Nino Durden and Barracuda: Difference between pages

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{{Cleanup|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox police officer
|name = Gino Floyd Durden
|image = [[Image:Nino-Durden.gif]]
|caption =
|born = {{Birth date and age|1963|5|5}}
|died =
|badgenumber =
|placeofbirth = - [[Los Angeles, California]], [[USA]]
|placeofdeath =
|nickname = Nino
|department = [[Los Angeles Police Department]]
|service = United States
|serviceyears = 1989 - 2000
|rank = Sworn in as an Officer - 1989
|awards =
|relations =
|laterwork = Convicted in connection to the [[Rampart Scandal|LAPD Rampart Scandal]]
}}


{{otheruses}}
'''Gino Floyd Durden''' (born [[May 5]] [[1963]]), known as '''Nino Durden''', was an officer in the elite [[Los Angeles Police Department]] [[Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums]] unit implicated in the [[Rampart Scandal]]. Durden, along with [[Rafael Pérez (police officer)|Officer Rafael Pérez]], was involved in the shooting and framing of [[Javier Ovando]]. Both officers later made false statements against Ovando in court.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html ''Rampart Scandal Timeline'']. PBS.org.</ref>
{{Taxobox
| name = Barracuda
| fossil_range = Early [[Eocene]] to Present<ref>{{cite journal
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera
| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology
| volume = 364
| issue =
| pages = p.560
| publisher =
| location =
| date = 2002
| url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-12-25 }}</ref>
| image = Barracuda with prey.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Great barracuda]], ''Sphyraena barracuda'', with prey
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| familia = '''Sphyraenidae'''
| genus = '''''Sphyraena'''''
| genus_authority = Klein, 1778
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = See text.}}


The '''barracuda''' is a [[ray-finned fish]] known for its large size (up to 16 ft in length and up to a foot in width, for some species <ref> {{cite book| last=Humann | first=P. | coauthors=Deloach, N. | year=2002 | month=February | title=Reef Fish Identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas, 3rd edition | pages=page 64 | publisher=New World Publications, Inc. | location=Jacksonville, Florida, USA | isbn=1-878348-30-2}}</ref>) and fearsome appearance. Its body is long, fairly compressed, and covered with small, smooth [[scale (zoology)|scales]]. It is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. It is of the genus ''Sphyraena'', the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae.
==Arrest and Allegations==
Durden was arrested in July 2000. According to media reports, like the other officers directly involved, Durden was booked wearing his LAPD uniform.


== Appearance and physical description ==
Durden was charged with attempted murder, assault with a semiautomatic firearm in the Ovando shooting, filing a false report and perjury - two counts stemming from the [[October 25]], [[1996]] arrest of Miguel Hernandez, who was allegedly framed on a weapons offense, second-degree robbery for allegedly stealing jewelry and money from a suspected drug dealer on [[August 15]], [[1997]], and filing a false report in connection with the [[February 2]], [[1997]], arrest of Jose Lara, who also was allegedly framed on a weapons charge.
[[Image:barracuda laban.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Great barracuda hovering in the current at the Paradise Reef, [[Cozumel]], [[Mexico]].]]
Barracudas are elongated fish with powerful [[jaw]]s. The lower jaw of the large [[mouth]] juts out beyond the upper. Barracudas possess strong, [[fang]]-like teeth. These are unequal in size and set in [[tooth socket|sockets]] in the jaws on the roof of the mouth. The head is quite large, pointed, and it is [[pike (fish)|pike]]-like in appearance. The gill-covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales. The two [[dorsal fin]]s are widely separated, with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays. The second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it. The [[lateral line]] is prominent and extends straight from head to tail. The spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics. The hind end of the [[caudal fin]] is forked or concave. It is set at the end of a stout [[peduncle]]. The [[pectoral fins]] are placed low down on the sides. The barracuda [[swim bladder]] is large.


