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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| image = 2012-03-09 Ceratobasidium cornigerum (Bourd.) D.P. Rogers 203475.jpg
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
⚫
| image_caption = ''[[Ceratobasidium cornigerum ]]''
| subdivisio = [[Agaricomycotina]]
| taxon = Ceratobasidium
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
⚫
| authority = D.P. Rogers
| ordo = [[Cantharellales]]
⚫
| type_species = ''[[Ceratobasidium calosporum]]''
| familia = [[Ceratobasidiaceae]]
| type_species_authority = D.P. Rogers
⚫
| genus = '''''Ceratobasidium'''''
⚫
| synonyms = ''Ceratorhiza'' <small>R.T. Moore</small>
⚫
| genus_authority = D.P. Rogers
⚫
| type_species = ''[[Ceratobasidium calosporum]]''<br><small>D.P. Rogers</small>
| synonyms =
⚫
''Ceratorhiza'' <small>R.T. Moore</small> ([[anamorph]])
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = * ''[[Ceratobasidium albasitense]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium angustisporum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium bulbillifaciens]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium cereale]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium cereale]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium chavesanum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium cornigerum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium cornigerum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium noxium]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium niltonsouzanum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium papillatum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium ramicola]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium ramicola]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium ochroleucum]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium setariae]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium setariae]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium stevensii]]''
* ''[[Ceratobasidium tradescantiae]]''
}}
}}


'''''Ceratobasidium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Cantharellales]]. [[Basidiocarps]] (fruit bodies) are effused and the genus is sometimes grouped among the [[corticioid fungi]], though species also retain features of the [[jelly fungi|heterobasidiomycetes]]. ''[[Rhizoctonia]]''-like [[anamorph]]s of ''Ceratobasidium'' species are placed in the genus ''Ceratorhiza''. Species are [[saprotrophic]], but several are also [[facultative parasite|facultative]] [[plant pathology|plant pathogens]], causing a number of commercially important crop diseases. Some are also [[orchid mycorrhiza|endomycorrhizal]] associates of [[orchids]].
'''''Ceratobasidium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Cantharellales]]. [[Basidiocarps]] (fruit bodies) are effused and the genus is sometimes grouped among the [[corticioid fungi]], though species also retain features of the [[jelly fungi|heterobasidiomycetes]]. [[Anamorph|Anamorphic]] forms were formerly referred to the genus ''Ceratorhiza'', but this is now considered a synonym of ''[[Rhizoctonia]]''. ''Ceratobasidium'' species, excluding the [[type species|type]], are also now considered synonymous with ''Rhizoctonia'' and some species have been transferred to the latter genus.<ref name="oberwinkler13"/> Species are [[saprotrophic]], but several are also [[facultative parasite|facultative]] [[plant pathology|plant pathogens]], causing a number of commercially important crop diseases. Some are also [[orchid mycorrhiza|endomycorrhizal]] associates of [[orchids]].


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
⚫
The name ''Ceratobasidium'' was introduced in 1935 by American mycologist D.P. Rogers to accommodate species of the old [[form genus]] ''[[Corticium (fungus)|Corticium]]'' that showed affinities with the [[heterobasidiomycetes]]. These affinities were the possession of large [[basidia|sterigmata]] ("cerato basidium" means "horned [[basidium]]") and the production of [[basidiospores]] that produce secondary spores.<ref name="Rogers1935"/> Four species were originally placed in the genus, with subsequent authors adding a further 35 species.<ref name="IndexFung"/> The genus ''Ceratorhiza'' was introduced for [[anamorph]]s of ''Ceratobasidium'' by [[Royall T. Moore|R.T. Moore]] in 1987, distinguishing them from anamorphs of ''Thanatephorus'' which were retained in ''Rhizoctonia''.<ref name ="Moore1987"/>

⚫
''Ceratobasidium'' was introduced in 1935 by American mycologist D.P. Rogers to accommodate species of the old [[form genus]] ''[[Corticium]]'' that showed affinities with the [[heterobasidiomycetes]]. These affinities were the possession of large [[basidia|sterigmata]] ("Cerato-basidium" means "horned [[basidium]]") and the production of [[basidiospores]] that produce secondary spores.<ref name="Rogers1935"/> Four species were originally placed in the genus, with subsequent authors adding a further 35 species.<ref name="IndexFung"/>


