croatian све'''ћ'''а, ме'''ђ'''а, Russian све'''ч'''а, ме'''ж'''а, Polish swie'''c'''a, mie'''dz'''a, Czech svi'''c'''e, me'''z'''e. Moreover, the шт/жд reflex is a feature, characteristic for the whole Bulgarian dialect area. Data from old manuscripts, toponyms, and modern dialects show convincingly that the modern ќ /c/, ѓ /ɟ/ instead of шт, жд, e.g. свеќа, граѓанин for свешта, гражданин in some Western Bulgarian dialects, especially in those from the central and northern part of Vardar Macedonia and also in some Thracian dialects, are a much later phenomenon. It is indicative in this respect that words with old шт, жд are used alongside the new ќ, ѓ in many of these dialects, e.g. свеќа alongside with свештник and мошне. Cf. also веќе, ќи, ќерка, but къшча, свешча, чуждина, прежда, веждите, etc. (Kostur dialect); куйќа, полноќ, помеѓу, нейќит, but рождат, нош, фаштат, свешча, гашчи, чуж, etc. (Resen dialect). In contrast to the great variety of reflexes in the modern western Bulgarian dialects, old manuscripts contain only шт, жд forms, irrespective of the region from which they originate. Important in this respect is the comparatively late Bulgarian-Greek dictionary that was written in the Kostur region in 16th century.<ref>This manuscript, published by C. Gianelli and A. Vaiant is kept in the Vatican Library and has the title ''Beginning. Bulgarian words and their correspondence with the folk [Greek] language'' (Ἀρχ(ὴ) ἐν Βουλγαρὶοις ριμὰτον, εἰς κινῆ γλότα ἐρχομἕνη).</ref> The dictionary has only шт, жд forms: кашта, вяжда, рожда. |
|||
The scene where Indiana is forced to squeal like a pig while he is raped is a direct reference to ''[[Deliverance]]'' where [[Ned Beatty]]'s character, Bobby, is forced to strip in front of two [[hillbillies]]. |
|||
Another important evidence for the Bulgarian character of the Cyril and Methodius language is the above-mentioned pronunciation of ѣ, which was written in words like хлѣбъ, млѣко, вѣра, etc. Yat (ѣ) was pronounced as /*ja/ or wide ''е'' /*e/ which is suggested by the fact that in the glagolithic alphabet invented by Cyril there is only one common letter for ѣ and ѩ. Reliable data show that in 9th-11th century the wide pronunciation of ѣ was spread on the whole language area that included the regions Moesia, Thrace, and Macedonia.<ref>Evidence for the old Bulgarian character of ѣ is given in van Wijk, N. ''History of the Old Slavic language'' (История старославянското языка), Moscow, 1957, pp. 188—189.</ref> As already noted, the former /*ja/ pronunciation of ѣ in the western Bulgarian regions is mainly inferred from old Greek names of some Slavic toponyms in today's Ekavian regions like Πριλιάπος = Прилѣпъ, Πρίσδριανα = Призрѣнъ, Δεάβολις = Дѣволъ, Χτεάτοβο = Хтѣтово, Тетово, Τριάδιτσα = Срѣдьць, etc. Western Blgarian forms like цадим (OBg:цѣдити), цаним (OBg:цѣнити), цалувам (OBg:цѣловати), цапам (OBg:цѣпити) with a de-palatinized (hardened) consonant ц /ts/ in front of the wide vowel /ʲa/ or /e/ are another evidence that the western Bulgarian pronunciation цел, хлеб, место, тесно is a late phenomenon. |
|||
The original music composed for the episode features variations on the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' theme and themes from ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull|Crystal Skull]]''. |
|||
As a ''[[Dachsprache]]'', standard Bulgarian is generally divided into the following dialectal groups and individual dialects:<ref>Per Stoykov.</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
| |
|||
'''Eastern Bulgarian dialects:''' |
|||
* '''[[Moesian dialects]]''' |
|||
** [[Shumen dialect]] |
|||
* '''[[Balkan dialects]]''' |
|||
** [[Central Balkan dialect]] |
|||
** [[Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect]] |
|||
** [[Panagyurishte dialect]] |
|||
** [[Pirdop dialect]] |
|||
** [[Teteven dialect]] |
|||
** [[Erkech dialect]] |
|||
** [[Subbalkan dialect]] |
|||
* '''[[Rup dialects]]''' |
|||
** [[Strandzha dialect]] |
|||
** [[Thracian dialect]] |
|||
** [[Hvoyna dialect]] |
|||
** [[Chepino dialect]] |
|||
** [[Paulician dialect]] |
|||
** [[Zlatograd dialect]] |
|||
** [[Babyak dialect]] |
|||
** [[Razlog dialect]] |
|||
** [[Serres-Nevrokop dialect]] |
|||
| |
|||
'''Western Bulgarian dialects:''' |
|||
* '''[[Northwestern Bulgarian dialects]]''' |
|||
** [[Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect]] |
|||
** [[Vidin-Lom dialect]] |
|||
* '''[[Southwestern Bulgarian dialects]]''' |
|||
** [[Botevgrad dialect]] |
|||
** [[Vratsa dialect]] |
|||
** [[Ihtiman dialect]] |
|||
** [[Elin Pelin dialect]] |
|||
** [[Sofia dialect]] |
|||
** [[Samokov dialect]] |
|||
** [[Dupnitsa dialect]] |
|||
** [[Kyustendil dialect]] |
|||
