Daijō-kan

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The Daijō-kan (太政官) was the Department of State in Nara and Heian period Japan and briefly under the Meiji Constitution. Initially created by the Code of Taihō (大宝律令) in 701, this Imperial governing structure was headed by the Great Council of State -- the Daijō-kan. This council and its subsidiary ministries handled all secular administrative affairs of the country, while the Jingi-kan (神祇官) or Department of Worship, oversaw all matters regarding Shintō (神道) ritual, clergy, and shrines.

This structured organization gradually lost power over the course of the 10th and 11th centuries, as the Fujiwara clan, dominating the post of Imperial regent, began to dominate the Daijō-kan as well. It became increasingly common for the regent to hold the post of chancellor or other office simultaneously. By the 12th century, the council was essentially powerless as a separate entity, though it is not clear when or whether the system was formally dismantled.

The name of the Great Council of State was briefly resurrected under the Meiji Constitution with the appointment of Sanjo Sanetomi in 1871, but it was abolished completely in 1885.

Organization & Hierarchy

Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials reached its nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate, and yet the Daijō-kan did manage to persist intact.

Council of State

This dry catalog does provide a superficial glimpse inside the complexity of court structure:

  • 1. Chancellor of the realm or chief minister (太政大臣, Daijō daijin)[1]
    • See also, Acting great minister of the council of state (知太政官事, Chi-daijōkanji).[2]
  • 2. Minister of the left (左大臣, Sadaijin).[1]
  • 3. Minister of the right (右大臣, Udaijin).[1]
  • 4. Minister of the center (中大臣, Naidaijin).[1]
  • 5. Major counselor (大納言, Dainagon) -- three positions. There are commonly three Dainagon,[1] sometimes more.[3]
  • 6. Middle counselor (中納言, Chūnagon).[1]
  • 7. Minor counselor (少納言, Shōnagon) -- three positions. There are commonly three Shōnagon.[1]
  • 8. Director of palace affairs (参議,, Sangi). This office functions as a manager of activities within the palace.[4]
  • 9. External secretariat (外記, Geki). These are specifically named men who act at the sole discretion of the emperor.[4]
  • 10. Major controller of the left (左大弁, Sadaiben,)[2] This administrator was charged or tasked with supervising four ministries: Center, Civil Services, Ceremonies, and Taxation.[4]
  • 11. Major controller of the right (右大弁, Udaiben)[2] This administrator was charged or tasked with supervising four ministries: Military, Justice, Treasury and Imperial Household.[4]
  • 12. First assistant controller of the left (左中弁,, Sachūben).[4]
  • 13. First assistant controller of the right (右中弁,, Uchūben).[4]
  • 14. Second assistant controller of the left (左少弁,, Sashōben).[4]
  • 15. Second assistant controller of the right (右少弁,, Ushōben).[4]
  • 16. First secretary of the left (左大史,, Sadaishi).[4]
  • 17. First secretary of the right (右大史,, Udaishi).[4]
  • 18. Assistant secretaries of the left or right (史生,, Shishō) -- 20 positions. There are twenty officials with this title.[4]

The Eight Ministries

A mere list of the court titles cannot reveal nearly enough about the actual functioning of the Daijō-kan; but at least the broad hierarchical relationships which are drawn here amongst these court offices become more readily identified.

