Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Unicode block}}
{{about-distinguish|Unicode characters|List of letters used in mathematics and science}}
{{hatnote|For the meanings of these symbols, see [[List of letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]}}
{{Infobox Unicode block
{{Infobox Unicode block
|rangestart = 1D400
|rangestart = 1D400
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|4_1 = 2
|4_1 = 2
|5_0 = 2
|5_0 = 2
|note = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html|title=Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard|work=The Unicode Standard|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref>
|note = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/ucd/|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|accessdate=2023-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html|title=Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard|work=The Unicode Standard|accessdate=2023-07-26}}</ref>
}}
}}

{{Special characters}}
{{Special characters}}


'''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' is a [[Unicode block]] comprising styled forms of [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letters and decimal [[numerical digit|digits]] that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniformity over numerous mathematical articles and books, these conventions help to read mathematical formulas.
'''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' is a [[Unicode block]] comprising styled forms of [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letters and decimal [[numerical digit|digits]] that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniformity over numerous mathematical articles and books, these conventions help to read mathematical formulas. These also may be used to differentiate between concepts that share a letter in a single problem.


[[Unicode]] now includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400&ndash;U+1D7FF).&nbsp; The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters ([[typeface|fonts]]) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an ''italic'' "𝐴" can have a different meaning from a ''roman'' letter "A". Unicode originally included a limited set of such letter forms in its [[Letterlike Symbols]] block before completing the set of Latin and Greek letter forms in this block beginning in version 3.1.
[[Unicode]] now includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400&ndash;U+1D7FF).&nbsp;The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters ([[typeface|fonts]]) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an ''italic'' "𝐴" can have a different meaning from a ''roman'' letter "A". Unicode originally included a limited set of such letter forms in its [[Letterlike Symbols]] block before completing the set of Latin and Greek letter forms in this block beginning in version 3.1.


Unicode expressly recommends that these characters not be used in general text as a substitute for [[markup language|presentational markup]];<ref>{{cite book | title = The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0 | chapter = 22.2 Letterlike Symbols | publisher = Unicode, Inc | date = March 2020 | location = Mountain View, CA | url = https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch22.pdf#G15993}}</ref> the letters are specifically designed to be semantically different from each other. Unicode does ''not'' include a set of normal serif letters in the set (thus it assumes a given font is a serif by default; a sans-serif font that supports the range would thus display the standard letters and the "sans-serif" symbols identically but could not display normal serif symbols of the same). Still they have found some usage on [[social media]], for example by people who want a stylized user name.
Unicode expressly recommends that these characters not be used in general text as a substitute for [[markup language|presentational markup]];<ref>{{cite book | title = The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0 | chapter = 22.2 Letterlike Symbols | publisher = Unicode, Inc | date = March 2020 | location = Mountain View, CA | url = https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch22.pdf#G15993}}</ref> the letters are specifically designed to be semantically different from each other. Unicode does {{em|not}} include a set of normal serif letters in the set.{{efn|Unicode thus assumes a given font is a serif by default; a sans-serif font that supports the range would thus display the standard letters and the "sans-serif" symbols identically but could not display normal serif symbols of the same.}} Still they have found some usage on [[social media]], for example by people who want a stylized user name,<ref name="YayText!">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-18 |title=Bold and Cursive Unicode Text Tool - 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 and 𝕮𝖚𝖗𝖘𝖎𝖛𝖊 |url=https://www.boldtextgenerator.co/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Bold Text Generator Tool}}</ref> and in [[email spam]], in an attempt to bypass [[Email_filtering|filters]].


All these letter shapes may be manipulated with [[MathML]]'s attribute mathvariant.
All these letter shapes may be manipulated with [[MathML]]'s attribute mathvariant.
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The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with {{Font color||pink|pink backgrounds}} or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).
The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with {{Font color||pink|pink backgrounds}} or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).


