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'''''Fockea''''' is a genus of succulent scrubs native to [[Africa]] south of the equator. They are members of the [[Asclepiadoideae]] (milkweeds), a [[subfamily]] of the dogbane family [[Apocynaceae]]. Of the six recognized species, only the two most widely distributed extend north of [[southern Africa]], with ''[[Fockea multiflora|F. multiflora]]'' reaching as far north as Tanzania and ''F. angustifolia'' reaching to southern [[Kenya]].<ref name=Bruyns1>{{cite journal|doi=10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[535:ASSOTO]2.0.CO;2|issn = 0026-6493|year = 2006|volume = 93|page = 535|title = A Systematic Study of the Old World Genus ''Fockea'' (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)|last1 = Bruyns|first1 = P. V.|last2 = Klak|first2 = C.|journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|issue = 4}}</ref> ''Fockea'' are known as '''water roots,'''<ref>{{cite book|last=National Research Council|title=Lost crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables|year=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-309-66582-5|page=269|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11763.html}}</ref> a reference to the bulbous [[caudex]] characteristic of most species, which is also edible in at least some species.
'''''Fockea''''' is a genus of succulent scrubs native to [[Africa]] south of the equator. They are members of the [[Asclepiadoideae]] (milkweeds), a [[subfamily]] of the dogbane family [[Apocynaceae]]. Of the six recognized species, only the two most widely distributed extend north of [[southern Africa]], with ''[[Fockea multiflora|F. multiflora]]'' reaching as far north as Tanzania and ''F. angustifolia'' reaching to southern [[Kenya]].<ref name=Bruyns1>{{cite journal|doi=10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[535:ASSOTO]2.0.CO;2|issn = 0026-6493|year = 2006|volume = 93|page = 535|title = A Systematic Study of the Old World Genus ''Fockea'' (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)|last1 = Bruyns|first1 = P. V.|last2 = Klak|first2 = C.|journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|issue = 4| s2cid=86171059 }}</ref> ''Fockea'' are known as '''water roots,'''<ref>{{cite book|last=National Research Council|title=Lost crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables|year=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-309-66582-5|page=269|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11763.html}}</ref> a reference to the bulbous [[caudex]] characteristic of most species, which is also edible in at least some species.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Fockea'' Endl. was established in 1838 by the Austrian botanist [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher]] through illustration<ref name=endlicher1>{{cite book |last1=Endlicher |first1=Stephan |title=Iconographia generum plantarum |date=1838 |pages=91 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.127663|publisher=F. Beck] |location=[Vindobonae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/130502#page/193/mode/1up |access-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref> and description<ref name=endlicher2>{{cite book |last1=Endlicher |first1=Stephan |last2=Fenzl |first2=Eduard |title=Novarum stirpium decas I–X |date=1839 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.127663|publisher=Typis Sollingerianis] |location=[Vindobonae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/221285#page/25/mode/1up |access-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref> of a specimen of ''Fockea capensis'' collected in [[Cape Colony]] circa 1786 by [[Franz Boos]] and [[Georg Scholl]] and cultivated at [[Schönbrunn Palace#Gardens|Schönbrunn Garden]] in Vienna.<ref name=Bruyns1/> The genus was named in honor of the German physician and naturalist [[Gustav Woldemar Focke]], author of the commentary ''De respiratione vegetabilium'' (''Of the respiration of vegetables'').<ref name=endlicher2/> The “Old Lady of Schönbrunn” — the oldest potted succulent in captivity — continued to be cultivated at least through 1988, over 200 years after it was first collected by Boos and Scholl.<ref name=Zecher>{{cite journal | last1 = Zecher | first1 = Ernst | date = 1988 | title = The Old Lady of Schoenbrunn | journal = Asklepios | volume = 43 | pages = 88–93}}</ref><ref name=walker>{{cite journal | last1 = Walker | first1 = Colin | date = Sep 2021 | title = Three South African Crassulas and the botanical art of Baron von Jacquin | url = https://www.cactusandsucculentreview.org.uk/assets/downloads/2021/csr-september-2021.pdf | journal = Cactus & Succulent Review | volume = 31 | pages = 31–39 | access-date = 29 Jul 2023}}</ref> It was believed to be the last surviving member of its species until the South African botanist [[Rudolf Marloth]] collected another specimen of ''F. capensis'' near [[Prince Albert, South Africa|Prince Albert]] in 1906.<ref name=Bruyns1/><ref name=court>{{cite thesis |type=MSc thesis |last1=Court |first1=Grace Doreen |title=A revision of the genus Fockea Endl. (Asclepiadaceae) |date=1982 |publisher=Rhodes University |location=Grahamstown, South Africa |url=http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4242 |access-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref>
The genus ''Fockea'' Endl. was established in 1838 by the Austrian botanist [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher]] through illustration<ref name=endlicher1>{{cite book |last1=Endlicher |first1=Stephan |title=Iconographia generum plantarum |date=1838 |pages=91 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.127663|publisher=F. Beck] |location=[Vindobonae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/130502#page/193/mode/1up |access-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref> and description<ref name=endlicher2>{{cite book |last1=Endlicher |first1=Stephan |last2=Fenzl |first2=Eduard |title=Novarum stirpium decas I–X |date=1839 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.127663|publisher=Typis Sollingerianis] |location=[Vindobonae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/221285#page/25/mode/1up |access-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref> of a specimen of ''Fockea capensis'' collected in [[Cape Colony]] circa 1786 by [[Franz Boos]] and [[Georg Scholl]] and cultivated at [[Schönbrunn Palace#Gardens|Schönbrunn Garden]] in Vienna.<ref name=Bruyns1/> The genus was named in honor of the German physician and naturalist [[Gustav Woldemar Focke]], author of the commentary ''De respiratione vegetabilium'' (''Of the respiration of vegetables'').<ref name=endlicher2/> The “Old Lady of Schönbrunn” — the oldest potted succulent in captivity — continued to be cultivated at least through 1988, over 200 years after it was first collected by Boos and Scholl.<ref name=Zecher>{{cite journal | last1 = Zecher | first1 = Ernst | date = 1988 | title = The Old Lady of Schoenbrunn | journal = Asklepios | volume = 43 | pages = 88–93}}</ref><ref name=walker>{{cite journal | last1 = Walker | first1 = Colin | date = Sep 2021 | title = Three South African Crassulas and the botanical art of Baron von Jacquin | url = https://www.cactusandsucculentreview.org.uk/assets/downloads/2021/csr-september-2021.pdf | journal = Cactus & Succulent Review | volume = 31 | pages = 31–39 | access-date = 29 Jul 2023}}</ref> It was believed to be the last surviving member of its species until the South African botanist [[Rudolf Marloth]] collected another specimen of ''F. capensis'' near [[Prince Albert, South Africa|Prince Albert]] in 1906.<ref name=Bruyns1/><ref name=court>{{cite thesis |type=MSc thesis |last1=Court |first1=Grace Doreen |title=A revision of the genus Fockea Endl. (Asclepiadaceae) |date=1982 |publisher=Rhodes University |location=Grahamstown, South Africa |url=http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4242 |access-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref>