** [[Maleševo-Pirin dialect|Maleshevo-Pirin dialect]] |
|||
* '''[[Transitional Bulgarian dialects]]''' |
|||
** [[Tran dialect]] |
|||
** [[Breznik dialect]] |
|||
** [[Belogradchik dialect]] |
|||
| |
|||
'''Among the traditional diaspora:''' |
|||
* [[Banat Bulgarians#Language|Banat Bulgarian dialect]] |
|||
* [[Wallachia]]n Bulgarian dialects |
|||
* [[Transylvania]]n Bulgarian dialects |
|||
* Bulgarian dialects in the former [[Soviet Union]] |
|||
* [[Anatolian Bulgarians|Anatolian]] dialect |
|||
|} |
|||
<small>This list includes only dialects unanimously considered to be Bulgarian, i.e. those spoken in an area at least partially in Bulgaria or among the Bulgarian diaspora.</small> |
|||
were English ( Look up "were" in Wikipedia ) |
|||
The rape laments are similar to the regret expressed within the book (and movie) "The Kite Runner". |
|||
Noun |
|||
archaic for man (human male), see werewolf, weregild, world. |
|||
== References == |
|||
Verb |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
Second-person singular simple past tense indicative of be. |
|||
{{Episode navigation|parent=[[List of South Park episodes|''South Park'' episodes]]|prev=[[Super Fun Time]]|next=TBA}} |
|||
John, you were the only person to see him. |
|||
[[Category:South Park episodes: Season 12]] |
|||
First-person plural simple past tense indicative of be. |
|||
[[fr:The China Probrem]] |
|||
We were about to leave. |
|||
[[ru:Китайская пробрема]] |
|||
Second-person plural simple past tense indicative of be. |
|||
Mary and John, you were right. |
|||
Third-person plural simple past tense indicative of be. |
|||
They were a fine group. |
|||
Simple past tense subjunctive in all persons of be. |
|||
I wish it were Sunday. |
|||
I wish I were with you. |
|||
with "if" omitted, put first in an "if" clause: |
|||
Were it simply that she wore a hat, I would not be upset at all. (= If it were simply...) |
|||
Were father a king, we would have war. (= If father were a king,...) |
|||
==See also== |
|||
* [[History of the Bulgarian language]] |
|||
* [[Bulgarian lexis]] |
|||
* [[Bulgarian grammar]] |
|||
* [[Torlak dialect]] |
|||
* [[Našinski]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
*{{cite book |title=Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology)|last=Стойков (Stoykov)|first=Стойко |authorlink=Stoyko Stoykov |origyear=1962 |year=2002 |location=София |publisher=Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов" |language=Bulgarian |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/index.htm |isbn=9544308466 |oclc=53429452 }} |
|||
*{{cite book |title=Български диалектен атлас: Български говори от Егейска Македония (Bulgarian dialect atlas: Bulgarian dialects in Aegean Macedonia)|last=Иванов (Ivanov)|first=Йордан (Yordan) |year=1972 |location=София |publisher=Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов" |language=Bulgarian |url= |isbn= |oclc=7321826 }} |
|||
*{{cite book |title=Български диалектен атлас (Bulgarian dialect atlas)|last=Кочев (Kochev)|first=Иван (Ivan) |year=2001 |location=София |publisher=BAN, KK "Trud" |language=Bulgarian |url= |isbn=9549034410 |oclc=48368312 }} |
|||
{{Bulgarian dialects}} |
|||
[[Category:Bulgarian language]] |
|||
[[Category:Dialects of the Bulgarian language|*]] |
|||
[[Category:Dialects by language]] |
|||
[[bg:Българска диалектология]] |
|||
Revision as of 19:45, 10 October 2008
| "The China Probrem" |
|---|
"The China Probrem"[1] is episode 1208 (#175) of the animated series South Park,Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). which aired on October 8, 2008. It was the mid-season premiere for season 12. It is available to be streamed at South Park Studios.[2]
Plot
Cartman has been plagued by persistent nightmares about the Chinese ever since he watched the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics on TV. He awakens one night after yet another bad dream, and his mother tries to calm him, but Cartman comes to believe that the Chinese, with their "2 billion"-man population and "advances in technology," are a growing threat to America and the world. He concludes that America will be invaded by the Chinese within days.
The next day, Cartman goes to warn Stan, Kyle, and Kenny, but Kyle suddenly runs off after seemingly breaking the fourth wall, unable to denounce Cartman's outrageous ideas as he usually does. Stan later confronts him about this sudden departure and Kyle states that he cannot pretend things are normal again after "the rape of a friend." He confesses his feelings of deep guilt and his regret over the fact he, Stan and their friends "just stood there and did nothing". Stan admits that he shares Kyle's feelings but that they nonetheless have to move forward with their lives.
