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''Statice monopetala'' L.
''Statice monopetala'' L.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2495505 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. is an accepted name |website=www.theplantlist.org |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2495505 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. is an accepted name |website=www.theplantlist.org |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>}}
'''''Limoniastrum monopetalum''''' ('Grand statice'), is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Plumbaginaceae]] that is native to between [[Europe]], Northern [[Africa]] and Western [[Asia]]. It has been found in [[salt marshes]], dunes and other coastal areas with high [[salinity]].
'''''Limoniastrum monopetalum''''' ('Grand statice'), is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Plumbaginaceae]] that is native to between [[Europe]], Northern [[Africa]] and Western [[Asia]]. It has been found in [[salt marshes]], dunes and other coastal areas with high [[salinity]] levels.


It has
It has
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==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum1.jpg|thumb|Branch and leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'']]
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum1.jpg|thumb|Branch and leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'']]
long thread-like and tufted fine roots (ephemeral roots produced in a wet season and vanish afterwards)
the wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions.
they can also travel down to at least 50cm to reach the water table.
<ref name=Helmut>Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) {{google books|B_X9CAAAQBAJ|Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990)|page=398}}</ref>


⚫
''L. monopetalum'' is a small evergreen shrub,<ref name=Root>{{cite journal |last1=Akoumianaki-Ioannidou |first1=Anastasia |last2=Martini |first2=A.N. |last3=Papafotiou |first3=M. |date=January 2016 |title=Rooting and establishment of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings |journal=African Journal of Plant Science |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=23-31}}</ref><ref name=Slama>{{cite journal |last1=Slama |first1=Houda Ben |last2=Triki |first2=Mohamed Ali |last3=Bouket |first3=Ali Chenari |last4=Mefteh |first4=Fedia Ben |last5=Alenezi |first5=Faizah N. |last6=Luptakova |first6=Lenka |last7=Cherif-Silini |first7=Hafsa |last8=Vallat |first8=Armelle |last9=Oszako |first9=Tomasz |last10=Gharsallah |first10=Neji |last11=Belbahri |first11=Lassaad |date=2019 |title=Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/8/249 |journal=Microorganisms |volume=7 |issue=8 |page=249 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms7080249 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Daves">{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Limoniastrum |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/189332/ |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50&nbsp;cm to reach the [[water table]].<ref name=Helmut>Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) {{google books|B_X9CAAAQBAJ|Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990)|page=398}}</ref>


It can grow up to between {{convert|90|-|120|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall,<ref name="Daves"/><ref name=Burkhill>H.M. Burkhill, 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 4.</ref> with much branched and leafy stems.<ref name=Root/><ref name=Burkhill/><ref name="herbier">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Grand Statice - Herbier de Sardaigne (Colette) |url=http://www.monherbier.com/site/especes/42179 |website=www.monherbier.com |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> They are [[terete]] (round in cross-section) and grey,<ref name=Burkhill/> and covered with white [[calcareous]] [[tubercles]].<ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref>
It is an ornamental deciduous shrub that grows to 1 metre in height, with pale blue [[plumbago]]-like flowers appearing in autumn as the leaves start to turn red.<ref name="Pienaar2003">{{cite book |author=Kristo Pienaar |title=South African 'What Flower Is That'? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnzKHkT89QwC&pg=PA81 |accessdate=5 January 2013 |date=1 August 2003 |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-1-86872-441-3 |pages=81–82}}</ref>


It has silvery blue-green,<ref name=Root/> leather-like,<ref name="herbier"/> stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.<ref name=Magyar/> This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.<ref name=Magyar/>
A small shrub, much branched, branch ends terete, conspicuously grey, to 1 m high; common in the desert zone, often on unstable sand; of the north and south coasts of the Mediterranean, and penetrating the Sahara along the northernmost limits of the W Afr<ref name=Burkhill>H.M. Burkill, 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 4.</ref>


It blooms between Mid Spring and Early Summer,<ref name=Root/><ref name="Daves"/> with bright pink,<ref name=Root/> pink,<ref name=Root/> or lavender flowers.<ref name="Daves"/> As they die they fade to violet.<ref name=Root/>
small, evergreen shrub, with much-branched, leafy stems, <ref name=Root/>


They have articulated [[rachis]] and funnel-shaped [[corolla]].<ref name="herbier"/>
Limoniastrum monopetalum A shrublet , belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae , with a whitish grey aspect . Its stiff, narrowly spathulate leaves and the branches are densely beset with white calcareous tubercles . It is a cushion plant , an <ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref>