I. Ministry of the Center

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of the Center (中務省,, Nakatsukasa-shō).[5] This ministry became the governmental agency for matters pertaining to the emperor. Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 19. Chief administrator of the ministry of the center (中務卿,, Nakatsukasa-kyō).[2] This official oversees the inspection of the interior apartments of the palace; and he is granted the privilege of retaining his swords in the presence of the emperor.[5]
  • 20. First assistant to the chief of the ministry of the center (中務大輔,, Nakatsukasa-taifu).[5]
  • 21. Second assistant to the chief of the ministry of the center (中務少輔,, "Nakatsukasa-shō).[5]
  • 22. Third assistant to the chief of the ministry of the center (中務大丞,, Nakatsukasa dai-shō).[5]
  • 23. Fourth assistant to the chief of the ministry of the center (中務少丞,, Nakatsukasa shō-shō).[5]
  • 24. Chamberlain (侍従,, Jijū) -- 8 positions. There are 8 officials with this title, all equal in rank and in the confidence of the Emperor.[5]
  • 25. 内舎人 (Udoneri) -- 90 positions. There are 90 officials with this title; and when a sesshō becomes a kampaku, these men function under his orders. If the emperor is still a child, or if a woman occupies the throne, a kampaku is chosen to represent the emperor; and the kampaku is considered first amongst all others in Japan. Then the Shogun cannot undertake anything of importance without his approval. When the emperor governs directly on his own, the Udoneri may be by-passed.[5]
  • 26. First draftsman/editor (大内記,, Dai-naiki).[5]
  • 27. Second draftsman/editor (少内記,, Shō-naiki). These officials must be very well versed in the affairs of China and Japan: and they edit or re-draft all of the emperor's edicts, rescripts, memorials and letters. For this kind of work, only men of the highest merit and distinction are chosen.[5]
  • 28. Drafting clerks (監物,, Kenmotsu).[5]
  • 29. Chief surveyor of the palace apartments (中宮大夫,, Chūgū daibu).[5]
  • 30. Assistant surveyor of the palace apartments (中宮権大夫,, Chūgū gon no daibu).[5]
  • 31. Head chamberlain of the palace (内舎人頭,, Udoneri no kami).[5]
  • 32. Chief curator of the palace (内蔵頭,, Kura no kami).[5]
  • 33. Assistant curator of the palace (内蔵権頭,, Kura no gon no kami).[5]
  • 34. Chief court tailor (縫殿頭,, Nui no kami).[5]
  • 35. Chief court astrologer (陰陽頭,, On'yō no kami).[5]
  • 36. Chief court calendar-maker (暦博士,, Reki hakase).[5]
  • 37. Chief court astronomer (天文博士,, Tenmon hakase).[5]
  • 38. Chief court time-keeper (漏刻博士,, Rōkoku hakase).[5]
  • 39. Chief court architect (内匠頭,, Takumi no kami).[5]

II. Ministry of Civil Services

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of the Civil Services (式部省,, Shikibu-shō); also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction".[5] Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 40. Chief administrator of the ministry of civil services (式部卿,, Shikibu-kyō);[2] also known as Chief minister of public instruction. This office is ordinarily filled by a son or close relative of the emperor. There are seven judges who directly assist this court official:[6]
    • 1. Chief judge (式部大輔,, Shikibu-taifu).[6]
    • 2. First associate judge (式部少輔,, Shikibu-shō).[6]
    • 3-4. Second associate judges (式部大丞,, Shikibu no dai-shō) -- two positions.[6]
    • 5-6. Third associate judges (式部少丞,, Shikibu no shō-shō) -- two positions.[6]
    • 7. Alternate adjudicators (式部録,, Shikibu no sakan) -- two positions, one superior to the other.[6]
      • Senior alternate adjudicator (式部大録,, Shikibu no dai-sakan).[6]
      • Junior alternate adjudicator (式部少録,, Shikibu no shō-sakan).[6]
  • 41. Chief Education expert (大学頭,, Daigaku no kami).[6]
    • 1. Chief experts on the history of Japan and China (紀伝博士,, Kiden hakase).[6]
    • 2. Chief experts on classical Chinese works (明経博士,, Myōgyō hakase).[6]
    • 3. Chief experts on jurisprudence of Japan and China (明法博士,, Myōbō hakase).[6]
    • 4. Chief experts on mathematics (算博士,, San hakase).[6]
  • 42. Chief calligrapher of the court (文章博士,, Monjō hakase). There would have been many copyist calligraphers working under the direction of the chief calligrapher.[6]
  • 43. First Assistant to the chief calligrapher of the court (助教,, Jokyō).[6]
  • 44. Instructors of Japanese and Chinese literature (直講,, Chok'kō) -- two positions.[6]
  • 45. Instructors in pronunciation of words (音博士,, On hakase) -- two positions.[6]
  • 46. Instructors in calligraphy (書博士,, Sho hakase) -- two positions.[6]
  • 47.
  • 48.

