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'''Brécourt''' was a [[Nazi Germany]] V-1 launch pad in [[Équeurdreville-Hainneville]] near [[Cherbourg]], in [[Manche]] of [[Normandy]], northern [[France]]. |
'''Brécourt''' was a [[Nazi Germany]] V-1 launch pad in [[Équeurdreville-Hainneville]] near [[Cherbourg]], in [[Manche]] of [[Normandy]], northern [[France]]. |
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Originally built by the French Navy as underground fuel oil storage tunnels, the Brécourt facility was repurposed during World War II by the German Army to store [[V-2 rocket |
Originally built by the French Navy as underground fuel oil storage tunnels, the Brécourt facility was repurposed during World War II by the German Army to store [[V-2 rocket]]s . In 1943, the Luftwaffe took over the site and used it as a launch pad for [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1 unmanned flying bombs]] to attack the [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol harbour]]. The launch pad, though not fully completed, was captured by American forces in June 1944. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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== World war II == |
== World war II == |
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[[Code name|Codenamed]] ''Ölkeller Cherbourg'' ("Cherbourg oil cellar"),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borel |first1=Olivier |title=Des armes secrètes allemandes aux fusées françaises : répertoire numérique détaillé du fonds Hautefeuille (1927–1997), Z 32 598 – Z 32 607 et Z 34 009 – Z 34 010 |year=2000 |publisher=Service Historique de l'Armée de l'Air |location=Vincennes |isbn=2-904521-33-X |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/contenu/functions/dc/attached/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc_att-FRSHD_PUB_00000268.pdf |chapter=Liste des principales désignations allemandes et alliées attribuées aux sites de tir allemands construits en France |first2=Stéphane |last2=Droulier |access-date=6 June 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142304/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/contenu/functions/dc/attached/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc_att-FRSHD_PUB_00000268.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Brécourt's installations were reused by the German army to store [[V-2 rocket]]s.<ref name="jeanmaridor" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Henshall |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersvweaponsi0000hens/page/144/mode/2up |title=Hitler's V-weapons and Their Launching Sites |date=2002-05-23 |publisher=Sutton Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-0-7509-2607-2 |pages=141-144 |language=English}}</ref> Brecourt was variously codenamed was ''"Minenlager"'' (mine storage) or ''"Ersatz B8"'' or ''"Wasserwerk n°2"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |title=German V-weapon sites |
[[Code name|Codenamed]] ''Ölkeller Cherbourg'' ("Cherbourg oil cellar"),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borel |first1=Olivier |title=Des armes secrètes allemandes aux fusées françaises : répertoire numérique détaillé du fonds Hautefeuille (1927–1997), Z 32 598 – Z 32 607 et Z 34 009 – Z 34 010 |year=2000 |publisher=Service Historique de l'Armée de l'Air |location=Vincennes |isbn=2-904521-33-X |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/contenu/functions/dc/attached/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc_att-FRSHD_PUB_00000268.pdf |chapter=Liste des principales désignations allemandes et alliées attribuées aux sites de tir allemands construits en France |first2=Stéphane |last2=Droulier |access-date=6 June 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142304/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/contenu/functions/dc/attached/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc/FRSHD_PUB_00000268_dc_att-FRSHD_PUB_00000268.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Brécourt's installations were reused by the German army to store [[V-2 rocket]]s.<ref name="jeanmaridor" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Henshall |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersvweaponsi0000hens/page/144/mode/2up |title=Hitler's V-weapons and Their Launching Sites |date=2002-05-23 |publisher=Sutton Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-0-7509-2607-2 |pages=141-144 |language=English}}</ref> Brecourt was variously codenamed was ''"Minenlager"'' (mine storage) or ''"Ersatz B8"'' or ''"Wasserwerk n°2"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |title=German V-weapon sites 1943–45 |last2=Johnson |first2=Hugh |last3=Taylor |first3=Chris |date=2009 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84603-247-9 |edition=Nachdr. |series=Fortress |location=Oxford}}</ref> Late 1943, when the V-2 program was delayed by technical difficulties, the facility was converted by the Luftwaffe to a [[V-1 flying bomb]] launch facility.<ref name="Collier">{{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–1945 |orig-year=1964 |year=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4 |pages=35}}</ref><ref name="Henshall">{{cite book |last=Henshall|first=Philip|title=Hitler's Rocket Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersrocketsit00hens|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=St Martin's Press|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrocketsit00hens/page/147 147] |isbn=978-0-312-38822-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlantikwall.org.uk/new_page_61.htm |title=Brecourt |work=The Atlantik Wall In Normandy |access-date=2008-02-27}}</ref> |
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The ramp consisted of two parallel reinforced concrete walls, {{convert|75| m|ft|abbr=on}} long, with a notch on the inside faces giving the slope of the ramp, which was oriented towards the port of [[Bristol]].<ref name=":0" /> |
The ramp consisted of two parallel reinforced concrete walls, {{convert|75| m|ft|abbr=on}} long, with a notch on the inside faces giving the slope of the ramp, which was oriented towards the port of [[Bristol]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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Revision as of 12:44, 5 November 2023
| Brécourt aliases: Équeurdreville,[1] Martinvast[2] | |
|---|---|
| Part of Nazi Germany | |
| Équeurdreville-Hainneville, Manche, Normandy, France | |
 Rear view of the incomplete launching ramp for German V-1 flying bombs, at Brécourt, Cherbourg, 12 July 1944. Note the camouflage netting suspended over the site. | |
| Coordinates | 49°39′7″N 1°40′12″W / 49.65194°N 1.67000°W |
| Type | Bunker, V-1 flying bomb launch facility |
| Site information | |
| Open to the public | No |
| Condition | ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1932 French oil storage cistern, 1943 Nazi Germany bunker & launch facility |
| Built by | Organization Todt |
| In use | never used [3] |
| Materials | reinforced concrete |
| Battles/wars | Operation Crossbow |
| Events | V-1 launch facility begun 1943, bombed 11 November 1943, captured July 1944 |
Brécourt was a Nazi Germany V-1 launch pad in Équeurdreville-Hainneville near Cherbourg, in Manche of Normandy, northern France.