{| class="nounderlines" border="1" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%; border-collapse: collapse"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%;"
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Capital letters
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Capital letters
|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
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|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathrm" | Normal
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathrm" | Normal
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathbf" | [[Bold]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathbf" | [[Emphasis (typography)|Bold]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathit" | [[italic type|Italic]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathit" | [[italic type|Italic]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \bm (with bm package)" | Bold<br/>italic
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \bm (with bm package)" | Bold<br/>italic
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{| class="nounderlines" border="1" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%; border-collapse: collapse"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%;"
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Small letters
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Small letters
|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
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|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathrm" | Normal
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathrm" | Normal
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathbf" | [[Bold]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathbf" | [[Emphasis (typography)|Bold]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathit" | [[italic type|Italic]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \mathit" | [[italic type|Italic]]
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \bm (with bm package)" | Bold<br/>italic
! style="width:4em" title="LaTeX: \bm (with bm package)" | Bold<br/>italic
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! –
! –
| title="U+0131: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I" style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" | ı
| title="U+0131: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I" style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" | ı
| {{N/A|style=font-size: 50%}}
| {{N/A|&nbsp;}}
| title="U+1D6A4: MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DOTLESS I" | 𝚤
| title="U+1D6A4: MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DOTLESS I" | 𝚤
| colspan="11" {{N/A|style=font-size: 50%}}
| colspan="11" {{N/A|&nbsp;}}
|-
|-
! –
! –
| title="U+0237: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J" style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" | ȷ
| title="U+0237: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J" style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" | ȷ
| {{N/A|style=font-size: 50%}}
| {{N/A|&nbsp;}}
| title="U+1D6A5: MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DOTLESS J" | 𝚥
| title="U+1D6A5: MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DOTLESS J" | 𝚥
| colspan="11" {{N/A|style=font-size: 50%}}
| colspan="11" {{N/A|&nbsp;}}
|}
|}


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The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with {{Font color||yellow|yellow backgrounds}} or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).
The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with {{Font color||yellow|yellow backgrounds}} or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).


{| class="nounderlines" border="1" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%; border-collapse: collapse"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%;"
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Capital letters
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Capital letters
|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
Line 1,198: Line 1,200:
| title="U+1D76F: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD NABLA" | 𝝯
| title="U+1D76F: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD NABLA" | 𝝯
| title="U+1D7A9: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC NABLA" | 𝞩
| title="U+1D7A9: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC NABLA" | 𝞩
⚫
|-
⚫
! –
⚫
| style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" title="U+03DC: GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA" | Ϝ
⚫
| title="U+1D7CA: MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL DIGAMMA" | 𝟊
⚫
| colspan="4" {{N/A|&nbsp;}}
|}
|}




{| class="nounderlines" border="1" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%; border-collapse: collapse"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%;"
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Small letters
|+ style="font-size: 75%;" | Small letters
|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
Line 1,475: Line 1,482:
| title="U+1D78F: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD PI SYMBOL" | 𝞏
| title="U+1D78F: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD PI SYMBOL" | 𝞏
| title="U+1D7C9: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC PI SYMBOL" | 𝟉
| title="U+1D7C9: MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC PI SYMBOL" | 𝟉
⚫
|-
⚫
! –
⚫
| style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" title="U+03DC: GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA" | Ϝ
⚫
| title="U+1D7CA: MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL DIGAMMA" | 𝟊
⚫
| colspan="4" |
|-
|-
! –
! –
| style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" title="U+03DD: GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA" | ϝ
| style="font-family:serif; background:aqua" title="U+03DD: GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA" | ϝ
| title="U+1D7CB: MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL DIGAMMA" | 𝟋
| title="U+1D7CB: MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL DIGAMMA" | 𝟋
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" {{N/A|&nbsp;}}
|}
|}


Line 1,490: Line 1,492:
The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below are obtained by adding the hexadecimal base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column.
The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below are obtained by adding the hexadecimal base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column.


{| class="nounderlines" border="1" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%; border-collapse:collapse"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 160%;"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
|- style="font-size: 50%"
!
!
Line 1,589: Line 1,591:
|}
|}


