Falkner Island: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 41°12′39″N 72°39′11″W / 41.210880°N 72.653190°W / 41.210880; -72.653190
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{{Short description|Island in the United States of America}}
{{Other uses|Falkner (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Falkner (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox islands
{{Infobox islands
| name = Falkner Island
| name = Falkner Island
| image name = Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge-Falkner Island (CT).jpg
| image_name = Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge-Falkner Island (CT).jpg
| image caption = Aerial view after [[Hurricane Sandy]]
| image_caption = Aerial view after [[Hurricane Sandy]]
| image size =
| image_size =
| map = Connecticut
| map = Connecticut
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| native name =
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native name link =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| location = [[Long Island Sound]]
| location = [[Long Island Sound]]
| coordinates = {{coord|41.210880|-72.653190|type:isle_region:US|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|41.210880|-72.653190|type:isle_region:US|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago =
| archipelago =
| total islands =
| total_islands =
| major islands =
| major_islands =
| area_acre = 2.87 <!-- | area = {{convert|4.5|acre|m2}} -->
| area_acre = 2.87 <!-- | area = {{convert|4.5|acre|m2}} -->
| length mi =
| length_mi =
| width mi =
| width_mi =
| highest mount =
| highest_mount =
| elevation ft =
| elevation_ft =
| country = United States
| country = United States
| country admin divisions title = State
| country_admin_divisions_title = State
| country admin divisions = [[Connecticut]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Connecticut]]
| country admin divisions title 1 = County
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = County
| country admin divisions 1 = [[New Haven County, Connecticut|New Haven]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[New Haven County, Connecticut|New Haven]]
| country admin divisions title 2 = City
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = City
| country admin divisions 2 = [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]]
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]]
| country largest city =
| country_largest_city =
| country_largest_city_population =
| country largest city population =
| population = 0
| population = 0
| population_as_of =
| population as of =
| density sqmi =
| density_sqmi =
| ethnic groups =
| ethnic_groups =
| additional info =
| additional_info =
}}
}}


'''Falkner Island''' (also called '''Faulkner's Island''') is a {{convert|2.87|acre|ha|adj=on}} crescent-shaped island located in [[Long Island Sound]] 3 miles (5&nbsp;km) off the coast of [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]. The island has been visited by the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] for thousands of years. Its [[Quinnipiac]] name is "Massancummock", meaning "the place of the great fish hawks". In 1641, Henry Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the [[Mohegan]] tribe's [[sachem]], [[Uncas]], as part of a transaction for the land east of [[East River]]. Purchased by the Stone family in 1715, it remained in the family until it was sold to the government in 1801.
'''Falkner Island''' (also called '''Faulkner's Island''') is a {{convert|2.87|acre|ha|adj=on}} crescent-shaped island located in [[Long Island Sound]] 3 miles (5&nbsp;km) off [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]. The island has been visited by the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] for thousands of years. Its [[Quinnipiac]] name is "Massancummock", meaning "the place of the great fish hawks". In 1641, Henry Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the [[Mohegan]] tribe's [[sachem]], [[Uncas]], as part of a transaction for the land east of [[East River]]. Purchased by the Stone family in 1715, it remained in the family until it was sold to the government in 1801.


The [[Falkner Island Light]] was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President [[Thomas Jefferson]]. The light is the second oldest in Connecticut and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The lighthouse was automated in 1978, and continues to operate as a navigational aid to the nearby [[Intracoastal Waterway]]. The island is part of the [[Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge]] and has the fifth-largest colony of nesting [[roseate tern]]s in the northeastern United States. Much of the island's land mass has been lost to [[erosion]], down to about {{convert|2.87|acre|m2}} from its original {{convert|4.5|acre|m2}}. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] reinforced the eastern boundary to slow the advancing deterioration.
The [[Falkner Island Light]] was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President [[Thomas Jefferson]]. The light is the second oldest in Connecticut and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The lighthouse was automated in 1978, and continues to operate as a navigational aid to the nearby [[Intracoastal Waterway]]. The island is part of the [[Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge]] and has the fifth-largest colony of nesting [[roseate tern]]s in the northeastern United States. Much of the island's land mass has been lost to [[erosion]], down to about {{convert|2.87|acre|m2}} from its original {{convert|4.5|acre|m2}}. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] reinforced the eastern boundary to slow the advancing deterioration.