Foliage: Evergreen, Smooth
Foliage Color; Bronze
Height: 36-48 in. (90-120 cm)
Bloom Color: Lavender
Bloom Time: Mid Spring, Late Spring/Early Summer<ref name="Daves">{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Limoniastrum |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/189332/ |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Sub-shrub glaucous and scaly, very branchy. Stemmed leaves leathery, more or less petiolate, not auriculate. Inflorescences with articulated rachis. Pink or pale flowers. Corolla funnel-shaped, with entire lobes. Styles welded to the middle. Calyx without ribs, with 5 sharp teeth. Woody, halophilic plant. R Aude and Hérault coast. Naturalized Var, Alpes Maritimes, Corsica.<ref name="herbier">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Grand Statice - Herbier de Sardaigne (Colette) |url=http://www.monherbier.com/site/especes/42179 |website=www.monherbier.com |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>


==Biochemistry==
==Biochemistry==
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG|thumb|''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], Spain]]
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG|thumb|''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], Spain]]
The leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' have been studied to determine how the plants ????????

In this study, ten kinds of leaf extracts were used to examine the effect of extraction solvent system with varying polarities on polyphenol contents and DPPH scavenging activity. Then the superoxide scavenging activity and the reducing power of the most promising solvent extracts were evaluated too. Moreover, the efficiency of the best leaf extract has been investigated against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Eventually leaf extract was hydrolyzed by acid and the phenolics identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that phenolic contents and antioxidant activities varied considerably as function of solvent polarity. Leaf extract using pure methanol showed the highest polyphenol content (15.85mg GAE/g DW). Moreover, antiradical capacities against DPPH.
In this study, ten kinds of leaf extracts were used to examine the effect of extraction solvent system with varying polarities on polyphenol contents and DPPH scavenging activity. Then the superoxide scavenging activity and the reducing power of the most promising solvent extracts were evaluated too. Moreover, the efficiency of the best leaf extract has been investigated against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Eventually leaf extract was hydrolyzed by acid and the phenolics identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that phenolic contents and antioxidant activities varied considerably as function of solvent polarity. Leaf extract using pure methanol showed the highest polyphenol content (15.85mg GAE/g DW). Moreover, antiradical capacities against DPPH.
<ref name=Trabelsi>{{cite journal |last1=Trabelsi |first1=Najla |last2=Megdiche |first2=Wided |last3=Ksouri |first3=Riadh |last4=Falleh |first4=Hanen |last5=Oueslati |first5=Samia |last6=Soumaya |first6=Bourgou |last7=Hajlaoui |first7=Hafedh |last8=Abdelly |first8=Chedly
<ref name=Trabelsi>{{cite journal |last1=Trabelsi |first1=Najla |last2=Megdiche |first2=Wided |last3=Ksouri |first3=Riadh |last4=Falleh |first4=Hanen |last5=Oueslati |first5=Samia |last6=Soumaya |first6=Bourgou |last7=Hajlaoui |first7=Hafedh |last8=Abdelly |first8=Chedly
|title=Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' leaves |journal=[[Food Science and Technology International]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=632-639 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-269447d9-b3d0-3d1a-bd9a-82c8736a79d4 |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|cH4k4NedvXcC|Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition|page=377}}</ref>
|title=Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' leaves |journal=[[Food Science and Technology International]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=632-639 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-269447d9-b3d0-3d1a-bd9a-82c8736a79d4 |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|cH4k4NedvXcC|Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition|page=377}}</ref>


⚫
In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism.<ref name=Manousaki>{{cite journal |last1=Manousaki |first1=Eleni |last2=Galanaki |first2=Kosmoula |last3=Papadimitriou |first3=Lamprini |last4=Kalogerakis |first4=Nicolas |date=2014 |title=Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24933883/ |journal=Int. J Phytoremediation |volume=16 |issue= |pages=755-769 |doi=10.1080/15226514.2013.856847 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
The [[phytoremediation]] potential of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' for the removal of Cd and Pb from polluted sites is assessed in this work.
Analysis of the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface confirmed that wild and cultivated ornamental ''L. monopetalum'' excrete [[cadmium]] and lead through their salt glands as a possible metal detoxification mechanism, although the amount excreted by the ornamental ''L. monopetalum'' is significantly less.
⚫
<ref name=Manousaki>{{cite journal |last1=Manousaki |first1=Eleni |last2=Galanaki |first2=Kosmoula |last3=Papadimitriou |first3=Lamprini |last4=Kalogerakis |first4=Nicolas |date=2014 |title=Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24933883/ |journal=Int. J Phytoremediation |volume=16 |issue= |pages=755-769 |doi=10.1080/15226514.2013.856847 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