===Current status===
===Current status===
Research on the [[septal pore]] [[ultrastructure]] of the little-known and atypical type species, ''[[Ceratobasidium calosporum]]'', indicates that it is a member of the [[Auriculariales]] and is unrelated to other species of ''Ceratobasidium''.<ref name = "Weiss&Oberw2001"/><ref name="Moncalvoetal2006"/> This taxonomic problem has not yet been resolved. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] research, based on [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequences]], places ''Ceratobasidium'' (excluding the type species) within the Cantharellales.<ref name="Moncalvoetal2006"/>
[[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] research, based on [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequences]], places ''Ceratobasidium'' (excluding the type species) within the Cantharellales.<ref name="Moncalvoetal2006"/>


Following changes to the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]], the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that ''Ceratorhiza'' became a synonym of the earlier name ''Ceratobasidium''. DNA evidence also placed ''Ceratobasidium'' species (excluding the type species) in the genus ''Rhizoctonia''.<ref name="oberwinkler13"/>
===The genus ''Ceratorhiza''===

Many ''Ceratobasidium'' species produce [[anamorph]]ic hyphal states, sometimes with [[sclerotia]], that were originally placed in the [[form genus]] ''[[Rhizoctonia]]''. With a move to a more natural classification of the fungi, the new genus ''Ceratorhiza'' was introduced for anamorphs of ''Ceratobasidium'' by R.T. Moore in 1987.<ref name ="Moore1987"/> Some ten species have been described in ''Ceratorhiza'', several of which are not linked to any known [[teleomorph]].<ref name="IndexFung"/>
Research on the [[septal pore]] [[ultrastructure]] of the little-known and atypical type species, ''[[Ceratobasidium calosporum]]'', indicates that it is a member of the [[Auriculariales]] and is unrelated to other species of ''Ceratobasidium''.<ref name = "Weiss&Oberw2001"/><ref name="Moncalvoetal2006"/> This taxonomic problem has not yet been resolved.


==Description==
==Description==
Fruit bodies are effused, thin and often inconspicuous, smooth, waxy to dry and web-like, whitish to pale grey. Microscopically they have comparatively wide [[hyphae]] without [[clamp connection]]s and [[basidia]] that are spherical to cuboid or broadly club-shaped. Basidia bear 2 to 4 [[basidia|sterigmata]], which are comparatively large. [[Basidiospores]] are globose to cylindrical (elongated and worm-like in the type species), smooth, and colourless. They frequently produce secondary spores and germinate by hyphal tubes. ''Ceratorhiza'' anamorphs produce hyphae (sometimes swollen) and occasionally [[sclerotia]] (small propagules composed of thick-walled hyphae).<ref name="Roberts1999"/>
Fruit bodies are effused, thin and often inconspicuous, smooth, waxy to dry and web-like, whitish to pale grey. Microscopically they have comparatively wide [[hypha]]e without [[clamp connection]]s and [[basidia]] that are spherical to cuboid or broadly club-shaped. Basidia bear 2 to 4 [[sterigma]]ta, which are comparatively large. [[Basidiospore]]s are globose to cylindrical (elongated and worm-like in the type species), smooth, and colourless. They frequently produce secondary spores and germinate by hyphal tubes. Asexual [[anamorph]]s produce hyphae (sometimes swollen) and occasionally [[sclerotia]] (small propagules composed of thick-walled hyphae).<ref name="Roberts1999"/>


==Habitat and distribution==
==Habitat and distribution==
Line 40: Line 42:


==Economic importance==
==Economic importance==
''Ceratobasidium'' species are opportunistic parasites of plants, causing a variety of economically important diseases. Examples include: ''[[Ceratobasidium cereale]]'', the cause of sharp eyespot of [[cereals]];<ref name="Murray&Burpee"/> ''[[Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae]]'', the cause of aggregate sheath spot of [[rice]];<ref name="Lanoiselet"/> and ''[[Ceratobasidium noxium]]'', the cause of kole roga or black rot of [[coffee]].<ref name="Roberts1999"/>
''Ceratobasidium'' species are opportunistic parasites of plants, causing a variety of economically important diseases. Examples include: ''[[Ceratobasidium cereale]]'', the cause of sharp eyespot of [[cereals]]<ref name="Murray&Burpee"/> and ''[[Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae]]'', the cause of aggregate sheath spot of [[rice]].<ref name="Lanoiselet"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="oberwinkler13">{{cite journal |author=Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Kirschner R, Garnica S |year=2013|title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of the ''Ceratobasidium-Rhizoctonia'' complex and ''Rhizoctonia butinii'', a new species attacking spruce |journal=Mycological Progress |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=763–776 |doi= 10.1007/s11557-013-0936-0|s2cid=18958852 }}</ref>