III. Ministry of Ceremonies

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of the Ceremonies (治部省,, Jibu-shō); also known as the "Ministry of the Interior".[7] Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 49. Chief administrator of the ministry of ceremonies (治部卿,, Jibu-kyō).[2]
  • 50. First assistant to the chief of the ministry of ceremonies (治部大輔,, Jibu-taifu).[7]
  • 51. Second assistant to the chief of the ministry of ceremonies (治部少輔,, Jibu-shō).[7]
  • 52. Third assistant to the chief of the ministry of ceremonies (治部大丞,, Jibu dai-shō).[7]
  • 53. Fourth assistant to the chief of the ministry of ceremonies (治部少丞,, Jibu shō-shō).[7]
  • 54. Senior alternate assistant to the chief of the ministry of ceremonies (治部大録,, Jibu no dai-sakan).[7]
  • 55. Junior alternate assistant to the chief of the ministry of ceremonies (治部少録,, Jibu no shō-sakan).[7]
  • 56. Chief court musician (雅楽頭,, Uta no kami).[7]
  • 57. First assistant court musician (雅楽助,, Uta no suke).[7]
  • 58. Second assistant court musician (雅楽允,, Uta no jō).[8]
  • 59. Alternate assistant court musicians (雅楽属,, Uta no sakan) -- two positions.[8]
  • 60. Chief interpreter/diplomat (玄蕃頭,, Genba no kami). This official is charged with receiving ambassadors from China and Korean and serving as interpreters for them.[8]
  • 61. First assistant chief interpreter/diplomat (玄蕃介,, Genba no suke).[8]
  • 62. Second assistant chief interpreter/diplomat (玄蕃允,, Genba no jō) -- two positions.[8]
  • 63. Alternate interpreter/diplomat (玄蕃属,, Genba no sakan) -- two positions.[8]
  • 64.Chief inspector of imperial tombs (諸陵頭,, Shoryō no kami) -- two positions.[8]
  • 65.First assistant inspector of imperial tombs (諸陵助,, Shoryō no suke) -- two positions.[8]
  • 66. Second assistant inspector of imperial tombs (諸陵允,, Shoryō no jō) -- two positions.[8]
  • 67. Alternate inspectors of imperial tombs (諸陵属,, Shoryō no sakan) -- two positions.[8]

IV. Ministry of Taxation

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of Taxation (民部省,, Minbu-shō).[8] Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 68. Chief administrator of the ministry of taxation (民部卿,, Minbu-kyō).[2] The Chief Minister who concerns himself with the people's affairs, with the general police, and with land survey records. In this ministry, registries for all towns and villages are maintained, which include census records of general population, records of births and records of deaths.[8]
  • 69. First assistant to the chief of the ministry of taxation (民部大輔,, Minbu-taifu).[8]
  • 70. Second assistant to the chief of the ministry of taxation (民部少輔,, Minbu-shō).[8]
  • 71. Senior taxation undersecretaries (民部丞,, "Minbu no jō) -- four positions. There would have been four undersecretaries, two of whom would have been considered superior to the other two:
    • Junior taxation undersecretary (民部少,, Minbu-shō).[8][failed verification]
    • Alternate taxation undersecretary (民部録,, Minbu no sakan).[8]
  • 72. Chief steward (主計頭,, Kazue no kami). In former times, when the Emperor enjoyed the full exercise of all his powers, this court official would have supervised gathering of all tax revenues and imperial expenditures throughout the country; but from the 12th century, the activities of this steward were more narrowly focused on the revenue and expenditures of the court itself.[8]
  • 73. Assistant to the chief steward (主計助,, Kazue no suke).[8]
  • 74. Chief comptroller (主計允,, Kazue no jō) -- two positions. These officials were charged with overseeing financial accounts.[8]
  • 75. Assistant comptroller (主計属,, Kazue no sakan) -- two positions. These officials were aides to the chief comptrollers.[9]
  • 76. Chief food inspector (主税頭,, Chikara no kami).[9]
  • 77. Assistant food inspector (主税介,, Chikara no suke). All food which might be served to the emperor was scrupulously examined by the food inspectors; and the rice is counted grain-by-grain so that the emperor is given exactly the same amount each day.[9]