Originally built by the French Navy as underground fuel oil storage tunnels, the Brécourt facility was repurposed during World War II by the German Army to store V-2 rockets . In 1943, the Luftwaffe took over the site and used it as a launch pad for V-1 unmanned flying bombs to attack the Bristol harbour. The launch pad, though not fully completed, was captured by American forces in June 1944.
History
The French 1922 naval program recommended the deployment of oil-fired boilers in warships, and obliged the French Navy to equip itself with storage facilities for this new fuel. The Brécourt site was chosen for strategic reasons, given its proximity to the port of Cherbourg in the commune of Equeurdreville-Hainneville. The construction works lasted from 1932 to 1938. 5,000 workers built eight concrete tanks, each with a capacity of 10,000 m³ of fuel oil, under the granite hill, topped by 15 to 25 meters of rock to protect them from any kind of bombardment. Two underground electrical generators, equipped with 400 hp (300 kW) motors, were built to power the submersible pumps, ventilation and electrical system. Fuel oil was transported by pipelines from the storage tanks to the port to easily supply the warships with fuel. These major works provide the French Navy with optimum storage facilities for a total of 80,000 m3 (2,800,000 cu ft) of fuel oil in tanks with the following characteristics:[4]
- Length: 72 metres (236 ft)
- Base width: 13.5 metres (44 ft)
- Width at vault: 15 metres (49 ft)
- Height at vault: 15 metres (49 ft)
- Max fuel height : 10.6 metres (35 ft)
During the German occupation of Cherbourg, the navy personnel made the facilities unusable by the occupying forces. After being liberated, the site returned to its original functions until 1986.
The bunker was declared a French protected monument on 1 December 1996.[5] The site is closed to the public, except during the annual Heritage Days.
World war II
Codenamed Ölkeller Cherbourg ("Cherbourg oil cellar"),[6] Brécourt's installations were reused by the German army to store V-2 rockets.[7][8] Brecourt was variously codenamed was "Minenlager" (mine storage) or "Ersatz B8" or "Wasserwerk n°2".[9] Late 1943, when the V-2 program was delayed by technical difficulties, the facility was converted by the Luftwaffe to a V-1 flying bomb launch facility.[10][11][12]
The ramp consisted of two parallel reinforced concrete walls, 75 m (246 ft) long, with a notch on the inside faces giving the slope of the ramp, which was oriented towards the port of Bristol.[5]
The Brécourt military installation was virtually undetectable by aerial observation.[3][13] However, the 387th Bombardment Group records indicate Operation Crossbow bombing in Manche of a "Martinvast V-1 site" on 11 November 1943, which may have been Brécourt.[14]
The launch pad was not fully completed when the Allies captured Brécourt a few days before July 4, 1944. both Dwight Eisenhower and Winston Churchill subsequently visited the facility.[7]
See also
References
- ^ "Fortifications Built by Prussia or Germany". Fortifications of the World. 2003-05-25. Archived from the original on 2005-02-09. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ King, Benjamin (9 September 2009). Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II. Hachette Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-7867-5167-9.
- ^ a b "Cherbourg-Brécourt". Bases launch V1 Cotentin and Seine-Maritime. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ Hautefeuille, Roland (1995). Constructions spéciales : histoire de la construction par l'"Organisation Todt", dans le Pas-de-Calais et la Cotentin, des neufs grands sites protégés pour le tir des V1, V2, V3, et la production d'oxygène liquide, (1943–1944) (in French) (2 ed.). Paris. ISBN 2-9500899-0-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Rampe de lancement de V1 de Brécourt
- ^ Borel, Olivier; Droulier, Stéphane (2000). "Liste des principales désignations allemandes et alliées attribuées aux sites de tir allemands construits en France". Des armes secrètes allemandes aux fusées françaises : répertoire numérique détaillé du fonds Hautefeuille (1927–1997), Z 32 598 – Z 32 607 et Z 34 009 – Z 34 010 (PDF) (in French). Vincennes: Service Historique de l'Armée de l'Air. ISBN 2-904521-33-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ a b Maridor, Jean. "Le site V1 de Cherbourg Brécourt". Les bombes volantes V1. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ Henshall, Philip (2002-05-23). Hitler's V-weapons and Their Launching Sites. Sutton Publishing Ltd. pp. 141–144. ISBN 978-0-7509-2607-2.
- ^ Zaloga, Steve; Johnson, Hugh; Taylor, Chris (2009). German V-weapon sites 1943–45. Fortress (Nachdr. ed.). Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-247-9.
- ^ Collier, Basil (1976) [1964]. The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–1945. Yorkshire: The Emfield Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-7057-0070-4.
- ^ Henshall, Philip (1985). Hitler's Rocket Sites. New York: St Martin's Press. pp. 147. ISBN 978-0-312-38822-5.
- ^ "Brecourt". The Atlantik Wall In Normandy. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ "La fusée A4 V2". Les Sites V1 du Nord de la France. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ "Combat Missions". 387th Bombardment Group (Medium). Retrieved 2008-11-12.
External links