<ref name="Rogers1935">{{cite journal |author=Rogers DP. |year=1935 |title=Notes on the lower Basidiomycetes |journal=University of Iowa Studies in Natural History |volume=17 |pages=3–43 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rogers1935">{{cite journal |author=Rogers DP. |year=1935 |title=Notes on the lower Basidiomycetes |journal=University of Iowa Studies in Natural History |volume=17 |pages=3–43 }}</ref>


<ref name="IndexFung">http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp</ref>
<ref name="IndexFung">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp|title = Index Fungorum - Search Page}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name = "Weiss&Oberw2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S095375620100363X |vauthors=Weiss M, Oberwinkler F |year=2001 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Auriculariales'' and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Mycological Research |volume=105 |pages=403–415 |issue=4 }}</ref>


<ref name="Moncalvoetal2006">{{cite journal |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937 |author=Moncalvo J-M |year=2006 |title=The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=937–948 |pmid=17486970 |display-authors=etal}} http://www.endophytes.org/teaching/advmycol/Cantherelloid.Moncalvo.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212850/http://www.endophytes.org/teaching/advmycol/Cantherelloid.Moncalvo.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>
⚫
<ref name = "Weiss&Oberw2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S095375620100363X |author=Weiss M, Oberwinkler F. |year=2001 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Auriculariales'' and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Mycological Research |volume=105 |pages=403–415 }}</ref>


<ref name="Moncalvoetal2006">{{cite journal |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937 |author=Moncalvo J-M ''et al.'' |year=2006 |title=The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=937–948 |pmid=17486970 }} http://www.endophytes.org/teaching/advmycol/Cantherelloid.Moncalvo.pdf</ref>
<ref name="Moore1987">{{cite journal |author=Moore RT. |year=1987 |title=The genera of ''Rhizoctonia''-like fungi |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=29 |pages=91–99}}</ref>


<ref name="Moore1987">{{cite journal |author=Moore RT. |year=1987 |title=The genera of ''Rhizoctonia''-like fungi |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=29 |pages=91–99}}</ref>
<ref name="Roberts1999">{{cite book |title=Rhizoctonia-forming fungi |last=Roberts P. |year=1999 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=1-900347-69-5 |pages=239}}</ref>


<ref name="Murray&Burpee">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80227-2 |vauthors=Murray DI, Burpee LL |year=1984 |title=''Ceratobasidium cereale'' sp.nov., the teleomorph of ''Rhizoctonia cerealis'' |journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |volume=82 |pages=170–172}}</ref>
<ref name="Roberts1999">{{cite book |title=Rhizoctonia-forming fungi |last=Roberts P. |year=1999 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=1900347695 |pages=239}}</ref>


<ref name="Murray&Burpee">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80227-2 |author=Murray DIL, Burpee LL. |year=1984 |title=''Ceratobasidium cereale'' sp.nov., the teleomorph of ''Rhizoctonia cerealis'' |journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |volume=82 |pages=170–172}}</ref>
<ref name="Lanoiselet">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.016 |vauthors=Lanoiselet VM, Cother EJ, Ash GJ |year=2007 |title='Aggregate sheath spot and sheath spot of rice |journal=Crop Protection |volume=26 |pages=799–808 |issue=6}}</ref>


<ref name="Lanoiselet">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.016 |author=Lanoiselet VM, Cother EJ, Ash GJ. |year=2007 |title='Aggregate sheath spot and sheath spot of rice |journal=Crop Protection |volume=26 |pages=799–808}}</ref>
}}
}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5063742}}
[[Category:Cantharellales]]
[[Category:Cantharellales]]
[[Category:Agaricomycetes genera]]