== Name origins ==
== Name origins ==
The first recorded name of the Falkner Island was coined by the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name="oct00">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The-Octagon-newsletter-March-2000.pdf | title=Name that Island | journal=The Octagon |date=March 2000 | accessdate=March 24, 2014 }}</ref> The island name in [[Quinnipiac]] was "Massancummock" meaning "the place of the great fish hawks".<ref name=oct00 /><ref name=oct02 /> The Quinnipiac name did not refer to possession, but instead the usage or resources of the island.<ref name=oct02 />
The first recorded name of the Falkner Island was coined by the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name="oct00">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The-Octagon-newsletter-March-2000.pdf | title=Name that Island | journal=The Octagon | date=March 2000 | access-date=March 24, 2014 | archive-date=April 23, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423051232/http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The-Octagon-newsletter-March-2000.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The island name in [[Quinnipiac]] was "Massancummock" meaning "the place of the great fish hawks".<ref name=oct00 /><ref name=oct02 /> The Quinnipiac name did not refer to possession, but instead the usage or resources of the island.<ref name=oct02 />


The identity of the first European explorer is unknown, but it was likely the Dutch explorer [[Adrian Block]] who sailed through [[Long Island Sound]] around 1614.<ref name=oct00 /> The United States government credits Block as the discoverer.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Government Printing Office | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=123|accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> Early English settlers called it "Falcon Island", likely stemming from the Native American name.<ref name=oct00 /> Helander writes that the island was probably named for the [[osprey]], but the English translation to "Falcon" suggesting the presence of the [[peregrine falcon]] was one of "simple ignorance".<ref name=oct02 /> The island's name on Dutch maps was "Valcken Eylandt".<ref name=oct00 /> The name later evolved to Faulkner Island, perhaps as a result of the Faulkner family who lived on the island in the 1700s.<ref name=oct00 /> When the island was transferred to the U.S. government in 1801, the deed states the name as "Faulkners".<ref name=oct00 /> The [[U.S. Board on Geographic Names]] changed and established "Falkner Island" as its name in 1891.<ref name=oct00 /> However, the name change is not universally recognized and "popular usage" and the Faulkner's Light Brigade that conserves the island's lighthouse use "Faulkner"; including publications.<ref name=oct00 />
The identity of the first European explorer is unknown, but it was likely the Dutch explorer [[Adrian Block]] who sailed through [[Long Island Sound]] around 1614.<ref name=oct00 /> The United States government credits Block as the discoverer.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Government Printing Office | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n122 123]|access-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref> Early English settlers called it "Falcon Island", likely stemming from the Native American name.<ref name=oct00 /> Helander writes that the island was probably named for the [[osprey]], but the English translation to "Falcon" suggesting the presence of the [[peregrine falcon]] was one of "simple ignorance".<ref name=oct02 /> The island's name on Dutch maps was "Valcken Eylandt".<ref name=oct00 /> The name later evolved to Faulkner Island, perhaps as a result of the Faulkner family who lived on the island in the 1700s.<ref name=oct00 /> When the island was transferred to the U.S. government in 1801, the deed states the name as "Faulkners".<ref name=oct00 /> The [[U.S. Board on Geographic Names]] changed and established "Falkner Island" as its name in 1891.<ref name=oct00 /> However, the name change is not universally recognized and "popular usage" and the Faulkner's Light Brigade that conserves the island's lighthouse use "Faulkner"; including publications.<ref name=oct00 />