In general, the barracuda's coloration is dark green or gray above chalky-white below. This varies somewhat. Sometimes there is a row of darker cross-bars or black spots on each side. The fins may be yellowish or dusky. Barracudas only live in oceans.
Durden pled guilty to all charges and was sentenced to five years in prison on six California state charges, including perjury, filing false police reports and conspiracy to obstruct justice on August 6, 2002.<ref name="sentence">[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/08/07/rampart.sentencing/index.html ''Ex-L.A. cop sentenced to 5 years''.] CNN.com. 13 August 2002. Accessed 16 June 2008.</ref> The sentence was served concurrently with a three year sentence for federal charges of civil rights violations and possession of an illegal firearm.<ref name="sentence"/>


Only some species of barracuda grow to a large size. The species which do are the European barracuda, barracouta or spet (''S. sphyraena''), found in the Mediterranean and eastern [[Atlantic]]; the great barracuda, picuda or becuna (''S. picuda''), ranging on the Atlantic coast of tropical America from [[Florida]] to [[Brazil]] and reaching the [[Bermudas]];
==Media==
the [[California]] Barracuda (''S. argentea''), extending from [[Puget Sound]] southwards to [[Cabo San Lucas]]; the Indian barracuda (''S. jello'') and the black-finned or Commerson's barracuda (''S. commersoni''), both from the seas of India and the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Archipelago]].
Throughout the timeline of the incidents reported in the Rampart investigation, Nino Durden was working in the LAPD's South Bureau (South Los Angeles) and had worked there since 1997, after the arrest of [[Rafael Pérez (police officer)|Rafael Pérez]]. He was featued in several episodes of the FOX series [[LAPD: Life On the Beat]] before his involvement in the scandal became known.

==Behaviour==
[[Image:Diver in school of barracudas.jpg|thumb|Scuba diver inside a school of [[sawtooth barracuda]]s in [[Koh Tao]], [[Thailand]].]]
[[Image:7373 aquaimages.jpg|thumb|Closeup of a Great Barracuda]]
[[Image:3875 aquaimages.jpg|thumb|Great Barracuda and Jacks, [[Saba]], Netherlands Antilles]][[Image:School of barracuda.JPG|right|thumb|A school of [[sawtooth barracuda]]s, ''Sphyraena putnamae'' in [[Bora Bora]].]]
[[Image:Sphyraena borealis.jpg|thumb|[[Northern sennet]], ''Sphyraena borealis'']]
[[Image:Sphyraena flavicauda.JPG|right|thumb|A school of [[yellowtail barracuda]]s, ''Sphyraena flavicauda'' off [[Dayang]], [[Malaysia]].]]
Barracudas occur both singly and in [[swarm|school]]s around reefs, but also appear in open seas. They are voracious [[predator]]s and hunt using a classic example of lie-in-wait or ambush. They rely on surprise and short bursts of speed (up to 27mph (43 km/h)<ref>Reefquest Center for Shark Research. [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/r_haulin'_bass.htm What's the Speediest Marine Creature?]</ref>) to overrun their prey, sacrificing maneuverability.

The larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits. Barracudas do not stick around to care for their young. Young and half-grown fish frequently congregate in schools. Their food is composed of fish of all types. Large barracudas, when gorged, may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water, where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal. Large barracudas have been known to eat young barracudas.

=== Barracudas and humans ===
Like [[shark]]s, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans. As barracudas are also scavengers, they may mistake snorkelers for large predators and follow them to scavenge the remains of any prey left after an attack.

Being formidable hunters, they should be respected, as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them. Handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. [[Spearfishing]] around barracudas can also be quite dangerous, as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish.

There have been isolated cases where barracudas have bitten a human, but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility. Barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source.

Wearing jewelry and other shiny objects is discouraged as barracudas are quite attracted to things that glint and shine.

{{Fact|date=August 2007}}

== As food ==
Barracudas are caught as both food and game fish. They are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like [[tuna]] or [[salmon]]. Larger species, like the great barracuda, have in some areas been implicated in cases of [[ciguatera]] food poisoning<ref>U.S. Food & Drug Administration. [http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/RFE2gb.html Hazard, Market, Geographic and Nomenclature Information for Great Barracuda.]</ref>.
In southern [[Nigeria]], [[West Africa]] they are [[smoked]] and used in the preparation of different [[soup]]s. The reason for smoking is because when cooked fresh, the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the [[soup]].

== Angling ==

Barracuda are prize fish and can be caught either by conventional gear or fly fishing. They are extremely powerful and require appropriately scaled tackle.