Most ''Fockea'' species are relatively small climbers with swollen, mostly subterranean [[Tuber|tubers]], whereas ''[[Fockea multiflora]]'', a widely distributed but exclusively tropical species, is a massive, tropical [[liana]] without a tuber.<ref name=Bruyns1/><ref name=Bruyns2>{{cite book|last= Bruyns|first=P. V.|title= The Apocynaceae of Namibia|year=2014|publisher= South African National Biodiversity Institute|location= Pretoria|isbn=978-1-91997698-3|page=30, 32|url=https://archive.org/details/apocynaceaeofnam34bruy/mode/2up}}</ref> It is considered a [[sister group|sister]] to the other five species. ''[[Fockea angustifolia]]'', also widely distributed, is mainly tropical, and sister to the remaining four species, which are [[Endemism|endemic]] to southern Africa.<ref name=Bruyns1/>
Most ''Fockea'' species are relatively small climbers with swollen, mostly subterranean [[tuber]]s, whereas ''[[Fockea multiflora]]'', a widely distributed but exclusively tropical species, is a massive, tropical [[liana]] without a tuber.<ref name=Bruyns1/><ref name=Bruyns2>{{cite book|last= Bruyns|first=P. V.|title= The Apocynaceae of Namibia|year=2014|publisher= South African National Biodiversity Institute|location= Pretoria|isbn=978-1-91997698-3|pages=30, 32|url=https://archive.org/details/apocynaceaeofnam34bruy/mode/2up}}</ref> It is considered a [[sister group|sister]] to the other five species. ''[[Fockea angustifolia]]'', also widely distributed, is mainly tropical, and sister to the remaining four species, which are [[Endemism|endemic]] to southern Africa.<ref name=Bruyns1/>


;Species<ref>{{cite web |title=Fockea Endl.|url=https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-4000014892-2023-06?page=1|work=WFO Plant List|accessdate=24 Jun 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Faucon|first=Philippe|title=Fockea|url=https://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Apocynaceae/Fockea.html|work=Desert Tropicals|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>
;Species<ref>{{cite web |title=Fockea Endl.|url=https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-4000014892-2023-06?page=1|work=WFO Plant List|accessdate=24 Jun 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Faucon|first=Philippe|title=Fockea|url=https://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Apocynaceae/Fockea.html|work=Desert Tropicals|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 21:17, 6 March 2024

Fockea
Potted Fockea edulis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Tribe: Fockeeae
Genus: Fockea
Endl.
Synonyms
  • Chymocormus Harv. (1842)

Fockea is a genus of succulent scrubs native to Africa south of the equator. They are members of the Asclepiadoideae (milkweeds), a subfamily of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. Of the six recognized species, only the two most widely distributed extend north of southern Africa, with F. multiflora reaching as far north as Tanzania and F. angustifolia reaching to southern Kenya.[1] Fockea are known as water roots,[2] a reference to the bulbous caudex characteristic of most species, which is also edible in at least some species.