===Glyph variants===
⚫
~==Chart for the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block==~
[[Variation selectors]] may be used to specify [[Chancery hand|chancery]] (U+FE00) vs [[roundhand]] (U+FE01) forms, if the font supports them:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Code point !! Plain !! class="unsortable"|FE00 !! class="unsortable"|FE01
|-
|U+1D49C || &#x1D49C; || &#x1D49C;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D49C;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D49E || &#x1D49E; || &#x1D49E;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D49E;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D49F || &#x1D49F; || &#x1D49F;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D49F;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4A2 || &#x1D4A2; || &#x1D4A2;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4A2;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4A5 || &#x1D4A5; || &#x1D4A5;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4A5;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4A6 || &#x1D4A6; || &#x1D4A6;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4A6;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4A9 || &#x1D4A9; || &#x1D4A9;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4A9;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4AA || &#x1D4AA; || &#x1D4AA;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4AA;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4AB || &#x1D4AB; || &#x1D4AB;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4AB;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4AC || &#x1D4AC; || &#x1D4AC;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4AC;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4AE || &#x1D4AE; || &#x1D4AE;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4AE;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4AF || &#x1D4AF; || &#x1D4AF;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4AF;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4B0 || &#x1D4B0; || &#x1D4B0;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4B0;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4B1 || &#x1D4B1; || &#x1D4B1;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4B1;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4B2 || &#x1D4B2; || &#x1D4B2;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4B2;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4B3 || &#x1D4B3; || &#x1D4B3;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4B3;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4B4 || &#x1D4B4; || &#x1D4B4;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4B4;&#xFE01;
|-
|U+1D4B5 || &#x1D4B5; || &#x1D4B5;&#xFE00;|| &#x1D4B5;&#xFE01;
|}

The remainder of the set is at [[Letterlike Symbols]].