==Species==
There are 26 known species:
* [[Sharpfin barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena acutipinnis]]'' <small>Day, 1876</small>.
* [[Guinean barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena afra]]'' <small>Peters, 1844</small>.
* [[Pacific barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena argentea]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>.
* [[Great barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena barracuda]]'' <small>(Edwards in Catesby, 1771)</small>.
* [[Northern sennet]], ''[[Sphyraena borealis]]'' <small>DeKay, 1842</small>.
* [[Yellowstripe barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena chrysotaenia]]'' <small>Klunzinger, 1884</small>.
* [[Mexican barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena ensis]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1882</small>.
* [[Yellowtail barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena flavicauda]]'' <small>[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1838</small>.
* [[Bigeye barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena forsteri]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
* [[Guachanche barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena guachancho]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
* [[Heller's barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena helleri]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1901</small>.
* ''[[Sphyraena iburiensis]]'' <small>Doiuchi & Nakabo, 2005</small>.
* [[Pelican barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena idiastes]]'' <small>Heller & Snodgrass, 1903</small>.
* [[Japanese barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena japonica]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
* [[Pickhandle barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena jello]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
* [[Lucas barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena lucasana]]'' <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1863</small>.
* [[Australian barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena novaehollandiae]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1860</small>.
* [[Obtuse barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena obtusata]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
* [[Southern sennet]], ''[[Sphyraena picudilla]]'' <small>[[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1860</small>.
* [[Red barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena pinguis]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1874</small>.
* [[Sawtooth barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena putnamae]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Seale, 1905</small>.
* [[Blackfin barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena qenie]]'' <small>Klunzinger, 1870</small>.
* [[European barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena sphyraena]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>.
* ''[[Sphyraena tome]]'' <small>Fowler, 1903</small>.
* [[Yellowmouth barracuda]], ''[[Sphyraena viridensis]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
* ''[[Sphyraena waitii]]'' <small>[[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1908</small>.


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
<!--Please do not type footnotes here. Instead insert the footnote in its proper spot in the body of this article using the <ref name=> </ref> tags. See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags.-->

==References==
* {{FishBase family | family = Sphyraenidae | month = January | year = 2006}}
* Labat Jean-Baptiste (1663-1738) ''Nouveau voyage Isles de l'Amerique, contenant l'histoire naturelle...l'origine, les mour, la religion'' [[Paris]] 1742.
* Norman JR, F.L.S. and Fraser, FC, D.Sc., F.L.S.''Field Book of Giant Fishes'' G.P. Putnam's Sons New York 1949.
* Rochefort Charles D. (1605-1683) ''Histoire naturelle et morale des illes Antilles de l'Amerique''.
* Sloane Hans Sir (1660-1753) ''A voyage to the islands of [[Madera]], [[Barbados]], Nieves, S. Christophers and [[Jamaica]]'' [[London]], Printed by BM for the author, 1707-1725.


==External links==
{{Rampart_Scandal}}
{{commonscat|Sphyraenidae}}
{{wiktionary|Barracuda}}
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreatBarracuda/GreatBarracuda.html Great Barracuda page] on website of the Florida Museum of National History.
* The [http://www.uga.edu/cuda/ Great Barracuda Pages].
* Sphyraenidae entry on [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Sphyraenidae.html Animal Diversity Web].
[[Category:Sphyraenidae| ]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Bangladesh]]


[[ar:براكودة]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Durden, Nino}}
[[ca:Esfirènid]]
[[Category:1963 births]][[Category:Spanish-Americans]]
[[da:Barracuda]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Police Department officers]]
[[de:Barrakudas]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[es:Sphyraena]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[fa:کوترماهیان]]
[[Category:California criminals]]
[[fr:Sphyraena]]
[[Category:Corrupt police officers]]
[[id:Barakuda]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[it:Sphyraenidae]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of California]]
[[he:ברקודה]]
[[lt:Barakudos]]
[[hu:Nyilascsukafélék]]
[[nah:Tolmichin]]
[[nl:Barracuda's]]
[[ja:カマス]]
[[no:Barracudaer]]
[[pl:Barrakudowate]]
[[pt:Barracuda]]
[[ru:Барракуды]]
[[simple:Barracuda]]
[[fi:Barrakudat]]
[[sv:Barracudafiskar]]
[[vi:Họ Cá nhồng]]
[[uk:Баракуда]]
[[zh:梭子魚]]

Revision as of 05:37, 11 October 2008

For other uses, see Barracuda (disambiguation).

Barracuda
Temporal range: Early Eocene to Present[1]
Great barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda, with prey
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Sphyraenidae
Genus:
Sphyraena

Klein, 1778
Species

See text.