== History ==
== History ==
Falkner Island has been the site of human activity for thousands of years.<ref name="oct02">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The-Octagon-newsletter-March-2002.pdf | title=Coast Guardsman Returns | journal=The Octagon | year=2002 | issue=Spring|accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> An archaeological survey performed on the island from 1997-1998 found a quartz projectile point of the Squibnocket triangle variety which dates to 1000-3000 B.C.<ref name=oct02 /> The study was conducted by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] and the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] as part of the erosion control project; it was required by law under the [[National Historic Preservation Act]] because the island is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=oct02 /> The findings were published in the Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut in 2001.<ref name=oct02 /> In 1994, John P. Menta's ''The History of the Quinnipiac Indians'' identifies Falker Island as the site of ceremonial and religious practices, but that these practices are still unknown.<ref name=oct02 /> According to Bruchac's ''Thirteen Moons on Turtle's Back'' the island was not a permanent settlement, but was likely used for fishing and hunting trips in the summer.<ref name=oct02 />
Falkner Island has been the site of human activity for thousands of years.<ref name="oct02">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The-Octagon-newsletter-March-2002.pdf | title=Coast Guardsman Returns | journal=The Octagon | year=2002 | issue=Spring | access-date=March 24, 2014 | archive-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328074648/http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/The-Octagon-newsletter-March-2002.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> An archaeological survey performed on the island from 1997-1998 found a quartz projectile point of the Squibnocket triangle variety which dates to 1000-3000 B.C.<ref name=oct02 /> The study was conducted by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] and the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] as part of the erosion control project; it was required by law under the [[National Historic Preservation Act]] because the island is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=oct02 /> The findings were published in the Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut in 2001.<ref name=oct02 /> In 1994, John P. Menta's ''The History of the Quinnipiac Indians'' identifies Falker Island as the site of ceremonial and religious practices, but that these practices are still unknown.<ref name=oct02 /> According to Bruchac's ''Thirteen Moons on Turtle's Back'' the island was not a permanent settlement, but was likely used for fishing and hunting trips in the summer.<ref name=oct02 />


European contact occurred in the first half of the 1600s.<ref name=oct02 /> A map in the possession of Reverend Henry Whitfield from a 1639 deed shows the island and the [[Quinnipiac]] name of "Massancummock".<ref name=oct02 /> In 1641, Whitfield and the founders of [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]] purchased the island from the [[Mohegan]] tribe's [[sachem]], [[Uncas]], as part of a transaction for the land east of [[East River]].<ref name=oct02 /> Uncas acquired the land when he married the daughter of the [[Hammonassett]] sachem, Sebequanash.<ref name=oct02 /> At some point in the 1600s, Andrew Leete was an owner of the island.<ref name="friends">{{cite web | url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=796 | title=Faulkner's (Falkner's) Island, CT | publisher=Lighthouse Friends | accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> In 1715, Caleb and Ebenezer Stone purchased the island and it remained in the Stone family until 1801.<ref name="Dentremont">{{cite book | title=The Lighthouses of Connecticut | publisher=Commonwealth Editions | author=D'Entremont, Jeremy | pages=101–114}}</ref> In 1800, Noah Stone sold it to a distant relative named Medad Stone for $158.34 ({{Inflation|US|158.34|1800|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Dentremont" /> On May 12, 1801, Medad Stone sold the island to the government for $325 ({{Inflation|US|325|1801|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Dentremont" /> Joel Henderson, a historian, notes that Medad Stone and the government were likely openly communicating about the island.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The United States Congress appropriated $6000 in March 1801 for the lighthouse, prior to the government's acquisition of the property.<ref name="Dentremont" />
European contact occurred in the first half of the 1600s.<ref name=oct02 /> A map in the possession of Reverend Henry Whitfield from a 1639 deed shows the island and the [[Quinnipiac]] name of "Massancummock".<ref name=oct02 /> In 1641, Whitfield and the founders of [[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]] purchased the island from the [[Mohegan]] tribe's [[sachem]], [[Uncas]], as part of a transaction for the land east of [[East River]].<ref name=oct02 /> Uncas acquired the land when he married the daughter of the [[Hammonassett]] sachem, Sebequanash.<ref name=oct02 /> At some point in the 1600s, Andrew Leete was an owner of the island.<ref name="friends">{{cite web | url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=796 | title=Faulkner's (Falkner's) Island, CT | publisher=Lighthouse Friends | access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> In 1715, Caleb and Ebenezer Stone purchased the island and it remained in the Stone family until 1801.<ref name="Dentremont">{{cite book | title=The Lighthouses of Connecticut | publisher=Commonwealth Editions | author=D'Entremont, Jeremy | pages=101–114}}</ref> In 1800, Noah Stone sold it to a distant relative named Medad Stone for $158.34 ({{Inflation|US|158.34|1800|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Dentremont" /> On May 12, 1801, Medad Stone sold the island to the government for $325 ({{Inflation|US|325|1801|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Dentremont" /> Joel Helander, a historian, notes that Medad Stone and the government were likely openly communicating about the island.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The United States Congress appropriated $6000 in March 1801 for the lighthouse, prior to the government's acquisition of the property.<ref name="Dentremont" />


