Cherbourg
The historic port city of Cherbourg is now a district and the core city of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin . She was until 2000 an independent municipality in the Manche department in the region of Normandy in northern France . The port city has a seaport with a fleet base for the French Navy and a notable marina . Located on the north coast of the Cotentin peninsula directly on the English Channel , the city is the seat of a sub-prefecture . In 2000 the city of Cherbourg merged with the neighboring municipality of Octeville and since then has had the double name Cherbourg-Octeville . At the beginning of 2016, there was another merger of Cherbourg-Octeville with Équeurdreville-Hainneville , La Glacerie , Querqueville and Tourlaville , and so the entire municipality is now called Cherbourg-en-Cotentin .
geography
Cherbourg is on the Cotentin peninsula . To the east is the Val de Saire and to the west is the La Hague .
Adjacent communities were:
climate
geology
The rocky subsoil of the roadstead consists of slate from the Neoproterozoic . In La Glacerie , slate from the Cambrian was extracted. The typical houses in Cherbourg have slate facades. The Montagne du Roule, which slopes at 45 °, is made of Armorican sandstone . The sandstone was folded from the Ordovician during the Variscan orogeny .
Transport links
Cherbourg is served by the Manéo No. 1 bus line operated by the Manche department ( Saint-Lô - Carentan - Valognes -Cherbourg bus line ). You can get to Barneville-Carteret on the Manéo 10 bus and Barfleur on the 12 Manéo bus .
Cherbourg is on the Paris – Caen – Cherbourg railway line .
Toponymy
Cherbourg is most likely derived from the Scandinavian kjarr = swamp and borg = fortification (cf. German: castle ). Before the Viking Age, Cherbourg was called coriallum in Gallic , which probably already had the same meaning, or Cherbourg comes from the Anglo-Saxon ker (English: moor ) and burgh (English: town ). The root kjarr / ker can also be found in other place names in Normandy , such as Villequier and Gonfreville-l'Orcher .
history
According to research, there was a fortified late Roman castrum called Coriallo or Coriovallo at the site of today's Cherbourg as early as the 4th century , which was built as part of the Litus Saxonicum . The name Coriallo changed to * Ċiriċeburh "village of the church" in Old English at the time of the Great Migration or the Vikings . The exact founding date of the Cherbourg Castle is unknown, but 1026 it is mentioned in a document as one of the most important of the time. In 1066 a Count Gerbert von Cherbourg was named in the army of William the Conqueror at Hastings . When King Stephen invaded Normandy in 1139 in the struggle to maintain his rule in the Anglo-Norman Empire, he was only able to take Cherbourg after a two-month siege. Gottfried von Anjou took possession of the city again in 1142 and his wife, the former Empress Matilda , founded the Notre-Dame du Vœu Abbey here three years later. King Philip II of France took Cherbourg without a fight during his conquest of Normandy in 1204 and granted the place the right to trade in Ireland . In 1284 and 1293 the city was sacked and burned down, but its castle, in which the inhabitants had holed up, withstood the attacks. Philip IV then reinforced Cherbourg in 1300. At the beginning of the 14th century, the castle and town were surrounded by a ring of strong walls.
During the Hundred Years War (1337-1453), the city was repeatedly the landing site of the English and the scene of several battles and changed sides several times. In the initial phase of the war it was in July 1346 by Eduard III. besieged in vain, with their suburbs sacked by English soldiers. John the Good ceded Cherbourg to King Charles II of Navarre in 1354 . After a break between the French and Navarres kings, the latter lost his possessions in Normandy and in 1378 sold Cherbourg to the English, and the city was besieged unsuccessfully by Bertrand du Guesclin in the same year . Richard II gave the city back to France in 1394, and in 1397 Charles III. from Navarre until it was in 1404 by the French King Charles VI. was bought back. Jean d'Angennes, commandant of Cherbourg, surrendered after several months of British siege and handed the city over to the Duke of Gloucester on September 29, 1418 . On March 15, 1450, an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriell landed in Cherbourg and initially operated militarily successful, but was defeated on April 15 at Formigny . Arthur de Richemont then besieged Cherbourg, which was handed over by the English on August 12, 1450 to the French, to whom it remained from then on. Fortified by Charles VII , the city was given by Louis XI. , Franz I and Heinrich IV various privileges.
King Louis XIV was the first to come up with the idea of making Cherbourg a safe naval port and the key to the English Channel , opposite England. In 1687 Vauban set about expanding the fortifications, but as early as 1689, Le Tellier , Minister of War under Louis XIV, had the castle and fortifications torn down. In August 1758 the English fleet landed under Richard Howe and Thomas Bligh and destroyed all fortifications. Louis XVI took up the plan to set up a naval port in Cherbourg and began to lay it in 1783, but this major construction project only took place 70 years later, in 1853, under Napoleon III. his graduation. Today the port has the largest artificial roadstead in the world. On April 13, 1830, the ex- king Charles X embarked for England here .