⚫
==Chart for the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block==


{{Unicode chart Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols}}
{{Unicode chart Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols}}
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! [[Unicode#Versions|Version]] !! {{nobr|Final code points<ref group=lower-alpha name=final/>}} !! Count !! [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|L2]]&nbsp;ID !! [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2|WG2]]&nbsp;ID !! Document
! [[Unicode#Versions|Version]] !! {{nobr|Final code points<ref group=lower-alpha name=final/>}} !! Count !! [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|L2]]&nbsp;ID !! [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2|WG2]]&nbsp;ID !! Document
|-
|-
| rowspan="30" | 3.1 || rowspan="30" width="180" | U+1D400..1D454, 1D456..1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B9, 1D4BB, 1D4BD..1D4C0, 1D4C2..1D4C3, 1D4C5..1D505, 1D507..1D50A, 1D50D..1D514, 1D516..1D51C, 1D51E..1D539, 1D53B..1D53E, 1D540..1D544, 1D546, 1D54A..1D550, 1D552..1D6A3, 1D6A8..1D7C9, 1D7CE..1D7FF || rowspan="30" | 991 || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98405.htm L2/98-405]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposal to encode additional mathematical and technical symbols in ISO/IEC 10646|date=1998-12-01|first1=Barbara|last1=Beeton|first2=Patrick|last2=Ion|authorlink2=Patrick Ion}}
| rowspan="34" | 3.1 || rowspan="34" width="180" | U+1D400..1D454, 1D456..1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B9, 1D4BB, 1D4BD..1D4C0, 1D4C2..1D4C3, 1D4C5..1D505, 1D507..1D50A, 1D50D..1D514, 1D516..1D51C, 1D51E..1D539, 1D53B..1D53E, 1D540..1D544, 1D546, 1D54A..1D550, 1D552..1D6A3, 1D6A8..1D7C9, 1D7CE..1D7FF || rowspan="34" | 991 || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98405.htm L2/98-405]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposal to encode additional mathematical and technical symbols in ISO/IEC 10646|date=1998-12-01|first1=Barbara|last1=Beeton|first2=Patrick|last2=Ion|author-link2=Patrick Ion}}
|-
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98406.htm L2/98-406]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposal to encode mathematical variant tags|date=1998-12-01|first=Murray|last=Sargent}}
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98406.htm L2/98-406]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposal to encode mathematical variant tags|date=1998-12-01|first=Murray|last=Sargent}}
Line 1,632: Line 1,680:
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00119-math.pdf L2/00-119]<ref group=lower-alpha name=mathdocs/>}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2191.pdf N2191R] || {{Citation|title=Encoding Additional Mathematical Symbols in Unicode|date=2000-04-19|first1=Ken|last1=Whistler|first2=Asmus|last2=Freytag}}
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00119-math.pdf L2/00-119]<ref group=lower-alpha name=mathdocs/>}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2191.pdf N2191R] || {{Citation|title=Encoding Additional Mathematical Symbols in Unicode|date=2000-04-19|first1=Ken|last1=Whistler|first2=Asmus|last2=Freytag}}
|-
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00239-Mathematical%20Letter%20Symbols.txt L2/00-239]}} || || {{Citation|title=Mathematical Letter Symbols|date=2000-07-07|first=Mark|last=Davis|authorlink=Mark Davis (Unicode)}}
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00239-Mathematical%20Letter%20Symbols.txt L2/00-239]}} || || {{Citation|title=Mathematical Letter Symbols|date=2000-07-07|first=Mark|last=Davis|author-link=Mark Davis (Unicode)}}
|-
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00240-Mathematical%20Letter%20Symbols.txt L2/00-240]}} || || {{Citation|title=Re: Mathematical Letter Symbols|date=2000-07-07|first=Ken|last=Whistler}}
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00240-Mathematical%20Letter%20Symbols.txt L2/00-240]}} || || {{Citation|title=Re: Mathematical Letter Symbols|date=2000-07-07|first=Ken|last=Whistler}}
Line 1,659: Line 1,707:
|-
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02345.htm L2/02-345]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #93 Minutes|date=2002-11-18|first=Lisa|last=Moore|section=Consensus 93-C18}}
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02345.htm L2/02-345]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #93 Minutes|date=2002-11-18|first=Lisa|last=Moore|section=Consensus 93-C18}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20275r-math-calligraphic.pdf L2/20-275R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposed variation sequences for math calligraphic letters|date=2021-01-05|first=Murray|last=Sargent}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20281-math-script-styles.pdf L2/20-281]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recent evolution of math alphabetic calligraphic script style|date=2020-11-10|first=John|last=Hudson}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21016r-script-adhoc-rept.pdf L2/21-016R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #166 January 2021 on Script Proposals|date=2021-01-14|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Roozbeh|last3=Pournader|first4=Lisa|last4=Moore|first5=Hai|last5=Liang|section=25 Math Calligraphic Alphabets}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21009.htm L2/21-009]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #166 Minutes|date=2021-01-27|first=Lisa|last=Moore|section=Consensus 166-C33|quote=The UTC accepts 52 variation sequences to distinguish roundhand and chancery style mathematical script alphabetic characters}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4.0 || rowspan="2" width="180" | U+1D4C1 || rowspan="2" | 1 || || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2449.pdf N2449] || {{Citation|title=Defect Report on MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L|date=2002-05-15}}
| rowspan="2" | 4.0 || rowspan="2" width="180" | U+1D4C1 || rowspan="2" | 1 || || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2449.pdf N2449] || {{Citation|title=Defect Report on MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L|date=2002-05-15}}
Line 1,671: Line 1,727:
|- class="sortbottom"
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|refs=
| colspan="6" | {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|refs=
<ref name=final>Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names</ref>
<ref name=final>Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names</ref>
<ref name=mathdocs>Refer to the [[Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B#History|history section]] of the Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B block for additional math-related documents</ref>}}
<ref name=mathdocs>Refer to the [[Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B#History|history section]] of the Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B block for additional math-related documents</ref>}}
|}
|}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae]]
* [[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]
* [[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]
* [[List of mathematical uses of Latin letters]]
* [[Latin letters used in mathematics]]
* [[Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode]]
* [[Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode]]
* [[list of typographic features#Features intended for digits and math|OpenType fonts feature ''mgrk'']]
* [[List of typographic features#Features intended for digits and math|OpenType fonts feature ''mgrk'']]
* [[Mathematical notation]]


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references/>


{{Mathematical symbols notation language}}
{{Unicode navigation}}
{{Unicode navigation}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols}}

[[Category:Mathematical notation]]
[[Category:Mathematical notation]]
[[Category:Unicode blocks]]
[[Category:Unicode blocks]]

Latest revision as of 05:24, 1 March 2024

For the meanings of these symbols, see List of letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
RangeU+1D400..U+1D7FF
(1,024 code points)
PlaneSMP
ScriptsCommon
Symbol setsMathematical
Assigned996 code points
Unused28 reserved code points
Unicode version history
3.1 (2001)991 (+991)
4.0 (2003)992 (+1)
4.1 (2005)994 (+2)
5.0 (2006)996 (+2)
Unicode documentation
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Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniformity over numerous mathematical articles and books, these conventions help to read mathematical formulas. These also may be used to differentiate between concepts that share a letter in a single problem.