V. Ministry of the Military

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of the Military (兵部省,, "Hyōbu-shō"). Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 78. Chief administrator of the ministry of the military (兵部卿,, Hyōbu-kyō).[2] This Minister is ordinarily a son or a close relative of the Emperor. This court official is responsible for directing all military matters, or in working with the shogunate in the period beginning in the late 12th century. If anyone dares violate the orders of the emperor, this officer (along with the Shogun) would be charge with punishing the offender. [9]
  • 79. First assistant to the chief of the ministry of the military (兵部大輔,, Hyōbu-taifu).[9]
  • 80. Second assistant to the chief of the ministry of the military (兵部少輔,, Hyōbu-shō).[9]
  • 81. Primary staff officer (兵部大丞,, Hyōbu no dai-jō). This ministry official is charged with overseeing the execution of orders which are given by his superiors.[9]
  • 82. Secondary staff officers (兵部少丞,, Hyōbu no shō-jō) -- two positions. These military officers are charged with actually executing the orders given by their superiors.[9]
  • 83. Director of dance (隼人正,, Hayato no kami). This court official and his assistants were considered to have a very low rank.[9]
  • 84. First assistant director of dance (隼人佑,, Hayato no jō).[9]
  • 85. Alternate assistant director of dance (隼人令史,, Hayato no sakan).[9]

VI. Ministry of Justice

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of Justice (刑部省,, Gyōbu-shō). Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 86. Chief administrator of the ministry of justice (刑部卿,, Gyōbu-kyō).[9]
  • 87. First assistant to the chief of the ministry of justice (刑部大輔, Gyōbu-taifu).[9]
  • 88. Second assistant to the chief of the ministry of justice (刑部少輔,, Gyōbu-shō).[10]
  • 89. Senior ministry of justice undersecretary (刑部丞,, "Gyōbu no jō").[10]
  • 90. Alternate of justice undersecretary (刑部録,, Gyōbu no sakan) -- two positions.[10]
  • 91. Chief judge (大判事,, Dai-hanji). There are three classes of officials under the control of the chief judge.[10]
  • 92. First assistants to the chief judge (中判事,, Chū-hanji).[10]
  • 93. Second assistants to the chief judge (少判事,, Shō-hanji).[10]
  • 94. Alternate assistants to the chief judge (判事属,, Hanji no sakan).[10]
  • 95. Chief prison warden (囚獄正,, Shūgoku no kami).[10]
  • 96. First assistant prison warden (囚獄佑,, Shūgoku no jō).[10]
  • 97. Alternate assistant prison warden (囚獄令史,, Shūgoku no sakan).[10]

VII. Ministry of the Treasury

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of the Treasury (大蔵省,, Ōkura-shō).[10] Amongst the significant Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 98. Chief administrator of the ministry of the treasury (大蔵卿,, Ōkura-kyō).[2] This official supervises the receipt of tributes from the provinces and imposes tribute on others.[10]
  • 99. Chief administrator of the ministry of the treasury (大蔵大輔,, Ōkura-taifu).[2]
  • 100. First assistant to the chief of the ministry of the treasury (大蔵少輔,, Ōkura-shō).[2]
  • 101. Second assistant to the chief of the ministry of the treasury (大蔵丞,, Ōkura no jō) -- two positions.[2]
  • 102. Alternate assistant to the chief of the ministry of the treasury (大蔵録,, Ōkura no sakan) -- two positions.[2]
  • 103. Collector of taxation from manufactureres and dyers (織部正,, Oribe no kami).[10]
  • 104. Assistant collector of taxation from manufactureres and dyers (織部佑,, Oribe no jō).[10]
  • 105. Alternate assistant collector of taxation from manufactureres and dyers (織部令史,, Oribe no sakan).[10]

