Cynodesmus: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Extinct genus of carnivores}}
{{Taxobox
{{Distinguish|Cynodictis}}
⚫
|name = ''Cynodesmus''
{{Automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = Late [[Oligocene]] to Early [[Miocene]]
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Oligocene|Early Miocene}}
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
|image =A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 4.png
|phylum = [[Chordata]]
⚫
|taxon = Cynodesmus
|classis = [[Mammalia]]
⚫
|authority = [[William Berryman Scott|Scott]], 1893
|ordo = [[Carnivora]]
|familia = [[Canidae]]
|subfamilia = †[[Hesperocyoninae]]
|genus = †'''''Cynodesmus'''''
⚫
|genus_authority = [[William Berryman Scott|Scott]], 1895
|type_species = †''Cynodesmus thooides''
|type_species = †''Cynodesmus thooides''
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
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* ''C. ''Paradaphoenus'' these belong in the Osbornodon taxobox-->
* ''C. ''Paradaphoenus'' these belong in the Osbornodon taxobox-->
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Cynodesmus''''' is an extinct genus of canine which inhabited [[North America]] 34 [[mya (unit)|Mya]] to 25 Mya (Wang, 1994).


⚫
'''''Cynodesmus''''' ("dog link") is an extinct genus of [[omnivorous]] canine which inhabited [[North America]] during the [[Oligocene]] living from 33.3—-26.3 [[Annum|Ma]] and existed for approximately {{Mya|33.3-26.3|million years}}.
The 1 m (3 ft 4 in) long creature was one of the first [[canidae|canids]] to truly look dog-like. It probably looked like the modern [[coyote]], but had a shorter [[skull]], heavier [[tail]] and longer rump. Also, ''Cynodesmus'' was not a very good runner compared to most other canids; it probably attacked prey from an ambush. Like [[Felidae|felids]], it could (partially) retract its [[claw]]s.
<ref>http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=41207&is_real_user=1{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Cynodesmus'': Basic info.</ref>


''Cynodesmus'' was one of the first [[canidae|canids]] to truly look dog-like. At around {{convert|1|m|ft}} in length, it was about the same size as a modern [[coyote]], but had a shorter [[skull]], heavier tail, and longer rump. The shape of its limbs suggests that ''Cynodesmus'' was not a very good runner compared to most other canids; it probably attacked prey from an ambush. Unlike modern dogs, it had five toes on each foot, bearing partially retractable [[claw]]s.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 219|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
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With unrelated species removed, ''Cynodesmus'' is currently restricted to the type species and the closely related ''C. martini'' (Wang, 1994).
With unrelated species removed, ''Cynodesmus'' is currently restricted to the type species and the closely related ''C. martini'' (Wang, 1994).

<!-- Species: ''Osbornodon iamonensis''. Syn species: (''Cynodesmus nobilis'', ''Paradaphoenus tropicalis)'', ''Osbornodon renjiei,'' ''Osbornodon scitulus,'' ''Osbornodon sesnoni,'' ''Osbornodon wangi).''<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49463 Osbornodon iamonensis (see genus ''Osbornodon'')]</ref> this is about Osbornodon, so its been moved there-->
<!-- Species: ''Osbornodon iamonensis''. Syn species: (''Cynodesmus nobilis'', ''Paradaphoenus tropicalis)'', ''Osbornodon renjiei,'' ''Osbornodon scitulus,'' ''Osbornodon sesnoni,'' ''Osbornodon wangi).''<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49463 Osbornodon iamonensis (see genus ''Osbornodon'')]</ref> this is about Osbornodon, so its been moved there-->


