Treaty of Paris (1763) and Roger Sowry: Difference between pages
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'''Roger Sowry''' (born [[December 3]], [[1958]]) is a [[Politics of New Zealand|New Zealand politician]]. He is a member of the [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]], and was formerly its deputy leader. |
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The '''Treaty of Paris''', often called the '''Peace of Paris''', or the '''Treaty of 1763''', was signed on [[February 10]], [[1763]], by the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[France]] and [[Spain]], with [[Portugal]] in agreement. Together with the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]], it ended the [[French and Indian War]]/[[Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The French-Indian War 1754-176|last=Marston|first=Daniel|pages=pp.84|id=The French-Indian War 1754-1760|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2002}}</ref> The treaties marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wars and Battles:Treaty of Paris (1763)|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html|quote=In a nutshell, Britain emerged as the world’s leading colonial empire.}}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
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While the bulk of conquered territories were restored to their pre-war owners, the British made some substantial overseas gains at the expense of France and, to a lesser extent, Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War|url=http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/USA/TreatyParis.html}}</ref> Preferring to keep [[Guadeloupe]], France gave up [[Canada, New France|Canada]] and all of its claims to the territory east of the [[Mississippi River]] to Britain<ref>"his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" – [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 ''Treaty of Paris''], 1763</ref>. Spain ceded [[Florida]] to the British, but later received [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] and [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]] from France; [[Manila]] and [[Cuba]] were restored to Spain. France retained [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] and recovered [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], and [[Saint Lucia]] in exchange for [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Tobago]] going to the British. In [[India]], the French lost out to the British, receiving back its "factories" (trading posts), but agreeing to support the British client governments, as well as returning [[Sumatra]] and agreeing not to base troops in [[Bengal]]. The British garrison on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] island of [[Minorca]] was returned to her control, having been captured by the French at the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. |
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Sowry was born in [[Palmerston North]]. His education included an [[American Field Service]] exchange to [[Minnesota]] and a Diploma of Business Administration from [[Victoria University of Wellington]]. After working for a time at the Valuation Department, Sowry was employed as a retail manager. |
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==Member of Parliament== |
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Britain returned the [[slavery|slave]] station on the isle of [[Gorée]] to the French, but gained the [[Senegal River]] and its settlements. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in [[British Honduras]] (Belize), but received permission from Spain to keep a [[logwood]]-cutting colony there. Britain confirmed in the treaty the rights of its new subjects to practice the [[Roman Catholic]] religion<ref>{{cite book|title=Extracts from the Treaty of Paris of 1763|quote=His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Roman Catholic religion to the inhabitants of Canada.|publisher=A. Lovell & Co.|date=1892|pages=pp.6}}</ref> and received confirmation of the continuation of the British king's [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] right as a [[Prince-elector]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. |
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|width=15%|<font size=-2>'''Parl.'''</font> |
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|width=40%|<font size=-2>'''Electorate'''</font> |
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|width=15%|<font size=-2>'''List Pos.'''</font> |
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|width=30%|<font size=-2>'''Party'''</font> |
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|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
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|<font size=-2>[[43rd New Zealand Parliament|43rd]]</font> |
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|colspan=2|<font size=-2>[[Kapiti (NZ electorate)|Kapiti]]</font> |
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|<font size=-2>[[New Zealand National Party|National]]</font> |
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|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
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|<font size=-2>[[44th New Zealand Parliament|44th]]</font> |
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|colspan=2|<font size=-2>[[Kapiti (NZ electorate)|Kapiti]]</font> |
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|<font size=-2>[[New Zealand National Party|National]]</font> |
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|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
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|<font size=-2>[[45th New Zealand Parliament|45th]]</font> |
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|<font size=-2>List</font> |
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|<font size=-2>15</font> |
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|<font size=-2>[[New Zealand National Party|National]]</font> |