On the evening of April 10, 1912, the Titanic stopped on its maiden voyage in the port of Cherbourg. Since it was too big for the docks, the 281 new passengers to be boarded were brought to the ship on two tender boats, the Nomadic and the Traffic . After an hour and a half in the roadstead in Cherbourg, she began her crossing to New York, with a stopover in Queenstown (today: Cobh ) in Ireland. Cherbourg was the last continental port of the Titanic.
On June 19, 1940, the city was taken by the troops of the German Wehrmacht . From 1940 to 1943 the Navy maintained a naval hospital and from 1940 to 1942 there was also a maritime emergency squadron . In June 1944, as part of the Normandy Landing, the city was the scene of the Battle of Cherbourg , which ended with its capture by the VII US Corps under General J. Lawton Collins on June 26, 1944. It led to high loss of life, many wounded and great destruction. Before their surrender, the German units destroyed important parts of the infrastructure such as train stations and bridges. However, as ordered by Hitler , there was no heroic German defensive battle "down to the last cartridge".
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Economy and Infrastructure
Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is the terminus of the Paris – Caen – Cherbourg railway line , which opened in 1858.
The Cherbourg-Maupertus Airport is located eleven kilometers east of Cherbourg.
From mid-January 2014, a ferry service will be running for the first time from the port of Cherbourg-Octevilles to Dublin directly to the Irish capital.
In the Quartier de la Divette (La Divette district) there have been two heat pumps of 1,092 MW each since 2013 , which tap the sea heat from the commercial basin . 84% of the heating requirement in Quartier de la Divette is covered, the rest (16%) is supplemented thanks to the already existing gas boiler. 1730 t CO 2 are avoided per year.
Worth seeing
In Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is the La Cité de la Mer museum , where u. a. the largest publicly accessible nuclear submarine ( Le Redoutable ) and the Bathyscaphe Archimède are on display. The museum also has a 12-meter-high aquarium and an exhibition on the subject of oceans.
The Thomas-Henry Museum houses paintings by European masters such as Fra Angelico , Simon Vouet and Camille Claudel . The focus is on the extensive collections of the painters Guillaume Fouace and Jean-François Millet .
Twin cities
There are town partnerships with:
- Bremerhaven (Germany), since 1961
- Poole (UK), since 1977
- Coubalan (Senegal), since 2001
- Sarh (Chad), since 2001
There is an avenue de Bremerhaven .
sons and daughters of the town
- Roland Barthes (1915–1980), literary critic, writer, philosopher and semioticist
- Françoiz Breut (* 1969), singer and children's book illustrator
- François de Callières (1645–1717), diplomat, writer, member of the Académie française
- Charles Colin (1832–1881), oboist, organist, music teacher and composer
- Benoît Cosnefroy (* 1995), racing cyclist
- Victor Grignard (1871–1935), chemist and Nobel Prize winner
- Joseph Grisel (1703–1787), writer and clergyman
- Auguste François Le Jolis (1823–1904), merchant, judge and botanist
- Emmanuel Liais (1826–1900), astronomer, botanist and explorer
- Émilie Loit (* 1979), tennis player
- Jean Marais (1913–1998), actor
- Joachim Menant (1820–1899 in Paris), orientalist
- Joseph de Metz-Noblat (* 1959), Bishop of Langres
- Amaël Moinard (* 1982), racing cyclist
- Joseph Noyon (1888–1962), composer and church musician
- Alfred Rossel (1841–1926), chansonnier and composer
- Lise de la Salle (* 1988), pianist
- Georges Sorel (1847–1922), engineer and social philosopher
- Marc Steckar (1935–2015), jazz musician and composer
- Jean-Charles Tacchella (* 1925), film journalist, film director and screenwriter
swell
- ↑ a b c Guide géologique Normandie-Maine. Edition DUNOD. 2ème édition, ISBN 2-10-050695-1 , p. 82.
- ^ Map of Manéo (French).
- ^ René Lepelley: Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de communes de Normandie. S. ???
- ^ "Bourg" in: Louis Guinet, Les emprunts gallo-romans au germanique (du 1er à la fin du Vème siècle). Klincksieck, Paris, 1982.
- ^ François de Beaurepaire: Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Manche. éditions Picard 1986.
- ↑ a b Cherbourg. In: Brockhaus Konversationslexikon . 14th edition, 1894-96, Volume 4, p. 154.
- ↑ a b c d Cherbourg. In: La grande encyclopédie. 1886-1902, Volume 10, p. 1096.
- ^ Joachim Ehlers : History of France in the Middle Ages. Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-89678-668-5 , p. 265.
- ^ Joachim Ehlers: History of France in the Middle Ages. P. 347.
- ↑ Peter Lieb : Conventional war or ideological war? Warfare and the fight against partisans in France 1943/44. Oldenbourg Verlag 2007, p. 484 ( books.google.de ).
- ↑ New direct ferry from France to Dublin ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Marie-Jo Sader, Sea water to heat apartments , Actu environnement.