Elsewhere, Cartman finds Butters while the latter is taking a bath, and convinces Butters to join him in saving America instead.
Kyle experiences a nightmare in which the rape incident is revealed to be about Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, which he saw earlier in the summer. He was appalled to see George Lucas and Steven Spielberg "rape" Indiana Jones, in the sense of destroying the integrity of the character and the film series by making a nonsensical and incoherent "popcorn movie." Other boys similarly are going through a tough time after having witnessed the "rape" alongside Kyle themselves. Jimmy, commiserating by the lake, sees a similarly depressed Stan, and the two converse about the incident, and as Stan is leaving, Jimmy tearfully calls out to him that he cannot pretend things have not changed. Later dream sequences by the boys are more literal in their interpretation of the term "rape."
Meanwhile, Cartman and Butters dress up as stereotypical Chinese children and go to P. F. Chang's to try and trick the Chinese people there into telling them when the "invasion" is set to occur. Cartman's frustration doubles upon seeing Americans working there and (in his eyes) selling out their country. The two boys' antics begin to annoy everyone, but when they are asked to leave, they instead take the entire restaurant hostage. Cartman gives Butters a gun and tells him to fire at a man who is trying to escape; Butters' shot accidentally hits the man in the genitalia. An enraged Cartman yells at Butters that "shooting guys in the dick is not cool."
At the same time, Kyle visits the Park County District Attorney and asks him to arrest Spielberg and Lucas for raping Indiana Jones. The attorney initially dismisses the case as rubbish, even after Stan, Jimmy, Clyde and Kenny come to back Kyle up, but when they make him relive the rape in his mind, he tearfully agrees to help them. The attorney and the boys go to the Park County Police Station and try to convince Sergeant Yates to find Lucas and Spielberg, but Yates refuses, as he never saw the movie, which shocks the boys. After another policeman admits he did see the movie and relives the rape in his mind, Yates agrees to help the boys bring down Lucas and Spielberg.
At the restaurant, the police arrive to respond to the hostage situation and Butters accidentally wounds one of them in the genitalia. Noticing that one of the policemen is Chinese, Cartman convinces himself that the Chinese have already infiltrated the United States. He demands to speak directly with the President, the only safe option in his view.
In the closing moments, the police find and take away Spielberg and Lucas, right as the two directors are raping a Stormtrooper. The two are taken off to jail despite their protests over a lack of evidence and the huge totals they have brought in at the box office. Meanwhile, at the restaurant, Butters has now shot a SWAT team officer in the genitalia, by which time Cartman is fed up, and abandons his mission of saving America in frustration. As he is walking outside to announce his surrender, a police officer arrives to inform the others that Lucas and Spielberg are finally in custody. The officers and hostages all rejoice that "it's all over," and while everyone is hugging and crying, Cartman and Butters sneak away. Cartman ultimately explains to Butters that seeing Butters "go crazy" has made him realize that it may be difficult or feel intimidating for Americans to witness the emergence of a new global power but that Americans need to be more accepting of the idea. He adds that he is always willing to defend his country, but not if it means shooting people in the penis and losing his dignity.
As Cartman dramatically walks away, Butters mumbles that he does not understand the big deal about Crystal Skull, as he actually thought that it was a pretty good movie.
Cultural references
The spelling of the episode's title is a reference to Engrish, something that the show often uses.
Cartman and Butters's subplot makes several references to the rapid industrial and political development of modern China, including the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
The episode lampoons Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull as disloyal to the rest of the Indiana Jones franchise. To this end, several scenes depict Lucas and Spielberg engaged in the violent rape of Indiana Jones, marking the second time the two men were portrayed as antagonists against their own creation since "Free Hat". Their raping of a Stormtrooper later could easily be a similar critique of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, and possibly of the entire Star Wars prequel trilogy.
The dream sequence in which Lucas and Spielberg first rape Indiana is a reference to the movie Boys Don't Cry.
The daydream of the lawyer consulted by the kids shows George Lucas raping Indiana Jones on a Howard the Duck pinball machine at a bar with Steven Spielberg cheering him on. This is in reference to the movie The Accused. The district attorney can be seen playing a Willow arcade game during the nightmare sequence. There was a quick appearance made by Nazi Agent Toht and a couple of his Nepalese companions, referencing the Nepal bar scene in the first Indiana Jones movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, who are shocked and repulsed by the act, and simply walk out of the room.
The scene where Indiana is forced to squeal like a pig while he is raped is a direct reference to Deliverance where Ned Beatty's character, Bobby, is forced to strip in front of two hillbillies.
The original music composed for the episode features variations on the Indiana Jones theme and themes from Crystal Skull.
The rape laments are similar to the regret expressed within the book (and movie) "The Kite Runner".
References
- ^ http://www.southparkstudios.com/guide/1208/ The China Probrem - Episode Guide - South Park Studio
- ^ http://www.southparkstudios.com/episodes/187260/