Unicode now includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400–U+1D7FF). The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters (fonts) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic "𝐴" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "A". Unicode originally included a limited set of such letter forms in its Letterlike Symbols block before completing the set of Latin and Greek letter forms in this block beginning in version 3.1.

Unicode expressly recommends that these characters not be used in general text as a substitute for presentational markup;[3] the letters are specifically designed to be semantically different from each other. Unicode does not include a set of normal serif letters in the set.[a] Still they have found some usage on social media, for example by people who want a stylized user name,[4] and in email spam, in an attempt to bypass filters.

All these letter shapes may be manipulated with MathML's attribute mathvariant.

The introduction date of some of the more commonly used symbols can be found in the Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date.

Tables of styled letters and digits[edit]

These tables show all styled forms of Latin and Greek letters, symbols and digits in the Unicode Standard, with the normal unstyled forms of these characters shown with a cyan background (the basic unstyled letters may be serif or sans-serif depending upon the font). The styled characters are mostly located in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block, but the 24 characters in cells with a pink background are located in the letterlike symbols block, for example, ℛ (script capital r) is at U+211B rather than the expected U+1D4AD which is reserved. In the code charts for the Unicode Standard, the reserved code points corresponding to the pink cell are annotated with the name and code point of the correct character.[5] There are a few characters which have names that suggest that they should belong in the tables below, but in fact do not because their official character names are misnomers:

  • U+2113 ℓ SCRIPT SMALL L is not used as it is a special symbol for litre.[5]
  • U+2118 ℘ SCRIPT CAPITAL P is in fact the Weierstrass p which was misnamed, but due to Unicode stability policies the official character name cannot be corrected.[6]

Latin letters[edit]

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with pink backgrounds or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).

Capital letters
Serif Sans-serif Script (or calligraphy) Fraktur Mono-
space 		Double-
struck
Normal Bold Italic Bold
italic 		Normal Bold Italic Bold
italic 		Normal Bold Normal Bold Normal Bold
U+ 0041 1D400 1D434 1D468 1D5A0 1D5D4 1D608 1D63C 1D49C 1D4D0 1D504 1D56C 1D670 1D538
00 A 𝐀 𝐴 𝑨 𝖠 𝗔 𝘈 𝘼 𝒜 𝓐 𝔄 𝕬 𝙰 𝔸
01 B 𝐁 𝐵 𝑩 𝖡 𝗕 𝘉 𝘽 ℬ 𝓑 𝔅 𝕭 𝙱 𝔹
02 C 𝐂 𝐶 𝑪 𝖢 𝗖 𝘊 𝘾 𝒞 𝓒 ℭ 𝕮 𝙲 ℂ
03 D 𝐃 𝐷 𝑫 𝖣 𝗗 𝘋 𝘿 𝒟 𝓓 𝔇 𝕯 𝙳 𝔻
04 E 𝐄 𝐸 𝑬 𝖤 𝗘 𝘌 𝙀 ℰ 𝓔 𝔈 𝕰 𝙴 𝔼
05 F 𝐅 𝐹 𝑭 𝖥 𝗙 𝘍 𝙁 ℱ 𝓕 𝔉 𝕱 𝙵 𝔽
06 G 𝐆 𝐺 𝑮 𝖦 𝗚 𝘎 𝙂 𝒢 𝓖 𝔊 𝕲 𝙶 𝔾
07 H 𝐇 𝐻 𝑯 𝖧 𝗛 𝘏 𝙃 ℋ 𝓗 ℌ 𝕳 𝙷 ℍ
08 I 𝐈 𝐼 𝑰 𝖨 𝗜 𝘐 𝙄 ℐ 𝓘 ℑ 𝕴 𝙸 𝕀
09 J 𝐉 𝐽 𝑱 𝖩 𝗝 𝘑 𝙅 𝒥 𝓙 𝔍 𝕵 𝙹 𝕁
0A K 𝐊 𝐾 𝑲 𝖪 𝗞 𝘒 𝙆 𝒦 𝓚 𝔎 𝕶 𝙺 𝕂
0B L 𝐋 𝐿 𝑳 𝖫 𝗟 𝘓 𝙇 ℒ 𝓛 𝔏 𝕷 𝙻 𝕃
0C M 𝐌 𝑀 𝑴 𝖬 𝗠 𝘔 𝙈 ℳ 𝓜 𝔐 𝕸 𝙼 𝕄
0D N 𝐍 𝑁 𝑵 𝖭 𝗡 𝘕 𝙉 𝒩 𝓝 𝔑 𝕹 𝙽 ℕ
0E O 𝐎 𝑂 𝑶 𝖮 𝗢 𝘖 𝙊 𝒪 𝓞 𝔒 𝕺 𝙾 𝕆
0F P 𝐏 𝑃 𝑷 𝖯 𝗣 𝘗 𝙋 𝒫 𝓟 𝔓 𝕻 𝙿 ℙ
10 Q 𝐐 𝑄 𝑸 𝖰 𝗤 𝘘 𝙌 𝒬 𝓠 𝔔 𝕼 𝚀 ℚ
11 R 𝐑 𝑅 𝑹 𝖱 𝗥 𝘙 𝙍 ℛ 𝓡 ℜ 𝕽 𝚁 ℝ
12 S 𝐒 𝑆 𝑺 𝖲 𝗦 𝘚 𝙎 𝒮 𝓢 𝔖 𝕾 𝚂 𝕊
13 T 𝐓 𝑇 𝑻 𝖳 𝗧 𝘛 𝙏 𝒯 𝓣 𝔗 𝕿 𝚃 𝕋
14 U 𝐔 𝑈 𝑼 𝖴 𝗨 𝘜 𝙐 𝒰 𝓤 𝔘 𝖀 𝚄 𝕌
15 V 𝐕 𝑉 𝑽 𝖵 𝗩 𝘝 𝙑 𝒱 𝓥 𝔙 𝖁 𝚅 𝕍
16 W 𝐖 𝑊 𝑾 𝖶 𝗪 𝘞 𝙒 𝒲 𝓦 𝔚 𝖂 𝚆 𝕎
17 X 𝐗 𝑋 𝑿 𝖷 𝗫 𝘟 𝙓 𝒳 𝓧 𝔛 𝖃 𝚇 𝕏
18 Y 𝐘 𝑌 𝒀 𝖸 𝗬 𝘠 𝙔 𝒴 𝓨 𝔜 𝖄 𝚈 𝕐
19 Z 𝐙 𝑍 𝒁 𝖹 𝗭 𝘡 𝙕 𝒵 𝓩 ℨ 𝖅 𝚉 ℤ