Latest revision as of 09:44, 11 March 2024

Ceratobasidium
Ceratobasidium cornigerum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Ceratobasidium
D.P. Rogers
Type species
Ceratobasidium calosporum
D.P. Rogers
Species
Synonyms

Ceratorhiza R.T. Moore

Ceratobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are effused and the genus is sometimes grouped among the corticioid fungi, though species also retain features of the heterobasidiomycetes. Anamorphic forms were formerly referred to the genus Ceratorhiza, but this is now considered a synonym of Rhizoctonia. Ceratobasidium species, excluding the type, are also now considered synonymous with Rhizoctonia and some species have been transferred to the latter genus.[1] Species are saprotrophic, but several are also facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids.

Taxonomy[edit]

The name Ceratobasidium was introduced in 1935 by American mycologist D.P. Rogers to accommodate species of the old form genus Corticium that showed affinities with the heterobasidiomycetes. These affinities were the possession of large sterigmata ("cerato basidium" means "horned basidium") and the production of basidiospores that produce secondary spores.[2] Four species were originally placed in the genus, with subsequent authors adding a further 35 species.[3] The genus Ceratorhiza was introduced for anamorphs of Ceratobasidium by R.T. Moore in 1987, distinguishing them from anamorphs of Thanatephorus which were retained in Rhizoctonia.[4]

Current status[edit]

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, places Ceratobasidium (excluding the type species) within the Cantharellales.[5]

Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Ceratorhiza became a synonym of the earlier name Ceratobasidium. DNA evidence also placed Ceratobasidium species (excluding the type species) in the genus Rhizoctonia.[1]

Research on the septal pore ultrastructure of the little-known and atypical type species, Ceratobasidium calosporum, indicates that it is a member of the Auriculariales and is unrelated to other species of Ceratobasidium.[6][5] This taxonomic problem has not yet been resolved.

Description[edit]

Fruit bodies are effused, thin and often inconspicuous, smooth, waxy to dry and web-like, whitish to pale grey. Microscopically they have comparatively wide hyphae without clamp connections and basidia that are spherical to cuboid or broadly club-shaped. Basidia bear 2 to 4 sterigmata, which are comparatively large. Basidiospores are globose to cylindrical (elongated and worm-like in the type species), smooth, and colourless. They frequently produce secondary spores and germinate by hyphal tubes. Asexual anamorphs produce hyphae (sometimes swollen) and occasionally sclerotia (small propagules composed of thick-walled hyphae).[7]

Habitat and distribution[edit]

Species are mainly saprotrophic, occurring in the soil and producing fruit bodies on dead stems and plant detritus. Some occur on attached leaves and stems. Several species have been isolated from orchid mycorrhiza. Distribution appears to be cosmopolitan.[7]

Economic importance[edit]

Ceratobasidium species are opportunistic parasites of plants, causing a variety of economically important diseases. Examples include: Ceratobasidium cereale, the cause of sharp eyespot of cereals[8] and Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae, the cause of aggregate sheath spot of rice.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Kirschner R, Garnica S (2013). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Ceratobasidium-Rhizoctonia complex and Rhizoctonia butinii, a new species attacking spruce". Mycological Progress. 12 (4): 763–776. doi:10.1007/s11557-013-0936-0. S2CID 18958852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Rogers DP. (1935). "Notes on the lower Basidiomycetes". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History. 17: 3–43.
  3. ^ "Index Fungorum - Search Page".
  4. ^ Moore RT. (1987). "The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi". Mycotaxon. 29: 91–99.
  5. ^ a b Moncalvo J-M; et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia. 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970. http://www.endophytes.org/teaching/advmycol/Cantherelloid.Moncalvo.pdf Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Weiss M, Oberwinkler F (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences". Mycological Research. 105 (4): 403–415. doi:10.1017/S095375620100363X.
  7. ^ a b Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 239. ISBN 1-900347-69-5.
  8. ^ Murray DI, Burpee LL (1984). "Ceratobasidium cereale sp.nov., the teleomorph of Rhizoctonia cerealis". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 82: 170–172. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80227-2.
  9. ^ Lanoiselet VM, Cother EJ, Ash GJ (2007). "'Aggregate sheath spot and sheath spot of rice". Crop Protection. 26 (6): 799–808. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.016.
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