The barracuda is a ray-finned fish known for its large size (up to 16 ft in length and up to a foot in width, for some species [2]) and fearsome appearance. Its body is long, fairly compressed, and covered with small, smooth scales. It is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. It is of the genus Sphyraena, the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae.

Appearance and physical description

Great barracuda hovering in the current at the Paradise Reef, Cozumel, Mexico.

Barracudas are elongated fish with powerful jaws. The lower jaw of the large mouth juts out beyond the upper. Barracudas possess strong, fang-like teeth. These are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth. The head is quite large, pointed, and it is pike-like in appearance. The gill-covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales. The two dorsal fins are widely separated, with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays. The second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it. The lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail. The spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics. The hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave. It is set at the end of a stout peduncle. The pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides. The barracuda swim bladder is large.

In general, the barracuda's coloration is dark green or gray above chalky-white below. This varies somewhat. Sometimes there is a row of darker cross-bars or black spots on each side. The fins may be yellowish or dusky. Barracudas only live in oceans.

Only some species of barracuda grow to a large size. The species which do are the European barracuda, barracouta or spet (S. sphyraena), found in the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic; the great barracuda, picuda or becuna (S. picuda), ranging on the Atlantic coast of tropical America from Florida to Brazil and reaching the Bermudas; the California Barracuda (S. argentea), extending from Puget Sound southwards to Cabo San Lucas; the Indian barracuda (S. jello) and the black-finned or Commerson's barracuda (S. commersoni), both from the seas of India and the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Behaviour

Scuba diver inside a school of sawtooth barracudas in Koh Tao, Thailand.
File:7373 aquaimages.jpg
Closeup of a Great Barracuda
Great Barracuda and Jacks, Saba, Netherlands Antilles
A school of sawtooth barracudas, Sphyraena putnamae in Bora Bora.
Northern sennet, Sphyraena borealis
A school of yellowtail barracudas, Sphyraena flavicauda off Dayang, Malaysia.

Barracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs, but also appear in open seas. They are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie-in-wait or ambush. They rely on surprise and short bursts of speed (up to 27mph (43 km/h)[3]) to overrun their prey, sacrificing maneuverability.

The larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits. Barracudas do not stick around to care for their young. Young and half-grown fish frequently congregate in schools. Their food is composed of fish of all types. Large barracudas, when gorged, may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water, where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal. Large barracudas have been known to eat young barracudas.

Barracudas and humans

Like sharks, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans. As barracudas are also scavengers, they may mistake snorkelers for large predators and follow them to scavenge the remains of any prey left after an attack.

Being formidable hunters, they should be respected, as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them. Handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged[citation needed]. Spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous, as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish.

There have been isolated cases where barracudas have bitten a human, but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility. Barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source.

Wearing jewelry and other shiny objects is discouraged as barracudas are quite attracted to things that glint and shine.[citation needed]

As food

Barracudas are caught as both food and game fish. They are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon. Larger species, like the great barracuda, have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning[4]. In southern Nigeria, West Africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups. The reason for smoking is because when cooked fresh, the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup.

Angling

Barracuda are prize fish and can be caught either by conventional gear or fly fishing. They are extremely powerful and require appropriately scaled tackle.

Species

There are 26 known species:

Notes

  1. ^ "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: p.560. 2002. Retrieved 2007-12-25. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Humann, P. (2002). Reef Fish Identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas, 3rd edition. Jacksonville, Florida, USA: New World Publications, Inc. pp. page 64. ISBN 1-878348-30-2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Reefquest Center for Shark Research. What's the Speediest Marine Creature?
  4. ^ U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Hazard, Market, Geographic and Nomenclature Information for Great Barracuda.

References

  • Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Sphyraenidae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
  • Labat Jean-Baptiste (1663-1738) Nouveau voyage Isles de l'Amerique, contenant l'histoire naturelle...l'origine, les mour, la religion Paris 1742.
  • Norman JR, F.L.S. and Fraser, FC, D.Sc., F.L.S.Field Book of Giant Fishes G.P. Putnam's Sons New York 1949.
  • Rochefort Charles D. (1605-1683) Histoire naturelle et morale des illes Antilles de l'Amerique.
  • Sloane Hans Sir (1660-1753) A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica London, Printed by BM for the author, 1707-1725.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sphyraenidae.
Look up Barracuda in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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