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Fockea Endl. was established in 1838 by the Austrian botanist Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher through illustration[3] and description[4] of a specimen of Fockea capensis collected in Cape Colony circa 1786 by Franz Boos and Georg Scholl and cultivated at Schönbrunn Garden in Vienna.[1] The genus was named in honor of the German physician and naturalist Gustav Woldemar Focke, author of the commentary De respiratione vegetabilium (Of the respiration of vegetables).[4] The “Old Lady of Schönbrunn” — the oldest potted succulent in captivity — continued to be cultivated at least through 1988, over 200 years after it was first collected by Boos and Scholl.[5][6] It was believed to be the last surviving member of its species until the South African botanist Rudolf Marloth collected another specimen of F. capensis near Prince Albert in 1906.[1][7]

Most Fockea species are relatively small climbers with swollen, mostly subterranean tubers, whereas Fockea multiflora, a widely distributed but exclusively tropical species, is a massive, tropical liana without a tuber.[1][8] It is considered a sister to the other five species. Fockea angustifolia, also widely distributed, is mainly tropical, and sister to the remaining four species, which are endemic to southern Africa.[1]

Species[9][10]
  1. Fockea angustifolia K.Schum. — A climbing tuberous geophyte found primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome, ranging from Southeast Kenya to South Africa.[11]
  2. Fockea capensis Endl. — A climbing tuberous geophyte found primarily in the subtropical biome; its native range is the southern Cape Provinces of South Africa.[12]
  3. Fockea comaru (E.Mey.) N.E.Br. - A tuberous geophyte found primarily in the desert or dry shrubland biome, ranging from southern Namibia to South Africa's Cape Provinces.[13]
  4. Fockea edulis (Thunb.) K.Schum. - A climbing tuberous geophyte found primarily in the subtropical biome, ranging from the southern Cape Provinces to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.[14]
  5. Fockea multiflora K.Schum. - A semisucculent liana growing primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome, ranging from Tanzania to northern Namibia.[15]
  6. Fockea sinuata (E.Mey.) Druce - A climbing tuberous geophyte growing primarily in the desert or dry shrubland biome, ranging from south-central and southern Namibia to the Cape Provinces and Free State province of South Africa.[16]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Bruyns, P. V.; Klak, C. (2006). "A Systematic Study of the Old World Genus Fockea (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93 (4): 535. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[535:ASSOTO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0026-6493. S2CID 86171059.
  2. ^ National Research Council (2006). Lost crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 269. ISBN 0-309-66582-5.
  3. ^ Endlicher, Stephan (1838). Iconographia generum plantarum. [Vindobonae: F. Beck]. p. 91. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.127663. Retrieved 28 Jul 2023.
  4. ^ a b Endlicher, Stephan; Fenzl, Eduard (1839). Novarum stirpium decas I–X. [Vindobonae: Typis Sollingerianis]. pp. 17–19. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.127663. Retrieved 28 Jul 2023.
  5. ^ Zecher, Ernst (1988). "The Old Lady of Schoenbrunn". Asklepios. 43: 88–93.
  6. ^ Walker, Colin (Sep 2021). "Three South African Crassulas and the botanical art of Baron von Jacquin" (PDF). Cactus & Succulent Review. 31: 31–39. Retrieved 29 Jul 2023.
  7. ^ Court, Grace Doreen (1982). A revision of the genus Fockea Endl. (Asclepiadaceae) (MSc thesis). Grahamstown, South Africa: Rhodes University. Retrieved 28 Jul 2023.
  8. ^ Bruyns, P. V. (2014). The Apocynaceae of Namibia. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. pp. 30, 32. ISBN 978-1-91997698-3.
  9. ^ "Fockea Endl". WFO Plant List. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
  10. ^ Faucon, Philippe. "Fockea". Desert Tropicals. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  11. ^ "Fockea angustifolia K.Schum". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
  12. ^ "Fockea capensis Endl". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
  13. ^ "Fockea comaru (E.Mey.) N.E.Br". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
  14. ^ "Fockea edulis (Thunb.) K.Schum". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
  15. ^ "Fockea multiflora K.Schum". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
  16. ^ "Fockea sinuata (E.Mey.) Druce". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023.
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