Studies using the old conception of ''Cynodesmus'' considered it to be the ancestor of ''[[Tomarctus]]'' (16-23 Ma) from which [[wolf|wolves]], [[dog]]s, [[fox]]es and [[fennec]]s developed. The ''Cynodesmus'' is a good example of [[convergent evolution]] because of other species such as the ''[[Borophagus]]'', the largest and most dominant canids of this [[Pliocene]] epoch, both of which evolved from it.<ref>[http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/coyote.htm North American Coyote]</ref>
Studies using the old conception of ''Cynodesmus'' considered it to be the ancestor of ''[[Tomarctus]]'' (16-23 Ma) from which [[wolf|wolves]], [[dog]]s, [[fox]]es and [[Fennec fox|fennec]]s developed. ''Cynodesmus'' is a good example of [[convergent evolution]] because of other species such as the ''[[Borophagus]]'', the largest and most dominant canids of the [[Pliocene]] epoch, both of which evolved from it.<ref>[http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/coyote.htm North American Coyote] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211162351/http://www.bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/coyote.htm |date=2008-12-11 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
<references />
*Wang, X. 1994. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/829 Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora, Canidae)]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 221:1-207.
*Wang, X. 1994. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/829 Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora, Canidae)]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 221:1-207.
*Wang, X., R.H. Tedford, and B.E. Taylor. 1999. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1588 Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 243:1-391.
*Wang, X., R.H. Tedford, and B.E. Taylor. 1999. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1588 Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 243:1-391.

{{Canidae extinct nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q732045}}


[[Category:Hesperocyonines]]
[[Category:Hesperocyonines]]
[[Category:Oligocene mammals]]
[[Category:Oligocene canids]]
[[Category:Miocene mammals]]
[[Category:Miocene canids]]
[[Category:White River Fauna]]

[[Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera]]
{{paleo-mammal-stub}}
[[Category:Cenozoic mammals of North America]]
{{carnivora-stub}}
[[Category:Taxa named by William Berryman Scott]]

[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1893]]
[[zh:新魯狼]]

Latest revision as of 08:38, 4 July 2023

Not to be confused with Cynodictis.

Cynodesmus
Temporal range: Late Oligocene–Early Miocene
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: †Hesperocyoninae
Genus: †Cynodesmus
Scott, 1893
Type species
†Cynodesmus thooides
Species
  • †C. martini
  • †C. thooides

Cynodesmus ("dog link") is an extinct genus of omnivorous canine which inhabited North America during the Oligocene living from 33.3—-26.3 Ma and existed for approximately 7 million years. [1]

Cynodesmus was one of the first canids to truly look dog-like. At around 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length, it was about the same size as a modern coyote, but had a shorter skull, heavier tail, and longer rump. The shape of its limbs suggests that Cynodesmus was not a very good runner compared to most other canids; it probably attacked prey from an ambush. Unlike modern dogs, it had five toes on each foot, bearing partially retractable claws.[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

Cynodesmus once included numerous species of Oligocene and Miocene canid with highly carnivorous (hypercarnivorous) dentitions. A revision of the genus by Wang (1994) indicates that most species previously placed in Cynodesmus are unrelated to the type species, C. thooides. These other species have been placed the genera Carpocyon, Desmocyon, Leptocyon, Metatomarctus, Osbornodon, Otarocyon, Paracynarctus, Paratomarctus, and Phlaocyon (Wang, 1994; Wang et al., 1999). Of these, only Osbornodon belongs in the same subfamily as Cynodesmus, Hesperocyoninae. The remaining genera are placed in the subfamilies Borophaginae and Caninae.

With unrelated species removed, Cynodesmus is currently restricted to the type species and the closely related C. martini (Wang, 1994).

Studies using the old conception of Cynodesmus considered it to be the ancestor of Tomarctus (16-23 Ma) from which wolves, dogs, foxes and fennecs developed. Cynodesmus is a good example of convergent evolution because of other species such as the Borophagus, the largest and most dominant canids of the Pliocene epoch, both of which evolved from it.[3]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=41207&is_real_user=1[permanent dead link] Cynodesmus: Basic info.
  2. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 219. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
  3. ^ North American Coyote Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine

References[edit]

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