VIII. Ministry of the Imperial Household

The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Ministry of the Imperial Household (宮内省,, Kunai-shō).[11] The origin of the current Imperial Household Agency can be traced back to the provisions on the government structure which were put into effect during the reign of Emperor Monmu.[12] Daijō-kan officials within this ministry structure were:

  • 106. Chief administrator of the imperial household (宮内卿,, Kunai-kyō) -- the surveyor of all works which are executed within the interior of the palace.[2]
  • 107. First assistant to the chief of the imperial Household (宮内大輔,, Kunai-taifu).[11]
  • 108. Second assistant to the chief of the imperial household (宮内少輔,, Kunai-shō) -- two persons.[11]
  • 109. Third assistant to the chief of the imperial household (宮内丞,, Kunai no jō) -- two persons.[11]
  • 110. Alternate assistants to the chief of the imperial household (宮内録,, Kunai no sakan) -- two persons.[11]
  • 111. Chief steward of the imperial household (大膳大夫,, Daizen-taifu).[11]
  • 112. Chief steward of the imperial household (大膳亮,, Daizen no suke).[11]
  • 113. Assistant chief steward of the imperial household (大膳大進,, Daizen no daishin) -- two positions.[11]
  • 114. Alternate assistant steward of the imperial household (大膳属,, Daizen no sakan) -- two positions.[11]
  • 115. Chief carpenter/cabinet-maker (木工頭,, Moku no kami).[11]
  • 116. Assistant chief carpenter/cabinet-maker (木工助,, Moku no suke).[11]
  • 117. Master carpenters/cabinet-maker (木工允,, Moku no jō) -- two positions.[11]
  • 118. Carpenter/cabinet-maker (木工属,, Moku no sakan) -- two positions.[11]
  • 119. Chief estimator/adjustor (算師,, Sanshi). An expert who evaluates the price/cost of work to be done or already completed.[11]
  • 120. Chief storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊頭,, Ōi no kami).[11]
  • 121. First assistant storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊助,, Ōi no suke).[11]
  • 122. Second assistant storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊允,, Ōi no jō).[11]
  • 123. Alternate assistant storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊属,, Ōi no sakan).[11]
  • 124. Chief surveyor of apartments and furniture (主殿頭,, Tonomo no kami).[11]
  • 125. First assistant surveyor of apartments and furniture (主殿助,, Tonomo no suke).[13]
  • 126. Second assistant surveyor of apartments and furniture (主殿充,, Tonomo no jō) -- two positions.[13]
  • 127. Alternate assistant surveyors of apartments and furniture (主殿属,, Tonomo no sakan) - two positions.[13]
  • 128. Chief pharmacist (典薬頭,, Ten'yaku no kami).[13]
  • 129. First assistant to the chief pharmacist (典薬助, ,Ten'yaku no suke).[13]
  • 130. Second assistant to the chief pharmacist (典薬允, ,Ten'yaku no jō).[13]
  • 131. Alternate assistant to the chief pharmacist (典薬属, ,Ten'yaku no sakan).[13]
  • 132. Chief physician (医博士,, 'I hakase).[13]
  • 133. Female physician (女医博士,, Nyo'i hakase). No male physician would be permitted to care for the health of the emperor's women.[13]
  • 134. Chief acupuncturist (針博士,, Shin hakase).[13]
  • 135. Emperor's personal physician (侍医,, Ji'i).[13]
  • 136. Emperor's second personal physician (権侍医,, Gon no ji'i).[13]
  • 137. Emperor's alternate personal physician (医師,, Ishi).[13]
  • 138. Surveyor of housekeeping (掃部頭,, Kamon no kami).[13]
  • 139. First assistant surveyor of housekeeping (掃部助,, Kamon no suke).[13]
  • 140. Second assistant surveyor of housekeeping (掃部允,, Kamon no jō).[14]
  • 141. Alternate assistant surveyor of housekeeping (掃部属,, Kamon no sakan).[14]
  • 142. Chief genealogist of the imperial family (正親正,, Ōkimi no kami).[14]
  • 143. First assistant to the chief genealogist (正親佑,, Ōkimi no jō).[14]
  • 144. Alternate assistant to the chief genealogist (正親令史,, Ōkimi no sakan).[14]
  • 145. First cupbearer to the Emperor (内膳正,, Naizen no kami). This courtier doesn't actually serve the emperor directly; rather, he is only the overseer of those who are actual cupbearers.[14]
  • 146. Cupbearer to the Emperor (奉膳,, Buzen).[14]
  • 147. Assistant cupbearer (典膳,, Tenzen).[14]
  • 148. Alternate assistant cupbearer (内膳令史,, Naizen sakan).[14]
  • 149. Chief sake maker (酒造正,, Miki no kami).[14]
  • 150. First assistant to the chief sake maker (酒造佑,, Miki no jō).[14]|
  • 151. Alternate assistant to the chief sake maker (酒造令史,, Miki no sakan).[14]
  • 152. Surveyor of the Emperor's women (采女正,, Uneme no kami).[14]
  • 153. Assistant surveyor of the Emperor's women (采女佑,, Uneme no jō).[14]
  • 154. Alternate assistant surveyor of the Emperor's women (采女令史,, Uneme no sakan).[14]
  • 155. Head of the water supply bureau (主水正,, Mondo no kami).[14]
  • 156. First assistant to the head of the water supply bureau (主水佑,, Mondo no jō).[14]
  • 157. Alternate assistant to the head of the water supply bureau (主水令史,, Mondo no sakan).[14]