an evergreen shrub inhabiting the Mediterranean region, has well-documented phytoremediation potential for metal removal from polluted sites.
⚫
<ref name=Slama>{{cite journal |last1=Slama |first1=Houda Ben |last2=Triki |first2=Mohamed Ali |last3=Bouket |first3=Ali Chenari |last4=Mefteh |first4=Fedia Ben |last5=Alenezi |first5=Faizah N. |last6=Luptakova |first6=Lenka |last7=Cherif-Silini |first7=Hafsa |last8=Vallat |first8=Armelle |last9=Oszako |first9=Tomasz |last10=Gharsallah |first10=Neji |last11=Belbahri |first11=Lassaad |date=2019 |title=Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/8/249 |journal=Microorganisms |volume=7 |issue=8 |page=249 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms7080249 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

Due to its fleshy, silvery blue-green leaves and its impressive bright pink, drying violet, inflorescences during summer,<ref name=Root>{{cite journal |last1=Akoumianaki-Ioannidou |first1=Anastasia |last2=Martini |first2=A.N. |last3=Papafotiou |first3=M. |date=January 2016 |title=Rooting and establishment of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings |journal=African Journal of Plant Science |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=23-31}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
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===Range===
===Range===
It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,<ref name="RHS"/><ref name=Neves/> Spain, France, Greece,<ref name=Root/> and Italy (incl. [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name=grin/> Within Africa and Asia, it is found in Algeria, Libya and Egypt.<ref name=grin/><ref name=Elbar/>
It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,<ref name="RHS"/><ref name=Neves/> [[Corisca]],<ref name="herbier"/> Spain, France, Greece,<ref name=Root/> and Italy (incl. [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name=grin/> Within North Africa and Asia,<ref name=Burkhill/> it is found in [[Algeria]], [[Libya]] and Egypt.<ref name=grin/><ref name=Elbar/>


It has been introduced to [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=Debouba>{{cite journal |last1=Debouba |first1=Mohamed |last2=Zouari |first2=Sami |last3=Zouari |first3=Nacim |title=Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands |journal=Antioxidants (Basel) |date=September 2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.3390/antiox2030122}}</ref>
It has been introduced to [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=Debouba>{{cite journal |last1=Debouba |first1=Mohamed |last2=Zouari |first2=Sami |last3=Zouari |first3=Nacim |title=Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands |journal=Antioxidants (Basel) |date=September 2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.3390/antiox2030122}}</ref>
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It is often found growing alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
It is often found growing alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>


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==Protection status==
⚫
It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France.<ref>Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.</ref><ref>Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.</ref>


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==Cultivation==
⚫
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum (748324786).jpg|thumb|Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain]]


Woody, [[halophyte]] plant. <ref name="herbier"/>
Limoniastrum monopetalum is a growing at different habitats along the Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt. The morpho-anatomical and physiological responses was investigated for L. monopetalum leaves collected from;


⚫
==Protection status==
⚫
It appears on the List of plant species protected throughout mainland France.<ref>Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.</ref><ref>Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.</ref>


⚫
==Cultivation==
⚫
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum (748324786).jpg|thumb|Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain]]
Water Requirements: Drought-tolerant; suitable for xeriscaping
Water Requirements: Drought-tolerant; suitable for xeriscaping
Sun Exposure: Full Sun
Sun Exposure: Full Sun
Line 107: Line 90:




''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss (Statice monopetala L., Plumbaginaceae) is a native in coastal sands and salt marshes in southern Greece and other Mediterranean countries (Blamey and Grey-Wilson, 1993). it is used as an ornamental plant recently.<ref name=Root/> Its adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses like salinity, water deficit, intense radiation or high temperatures (Neves et al., 2008) and
it is used as an ornamental plant recently.<ref name=Root/> Its adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses like salinity, water deficit, intense radiation or high temperatures (Neves et al., 2008) and


its growth on soil poor in organic matter content (Salama, 2007), make
its growth on soil poor in organic matter content (Salama, 2007), make
Line 122: Line 105:
The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' and ''[[Hymenoptera]]'' (including ''[[Oecocecis guyonella]]'', ''Acalyptris limoniastri''),as the [[larvae]] feed on the plant and they create a [[gall]] on a branch, in which to [[pupate]].<ref name=Debouba/>
The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' and ''[[Hymenoptera]]'' (including ''[[Oecocecis guyonella]]'', ''Acalyptris limoniastri''),as the [[larvae]] feed on the plant and they create a [[gall]] on a branch, in which to [[pupate]].<ref name=Debouba/>