It was inhabited throughout the 1700s through 1976, with the Faulkner family and various lightkeepers of the [[Falkner Island Light]].<ref name=oct00 /><ref name=site /> During the [[War of 1812]], the British forces landed on the island and told the keeper's wife, Thankful Stone, that they had nothing to fear as long as they kept the light burning.<ref name="Dentremont" /> Later, the keeper, Solomon Stone, had to put the light out per order of the New London customs inspector.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The British threatened to blow up the lighthouse and Stone got an order to relight the lighthouse.<ref name="Dentremont" /> In 2008, the generator house for the light was renovated to be a summer house for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service interns who study the endangered [[roseate tern]]s.<ref name="oct13">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Octagon2013.pdf | title=Looking for New FLB Board Members | journal=The Octagon |date=July 2013 |accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> The erosion control project was completed, but [[Hurricane Irene]] and [[Hurricane Sandy]] greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just {{convert|50|sqm|ft2}}.<ref name=oct13 />
It was inhabited throughout the 1700s through 1976, with the Faulkner family and various lightkeepers of the [[Falkner Island Light]].<ref name=oct00 /><ref name=site /> During the [[War of 1812]], the British forces landed on the island and told the keeper's wife, Thankful Stone, that they had nothing to fear as long as they kept the light burning.<ref name="Dentremont" /> Later, the keeper, Solomon Stone, had to put the light out per order of the New London customs inspector.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The British threatened to blow up the lighthouse and Stone got an order to relight the lighthouse.<ref name="Dentremont" /> In 2008, the generator house for the light was renovated to be a summer house for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service interns who study the endangered [[roseate tern]]s.<ref name="oct13">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Octagon2013.pdf | title=Looking for New FLB Board Members | journal=The Octagon | date=July 2013 | access-date=March 24, 2014 | archive-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328225715/http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Octagon2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The erosion control project was completed, but [[Hurricane Irene]] and [[Hurricane Sandy]] greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just {{convert|50|sqm|ft2}}.<ref name=oct13 />


Erosion threatens the island's very existence, it is believed that it was around eight acres in 1639 before being reduced to 5.70 acres by 1818.<ref name="hart">{{cite web | url=http://articles.courant.com/1998-08-05/news/9808050367_1_long-island-sound-goose-island-lighthouse | title=Faulkner's Island Erosion Draws Senators' Keen Interest | work=Hartford Courant | date=August 5, 1998 | accessdate=March 28, 2014 | author=Dee, Jane}}</ref> By 1987, the total area has fallen to 2.87 acres and it was projected that it could lose another 12 inches each year until it disappears into the sea around 2026.<ref name=hart />
Erosion threatens the island's very existence, it is believed that it was around eight acres in 1639 before being reduced to 5.70 acres by 1818.<ref name="hart">{{cite web | url=http://articles.courant.com/1998-08-05/news/9808050367_1_long-island-sound-goose-island-lighthouse | title=Faulkner's Island Erosion Draws Senators' Keen Interest | work=Hartford Courant | date=August 5, 1998 | access-date=March 28, 2014 | author=Dee, Jane}}</ref> By 1987, the total area has fallen to 2.87 acres and it was projected that it could lose another 12 inches each year until the lighthouse crumbles into the sea around 2026.<ref name=hart />