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|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
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|<font size=-2>[[46th New Zealand Parliament|46th]]</font> |
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|<font size=-2>List</font> |
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|<font size=-2>7</font> |
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|<font size=-2>[[New Zealand National Party|National]]</font> |
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|---------- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
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|<font size=-2>[[47th New Zealand Parliament|47th]]</font> |
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|<font size=-2>List</font> |
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|<font size=-2>2</font> |
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|<font size=-2>[[New Zealand National Party|National]]</font> |
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|} |
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Sowry joined the National Party in 1977, and was active in its youth wing. In the [[New Zealand general election 1987|1987 elections]], he unsuccessfully challenged [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] MP [[Margaret Shields]] in the [[Kapiti (NZ electorate)|Kapiti]] electorate. In the [[New Zealand general election 1990|1990 elections]], however, he defeated Shields and entered Parliament. Sowry kept the seat until the [[New Zealand general election 1996|1996 elections]], when he unsuccessfully contested the new [[Otaki (NZ electorate)|Otaki]] seat against Labour's [[Judy Keall]] and became a [[list MP]]. |
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It is sometimes claimed that the British King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] renounced his [[English_claims_to_the_French_throne|claim to be King of France]] by the treaty. However, this is a historical myth, and it is also falsely attributed to some of the treaties of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. Such a renunciation is nowhere in the text of the treaty, and, in fact, George III continued to be styled "King of France" and used the [[fleurs-de-lis]] as part of his [[heraldry|arms]] until 1801, when Britain and [[Ireland]] united. It was dropped then because the claim was regarded as [[anachronistic]]. |
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In 1993, Sowry was appointed as his party's Junior [[Whip (politics)|Whip]], and in 1995, he became Senior Whip. |
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==Louisiana question== |
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The Treaty of Paris is frequently stated as the point at which France conveyed Louisiana Territory to Spain. However the transfer actually occurred in 1762 in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) (which was not publicly announced until 1764). |
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===Member of Cabinet=== |
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The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] which was to be part of the British territory of [[West Florida]]). New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands (albeit temporarily). The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803 and the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]] in 1819. |
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In December 1996, he was elevated to [[New Zealand Cabinet|Cabinet]], becoming Minister of Social Welfare. In 1998, the role was reorganized, becoming Minister of Social Services, Work and Income. He also served for a time as Minister in charge of War Pensions, Minister responsible for the Housing Corporation ([[state housing]]), and Associate Minister of Health. In January 1999, he was given special responsibility for co-ordinating National's relationship with the groups that it relied upon for support ([[Mauri Pacific]], [[Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata|Mana Wahine]], and others). |
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In October 2001, when [[Bill English]] displaced [[Jenny Shipley]] as leader of the National Party, Sowry (who had played a significant role in English's rise) became National's deputy leader. He remained in this position until English himself was displaced by [[Don Brash]] in October 2003. |
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The 1763 treaty states in Article VII: |
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==Resignation== |
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{{quotation|VII. In order to reestablish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever all subject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth: It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever. The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article.|<ref name="avalon">[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/paris763.htm Text of Treaty of Paris 1763]</ref>}} |
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On July 13, 2004, Sowry announced that he would not seek re-election, saying that he was looking for a change of career. Some have speculated that there were tensions between Sowry and the party's new leadership, but Sowry denied this. Brash publicly praised Sowry's "outstanding contribution" over the years. |
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Until December 2007 Roger Sowry was the Chief Executive of Arthritis New Zealand. He has now moved to Saunders Unsworth, as a consultant on Government matters. |
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==Quebec question== |
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Article IV of the treaty provided protections for Catholics in Canada and has been cited as the basis for [[Quebec]] often having its unique set of laws that are different from the rest of Canada. |