In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair. They can also be used medically, an infusion of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing [[diarrhea]].<ref>Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205</ref>
In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair. They can also be used medically, an [[infusion]] (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing [[diarrhoea]].<ref>Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205</ref>


''L. monopetalum'' is a potential plant to be used for [[xeriscaping]],<ref name="Daves"/> and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator, salt tolerant [[windbreak]] and an inhibitor of soil erosion.<ref name=Root/>
''L. monopetalum'' is a potential plant to be used for [[xeriscaping]],<ref name="Daves"/> and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator, salt tolerant [[windbreak]] and an inhibitor of soil erosion.<ref name=Root/>
Line 130: Line 113:


It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of [[cadmium]] (Cd) and [[Lead]] (Pb).<ref name=Manousaki/>
It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of [[cadmium]] (Cd) and [[Lead]] (Pb).<ref name=Manousaki/>

This means the plant has [[phytoremediation]] potentials.<ref name=Manousaki/><ref name=Root/><ref name=Slama/>
This means the plant has [[phytoremediation]] potentials.<ref name=Manousaki/><ref name=Root/><ref name=Slama/>



==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:09, 12 May 2021

Limoniastrum monopetalum
Limoniastrum monopetalum in Ria Formosa, the Algarve, Portugual
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Plumbaginaceae
Genus:
Limoniastrum
Species:
L. monopetalum
Binomial name
Limoniastrum monopetalum
Synonyms[1]

Bubania monopetala (L.) Girard Statice monopetala L.

Limoniastrum monopetalum ('Grand statice'), is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae that is native to between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. It has been found in salt marshes, dunes and other coastal areas with high salinity levels.

It has

Description

Branch and leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum

L. monopetalum is a small evergreen shrub,[2][3][4] that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50 cm to reach the water table.[5]

It can grow up to between 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall,[4][6] with much branched and leafy stems.[2][6][7] They are terete (round in cross-section) and grey,[6] and covered with white calcareous tubercles.[8]

It has silvery blue-green,[2] leather-like,[7] stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.[8] This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.[8]

It blooms between Mid Spring and Early Summer,[2][4] with bright pink,[2] pink,[2] or lavender flowers.[4] As they die they fade to violet.[2]

They have articulated rachis and funnel-shaped corolla.[7]

Biochemistry

Limoniastrum monopetalum, Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain

The leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum have been studied to determine how the plants  ????????

In this study, ten kinds of leaf extracts were used to examine the effect of extraction solvent system with varying polarities on polyphenol contents and DPPH scavenging activity. Then the superoxide scavenging activity and the reducing power of the most promising solvent extracts were evaluated too. Moreover, the efficiency of the best leaf extract has been investigated against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Eventually leaf extract was hydrolyzed by acid and the phenolics identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that phenolic contents and antioxidant activities varied considerably as function of solvent polarity. Leaf extract using pure methanol showed the highest polyphenol content (15.85mg GAE/g DW). Moreover, antiradical capacities against DPPH. [9][10]

In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism.[11]

Taxonomy

Illustration of Limoniastrum monopetalum by Sydenham Edwards in The Botanical Register

It is known in Mali as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in Arabic.[6]

It has the common name of 'Grand statice',[7][12] (reflecting the former name of the genus).

The Latin specific epithet monopetalum refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.[13]

Using an earlier description by Carl Linneaus when he had named it as Statice monopetala in his book Species Plantarum in 1753.[14] After the genus Statice was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.[1][15]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 August 1995, as Limoniastrum monopetalum,[16] and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.[17]

Distribution and habitat

Plants growing in the sand dunes, Ria Formosa in the Algarve, Portugal

L. monopetalum is native to temperate areas between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia.[16]

Range

It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,[17][18] Corisca,[7] Spain, France, Greece,[2] and Italy (incl. Sardinia and Sicily).[16] Within North Africa and Asia,[6] it is found in Algeria, Libya and Egypt.[16][19]

It has been introduced to Morocco and Tunisia.[16][20]

Since 1995, it has been found in the Canary Islands.[21]

Habitat

In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,[2] coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.[19] It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around Lake Manzala and Lake Mariut, on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near Sallum.[22] In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with Atriplex portulacoides.[18]

It is often found growing alone.[23]

Protection status

It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France.[24][25]

Cultivation

Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain

Woody, halophyte plant. [7]


Water Requirements: Drought-tolerant; suitable for xeriscaping Sun Exposure: Full Sun Spacing: 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m) Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) - USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) - 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)[4]

Rooting and establishment of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings[2]


it is used as an ornamental plant recently.[2] Its adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses like salinity, water deficit, intense radiation or high temperatures (Neves et al., 2008) and

its growth on soil poor in organic matter content (Salama, 2007), make Cuttings collected in winter or spring rooted at higher percentages than those collected in summer or autumn[2]