== Falkner Island Light ==
== Falkner Island Light ==
{{main article|Falkner Island Light}}
{{main|Falkner Island Light}}
The Falkner Island Lighthouse was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name="Dentremont"/> The lighthouse has had three keeper's houses throughout its service life, the first erected in 1802 and rebuilt in 1851 and again in 1871.<ref name="Dentremont" /> In 1976, the keeper's house burned in 1976 and the lighthouse was repaired and automated in 1978.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The Faulkner's Light Brigade has undertaken the restoration and preservation of the lighthouse since 1991, with the last major restoration work being completed in March 2011.<ref name="Dentremont" /><ref name="oct12">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-Octagon2012.pdf | title=1978 The Light | journal=The Octagon | year=2012 | issue=Spring|accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> Access to Falkner Island and the light is restricted during the nesting season of the [[roseate tern]]s, from May to August.<ref name="site">{{cite web | url=http://www.newenglandlighthouses.net/faulkners-island-light-history.html | title=History of Faulkner's Island Light, Guilford, Connecticut | publisher=New England Lighthouses | accessdate=March 27, 2014 | author=D'Entremont, Jeremy}}</ref> The Falkner Island Lighthouse is the second oldest extant lighthouse in Connecticut and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html |title=National Register of Historic Places - All Data |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=April 21, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204052104/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html |archivedate=December 4, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
The Falkner Island Lighthouse was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name="Dentremont"/> The lighthouse has had three keeper's houses throughout its service life, the first erected in 1802 and rebuilt in 1851 and again in 1871.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The keeper's house burned in 1976 and the lighthouse was repaired and automated in 1978.<ref name="Dentremont" /> The Faulkner's Light Brigade has undertaken the restoration and preservation of the lighthouse since 1991, with the last major restoration work being completed in March 2011.<ref name="Dentremont" /><ref name="oct12">{{cite journal | url=http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-Octagon2012.pdf | title=1978 The Light | journal=The Octagon | year=2012 | issue=Spring | access-date=March 24, 2014 | archive-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061236/http://faulknerslight.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-Octagon2012.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Access to Falkner Island and the light is restricted during the nesting season of the [[roseate tern]]s, from May to August.<ref name="site">{{cite web | url=http://www.newenglandlighthouses.net/faulkners-island-light-history.html | title=History of Faulkner's Island Light, Guilford, Connecticut | publisher=New England Lighthouses | access-date=March 27, 2014 | author=D'Entremont, Jeremy}}</ref> The Falkner Island Lighthouse is the second oldest extant lighthouse in Connecticut and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html |title=National Register of Historic Places - All Data |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=April 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204052104/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>