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The article also provided for unrestrained emigration for 18 months from Canada. As a result many of the emigrants called [[Cajuns]] were to move to Louisiana to a region now called [[Acadiana]] which they thought was going to remain part of France -- only to find out after they had moved that Louisiana had become part of Spain. |
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The article states: |
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{{quotation|IV. His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty.|<ref name="avalon"/>}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Fourth National Government of New Zealand]] |
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*[[List of treaties]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/paris763.htm Treaty of Paris] |
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*[http://www.frontenac-ameriques.org/traite-de-paris.php The Treaty of Paris and its Consequences (in French)] |
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*[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006083 Treaty of Paris from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''] |
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{{wikisource}} |
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[[Category:1763 in law]] |
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[[Category:French and Indian War]] |
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[[Category:Legal history of Canada]] |
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[[Category:History of Quebec]] |
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[[Category:British peace treaties|Paris (1763)]] |
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[[Category:French peace treaties|Paris (1763)]] |
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[[Category:Seven Years' War]] |
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[[Category:1763 in France]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sowry, Roger}} |
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[[af:Verdrag van Parys (1763)]] |
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[[Category:1958 births]] |
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[[ca:Tractat de París (1763)]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[da:Pariserfreden]] |
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[[Category:New Zealand National Party MPs]] |
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[[de:Pariser Frieden 1763]] |
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[[Category:People from Palmerston North]] |
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[[es:Tratado de París (1763)]] |
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[[Category:Victoria University of Wellington alumni]] |
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[[eu:Parisko Ituna (1763)]] |
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[[fr:Traité de Paris (1763)]] |
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[[gl:Tratado de París (1763)]] |
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[[it:Trattato di Parigi (1763)]] |
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[[he:חוזה פריז (1763)]] |
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[[nl:Vrede van Parijs (1763)]] |
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[[ja:パリ条約 (1763年)]] |
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[[pl:Pokój paryski 1763]] |
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[[pt:Tratado de Paris (1763)]] |
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[[ru:Парижский мирный договор (1763)]] |
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Revision as of 03:52, 11 October 2008
Roger Sowry (born December 3, 1958) is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the National Party, and was formerly its deputy leader.
Early life
Sowry was born in Palmerston North. His education included an American Field Service exchange to Minnesota and a Diploma of Business Administration from Victoria University of Wellington. After working for a time at the Valuation Department, Sowry was employed as a retail manager.
Member of Parliament
| Parl. | Electorate | List Pos. | Party |
| 43rd | Kapiti | National | |
| 44th | Kapiti | National | |
| 45th | List | 15 | National |
| 46th | List | 7 | National |
| 47th | List | 2 | National |
Sowry joined the National Party in 1977, and was active in its youth wing. In the 1987 elections, he unsuccessfully challenged Labour Party MP Margaret Shields in the Kapiti electorate. In the 1990 elections, however, he defeated Shields and entered Parliament. Sowry kept the seat until the 1996 elections, when he unsuccessfully contested the new Otaki seat against Labour's Judy Keall and became a list MP.
In 1993, Sowry was appointed as his party's Junior Whip, and in 1995, he became Senior Whip.
Member of Cabinet
In December 1996, he was elevated to Cabinet, becoming Minister of Social Welfare. In 1998, the role was reorganized, becoming Minister of Social Services, Work and Income. He also served for a time as Minister in charge of War Pensions, Minister responsible for the Housing Corporation (state housing), and Associate Minister of Health. In January 1999, he was given special responsibility for co-ordinating National's relationship with the groups that it relied upon for support (Mauri Pacific, Mana Wahine, and others).
In October 2001, when Bill English displaced Jenny Shipley as leader of the National Party, Sowry (who had played a significant role in English's rise) became National's deputy leader. He remained in this position until English himself was displaced by Don Brash in October 2003.
Resignation
On July 13, 2004, Sowry announced that he would not seek re-election, saying that he was looking for a change of career. Some have speculated that there were tensions between Sowry and the party's new leadership, but Sowry denied this. Brash publicly praised Sowry's "outstanding contribution" over the years.
Until December 2007 Roger Sowry was the Chief Executive of Arthritis New Zealand. He has now moved to Saunders Unsworth, as a consultant on Government matters.