Cultivars

There is one known cultivar; Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval' which is an evergreen subshrub that forms a mound, and has fleshy, spoon-shaped to narrowly lance-shaped, grey-green leaves and magenta flowers that bloom from early summer to early autumn. It is frost hardy.[26][27]

Uses

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a traditional medicinal species which a leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.[9] L. monopetalum and Limoniastrum guyonianum have been studied for antioxidant status.[2][20]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is used as fodder for camels,[6][2] especially during the winter.[28] It is also used in farms as a fuel source.[6]

The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (including Oecocecis guyonella, Acalyptris limoniastri),as the larvae feed on the plant and they create a gall on a branch, in which to pupate.[20]

In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair. They can also be used medically, an infusion (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing diarrhoea.[29]

L. monopetalum is a potential plant to be used for xeriscaping,[4] and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator, salt tolerant windbreak and an inhibitor of soil erosion.[2]

Soil Contamination

In Al-Alamein, Egypt near (El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal) the environment is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of various activities from refineries; such as oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. The area was previously was a mixture of various common halophytes species. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only recorded species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil, since 2002.[30] A 2011 study was carried out on the L. monopetalum populations established on the crude oil polluted soil.[31]

It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb).[11] This means the plant has phytoremediation potentials.[11][2][3]

References

  1. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. is an accepted name". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, Anastasia; Martini, A.N.; Papafotiou, M. (January 2016). "Rooting and establishment of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings". African Journal of Plant Science. 10 (1): 23–31.
  3. ^ a b Slama, Houda Ben; Triki, Mohamed Ali; Bouket, Ali Chenari; Mefteh, Fedia Ben; Alenezi, Faizah N.; Luptakova, Lenka; Cherif-Silini, Hafsa; Vallat, Armelle; Oszako, Tomasz; Gharsallah, Neji; Belbahri, Lassaad (2019). "Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent Limoniastrum monopetalum Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents". Microorganisms. 7 (8): 249. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080249. Retrieved 28 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f "PlantFiles: Limoniastrum". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  5. ^ Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990), p. 398, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b c d e f g H.M. Burkhill, 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 4.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Limoniastrum monopetalum, Grand Statice - Herbier de Sardaigne (Colette)". www.monherbier.com. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969), p. 9, at Google Books
  9. ^ a b Trabelsi, Najla; Megdiche, Wided; Ksouri, Riadh; Falleh, Hanen; Oueslati, Samia; Soumaya, Bourgou; Hajlaoui, Hafedh; Abdelly, Chedly (2010). "Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum leaves". Food Science and Technology International. 43 (4): 632–639. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  10. ^ Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition, p. 377, at Google Books
  11. ^ a b c Manousaki, Eleni; Galanaki, Kosmoula; Papadimitriou, Lamprini; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (2014). "Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes". Int. J Phytoremediation. 16: 755–769. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.856847. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  12. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum, 1596". Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  13. ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 50, at Google Books
  14. ^ "Statice monopetala | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. International Plant Names Index.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Limoniastrum monopetalum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  17. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  18. ^ a b Neves, J. P.; Ferreira, L. F.; Simões, M. P.; Gazarini, L. C. (June 2007). "Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L., in Southern Portugal". Estuaries and Coasts. 30: 459–468.
  19. ^ a b El-Maboud, Mohamed M. Abd; Elbar, Ola H. Abd (2020). "Adaptive responses of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats". Plant Physiology Reports. 25: 325–334. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  20. ^ a b c Debouba, Mohamed; Zouari, Sami; Zouari, Nacim (September 2013). "Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands". Antioxidants (Basel). 2 (3): 122–131. doi:10.3390/antiox2030122.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ Barone, Rubén; Mesa, Ricardo; Scholz, Stephan (November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
  22. ^ M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009), p. 263, at Google Books
  23. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis". garden.jardinitis.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  24. ^ Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.
  25. ^ Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.
  26. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval'". www.shootgardening.co.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  27. ^ Gay, Jennifer. "Thoughts on Gardening on the Island of Andros". Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  28. ^ Laudadio V., Dario M., Hammadi M., Tufarelli V. Nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (Camelus dromedarius) on arid area of Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008; 41: pages 1219–1224
  29. ^ Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205
  30. ^ Hussein, Hussein S.; Terry, Norman (April 2002). "Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt". Environment International. 28 (1): 127–135.
  31. ^ Ranya El-Bakatoushi, 'Identification and characterization of up-regulated genes in the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss grown under crude oil pollution', Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2011, Pages 137-148

Other sources

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