== Wildlife ==
== Wildlife ==
{{main article|Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge}}
{{main|Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge}}
In 1985, the island became part of the [[Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge]] after it was acquired from the [[U.S. Coast Guard]].<ref name="cas">{{cite web | url=http://ct.audubon.org/falkner-island | title=Falkner Island IBA | publisher=Connecticut Audubon Society | accessdate=March 28, 2014}}</ref> According to the [[Connecticut Audubon Society]], "it currently supports over 95% of the nesting [[Common tern|Common Tern]]s in Connecticut. It is the site of one of the ten largest [[Roseate tern|Roseate Tern]] (~45 pairs) colonies in Northeastern North America, and is the only regular nesting location for this federally endangered species in the state."<ref name=cas /> Also living on the island is the [[American oystercatcher]], with one to two breeding pairs noted each year.<ref name=cas /> Although the erosion control project was completed, [[Hurricane Irene]] and [[Hurricane Sandy]] greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just {{convert|50|sqm|ft2}}.<ref name=oct13 /> In spring 2014, the dock damaged by Hurricane Sandy was scheduled to be rebuilt.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fws.gov/hurricane/sandy/ | title=Dock rebuild scheduled for Connecticut’s Falkner Island (March 24, 2014) | publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service | date=March 24, 2014 | accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref>
In 1985, the island became part of the [[Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge]] after it was acquired from the [[U.S. Coast Guard]].<ref name="cas">{{cite web | url=http://ct.audubon.org/falkner-island | title=Falkner Island IBA | publisher=Connecticut Audubon Society | access-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> According to the [[Connecticut Audubon Society]], "it currently supports over 95% of the nesting [[Common tern|Common Tern]]s in Connecticut. It is the site of one of the ten largest [[Roseate tern|Roseate Tern]] (~45 pairs) colonies in Northeastern North America, and is the only regular nesting location for this federally endangered species in the state."<ref name=cas /> Also living on the island is the [[American oystercatcher]], with one to two breeding pairs noted each year.<ref name=cas /> Although the erosion control project was completed, [[Hurricane Irene]] and [[Hurricane Sandy]] greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just {{convert|50|sqm|ft2}}.<ref name=oct13 /> In spring 2014, the dock damaged by Hurricane Sandy was scheduled to be rebuilt.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fws.gov/hurricane/sandy/ | title=Dock rebuild scheduled for Connecticut's Falkner Island (March 24, 2014) | publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service | date=March 24, 2014 | access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 76: Line 77:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* "The Island Called Faulkner's," Joel E. Helander, Guilford, CT, 1988. (ISBN 0-935600-09-4; LCCCN: 88-91395)
* "The Island Called Faulkner's," Joel E. Helander, Guilford, CT, 1988. ({{ISBN|0-935600-09-4}}; LCCCN: 88-91395)
* "New worry for historic lighthouse fans. (Coast Guard may excess lighthouse on Falkner Island, in Long Island Sound)" by Nick Ravo, the ''New York Times'' (August 15, 1993)
* "New worry for historic lighthouse fans. (Coast Guard may excess lighthouse on Falkner Island, in Long Island Sound)" by Nick Ravo, the ''New York Times'' (August 15, 1993)
* "Roseate Tern Recovery: Progress and Challenges" by Rena R. Borkhataria, ''Endangered Species Bulletin'', Sept 1998
* "Roseate Tern Recovery: Progress and Challenges" by Rena R. Borkhataria, ''Endangered Species Bulletin'', Sept 1998
Line 83: Line 84:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.lighthouse.cc/FLB/ Faulkner Lighthouse Brigade]
* [http://www.lighthouse.cc/FLB/ Faulkner Lighthouse Brigade]

{{Islands and Peninsulas of Connecticut}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Guilford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Guilford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Islands of Connecticut]]
[[Category:Coastal islands of Connecticut]]
[[Category:Long Island Sound]]
[[Category:Long Island Sound]]
[[Category:Landforms of New Haven County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Landforms of New Haven County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Connecticut]]

Latest revision as of 03:32, 31 March 2024

For other uses, see Falkner (disambiguation).

Falkner Island
Aerial view after Hurricane Sandy
Falkner Island is located in Connecticut
Falkner Island
Falkner Island
Geography
LocationLong Island Sound
Coordinates41°12′39″N 72°39′11″W / 41.210880°N 72.653190°W / 41.210880; -72.653190
Area2.87 acres (1.16 ha)
Administration
United States
StateConnecticut
CountyNew Haven
CityGuilford
Demographics
Population0

Falkner Island (also called Faulkner's Island) is a 2.87-acre (1.16 ha) crescent-shaped island located in Long Island Sound 3 miles (5 km) off Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The island has been visited by the Native Americans for thousands of years. Its Quinnipiac name is "Massancummock", meaning "the place of the great fish hawks". In 1641, Henry Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the Mohegan tribe's sachem, Uncas, as part of a transaction for the land east of East River. Purchased by the Stone family in 1715, it remained in the family until it was sold to the government in 1801.