Tokugawa Courtiers

Even nominal administrative powers of court officials reached a nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate. In this impoverished period, titles and court rank were still prized by those outside the traditional kuge. The Tokugawa shoguns did not demur when the emperor offered rank and an office in the court:

Geo-political sub-divisions

The country was divided into provinces called kuni (国), which were administered by governors (kokushi, 国司) appointed by the Daijō-kan. The provinces were then further divided into districts called gun (郡) or kōri, under district governors (gunji, 郡司) who were appointed by the local nobility. At the beginning of the eighth century there were 592 districts making up 66 provinces.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Titsingh, p. 425. Cite error: The named reference "t425" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p.272. Cite error: The named reference "v272" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ http://www.unterstein.net/or/docs/JapanPeers.pdf
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Titsingh, p. 426. Cite error: The named reference "t426" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Titsingh, p. 427. Cite error: The named reference "t427" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Titsingh, p. 428. Cite error: The named reference "t428" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Titsingh, p. 429. Cite error: The named reference "t429" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Titsingh, p. 430. Cite error: The named reference "t430" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Titsingh, p. 431. Cite error: The named reference "t431" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Titsingh, p. 432. Cite error: The named reference "t432" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Titsingh, p. 433. Cite error: The named reference "t433" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e15/ed15-01.html
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Titsingh, p. 434. Cite error: The named reference "t434" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Titsingh, p. 435. Cite error: The named reference "t435" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Screech, T. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, pp. 157. [Error in published text was corrected: Udaijin is Minister of the Right -- not Left.]
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Screech, pp. 157. Cite error: The named reference "s157" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ Screech, pp. 157. [Error in published text was corrected: Sadaijin is Minister of the Left - not Right.]
  18. ^ Screech, pp. 157. [Error in published text was corrected: Nadaijin is Minister of the Left - not Right.].


See also

External links

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