The Falkner Island Light was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The light is the second oldest in Connecticut and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The lighthouse was automated in 1978, and continues to operate as a navigational aid to the nearby Intracoastal Waterway. The island is part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge and has the fifth-largest colony of nesting roseate terns in the northeastern United States. Much of the island's land mass has been lost to erosion, down to about 2.87 acres (11,600 m2) from its original 4.5 acres (18,000 m2). The United States Army Corps of Engineers reinforced the eastern boundary to slow the advancing deterioration.

Name origins[edit]

The first recorded name of the Falkner Island was coined by the Native Americans.[1] The island name in Quinnipiac was "Massancummock" meaning "the place of the great fish hawks".[1][2] The Quinnipiac name did not refer to possession, but instead the usage or resources of the island.[2]

The identity of the first European explorer is unknown, but it was likely the Dutch explorer Adrian Block who sailed through Long Island Sound around 1614.[1] The United States government credits Block as the discoverer.[3] Early English settlers called it "Falcon Island", likely stemming from the Native American name.[1] Helander writes that the island was probably named for the osprey, but the English translation to "Falcon" suggesting the presence of the peregrine falcon was one of "simple ignorance".[2] The island's name on Dutch maps was "Valcken Eylandt".[1] The name later evolved to Faulkner Island, perhaps as a result of the Faulkner family who lived on the island in the 1700s.[1] When the island was transferred to the U.S. government in 1801, the deed states the name as "Faulkners".[1] The U.S. Board on Geographic Names changed and established "Falkner Island" as its name in 1891.[1] However, the name change is not universally recognized and "popular usage" and the Faulkner's Light Brigade that conserves the island's lighthouse use "Faulkner"; including publications.[1]

History[edit]

Falkner Island has been the site of human activity for thousands of years.[2] An archaeological survey performed on the island from 1997-1998 found a quartz projectile point of the Squibnocket triangle variety which dates to 1000-3000 B.C.[2] The study was conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the erosion control project; it was required by law under the National Historic Preservation Act because the island is on the National Register of Historic Places.[2] The findings were published in the Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut in 2001.[2] In 1994, John P. Menta's The History of the Quinnipiac Indians identifies Falker Island as the site of ceremonial and religious practices, but that these practices are still unknown.[2] According to Bruchac's Thirteen Moons on Turtle's Back the island was not a permanent settlement, but was likely used for fishing and hunting trips in the summer.[2]

European contact occurred in the first half of the 1600s.[2] A map in the possession of Reverend Henry Whitfield from a 1639 deed shows the island and the Quinnipiac name of "Massancummock".[2] In 1641, Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the Mohegan tribe's sachem, Uncas, as part of a transaction for the land east of East River.[2] Uncas acquired the land when he married the daughter of the Hammonassett sachem, Sebequanash.[2] At some point in the 1600s, Andrew Leete was an owner of the island.[4] In 1715, Caleb and Ebenezer Stone purchased the island and it remained in the Stone family until 1801.[5] In 1800, Noah Stone sold it to a distant relative named Medad Stone for $158.34 (equivalent to $2,843 in 2023).[5] On May 12, 1801, Medad Stone sold the island to the government for $325 (equivalent to $5,951 in 2023).[5] Joel Helander, a historian, notes that Medad Stone and the government were likely openly communicating about the island.[5] The United States Congress appropriated $6000 in March 1801 for the lighthouse, prior to the government's acquisition of the property.[5]

It was inhabited throughout the 1700s through 1976, with the Faulkner family and various lightkeepers of the Falkner Island Light.[1][6] During the War of 1812, the British forces landed on the island and told the keeper's wife, Thankful Stone, that they had nothing to fear as long as they kept the light burning.[5] Later, the keeper, Solomon Stone, had to put the light out per order of the New London customs inspector.[5] The British threatened to blow up the lighthouse and Stone got an order to relight the lighthouse.[5] In 2008, the generator house for the light was renovated to be a summer house for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service interns who study the endangered roseate terns.[7] The erosion control project was completed, but Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just 50 square metres (540 sq ft).[7]

Erosion threatens the island's very existence, it is believed that it was around eight acres in 1639 before being reduced to 5.70 acres by 1818.[8] By 1987, the total area has fallen to 2.87 acres and it was projected that it could lose another 12 inches each year until the lighthouse crumbles into the sea around 2026.[8]

Falkner Island Light[edit]

Main article: Falkner Island Light

The Falkner Island Lighthouse was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson.[5] The lighthouse has had three keeper's houses throughout its service life, the first erected in 1802 and rebuilt in 1851 and again in 1871.[5] The keeper's house burned in 1976 and the lighthouse was repaired and automated in 1978.[5] The Faulkner's Light Brigade has undertaken the restoration and preservation of the lighthouse since 1991, with the last major restoration work being completed in March 2011.[5][9] Access to Falkner Island and the light is restricted during the nesting season of the roseate terns, from May to August.[6] The Falkner Island Lighthouse is the second oldest extant lighthouse in Connecticut and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[10]

Wildlife[edit]

Main article: Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge

In 1985, the island became part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge after it was acquired from the U.S. Coast Guard.[11] According to the Connecticut Audubon Society, "it currently supports over 95% of the nesting Common Terns in Connecticut. It is the site of one of the ten largest Roseate Tern (~45 pairs) colonies in Northeastern North America, and is the only regular nesting location for this federally endangered species in the state."[11] Also living on the island is the American oystercatcher, with one to two breeding pairs noted each year.[11] Although the erosion control project was completed, Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just 50 square metres (540 sq ft).[7] In spring 2014, the dock damaged by Hurricane Sandy was scheduled to be rebuilt.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Name that Island" (PDF). The Octagon. March 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Coast Guardsman Returns" (PDF). The Octagon (Spring). 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  3. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Government Printing Office. pp. 123. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  4. ^ "Faulkner's (Falkner's) Island, CT". Lighthouse Friends. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l D'Entremont, Jeremy. The Lighthouses of Connecticut. Commonwealth Editions. pp. 101–114.
  6. ^ a b D'Entremont, Jeremy. "History of Faulkner's Island Light, Guilford, Connecticut". New England Lighthouses. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  7. ^ a b c "Looking for New FLB Board Members" (PDF). The Octagon. July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  8. ^ a b Dee, Jane (August 5, 1998). "Faulkner's Island Erosion Draws Senators' Keen Interest". Hartford Courant. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  9. ^ "1978 The Light" (PDF). The Octagon (Spring). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  10. ^ "National Register of Historic Places - All Data". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  11. ^ a b c "Falkner Island IBA". Connecticut Audubon Society. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  12. ^ "Dock rebuild scheduled for Connecticut's Falkner Island (March 24, 2014)". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. March 24, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

Further reading[edit]

  • "The Island Called Faulkner's," Joel E. Helander, Guilford, CT, 1988. (ISBN 0-935600-09-4; LCCCN: 88-91395)
  • "New worry for historic lighthouse fans. (Coast Guard may excess lighthouse on Falkner Island, in Long Island Sound)" by Nick Ravo, the New York Times (August 15, 1993)
  • "Roseate Tern Recovery: Progress and Challenges" by Rena R. Borkhataria, Endangered Species Bulletin, Sept 1998
  • "New England Lighthouses: Bay of Fundy to Long Island Sound" by Bruce Roberts et al., Chelsea House, November 1999

External links[edit]

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