Small letters
Serif Sans-serif Script (or calligraphy) Fraktur Mono-
space 		Double-
struck
Normal Bold Italic Bold
italic 		Normal Bold Italic Bold
italic 		Normal Bold Normal Bold Normal Bold
U+ 0061 1D41A 1D44E 1D482 1D5BA 1D5EE 1D622 1D656 1D4B6 1D4EA 1D51E 1D586 1D68A 1D552
00 a 𝐚 𝑎 𝒂 𝖺 𝗮 𝘢 𝙖 𝒶 𝓪 𝔞 𝖆 𝚊 𝕒
01 b 𝐛 𝑏 𝒃 𝖻 𝗯 𝘣 𝙗 𝒷 𝓫 𝔟 𝖇 𝚋 𝕓
02 c 𝐜 𝑐 𝒄 𝖼 𝗰 𝘤 𝙘 𝒸 𝓬 𝔠 𝖈 𝚌 𝕔
03 d 𝐝 𝑑 𝒅 𝖽 𝗱 𝘥 𝙙 𝒹 𝓭 𝔡 𝖉 𝚍 𝕕
04 e 𝐞 𝑒 𝒆 𝖾 𝗲 𝘦 𝙚 ℯ 𝓮 𝔢 𝖊 𝚎 𝕖
05 f 𝐟 𝑓 𝒇 𝖿 𝗳 𝘧 𝙛 𝒻 𝓯 𝔣 𝖋 𝚏 𝕗
06 g 𝐠 𝑔 𝒈 𝗀 𝗴 𝘨 𝙜 ℊ 𝓰 𝔤 𝖌 𝚐 𝕘
07 h 𝐡 ℎ 𝒉 𝗁 𝗵 𝘩 𝙝 𝒽 𝓱 𝔥 𝖍 𝚑 𝕙
08 i 𝐢 𝑖 𝒊 𝗂 𝗶 𝘪 𝙞 𝒾 𝓲 𝔦 𝖎 𝚒 𝕚
09 j 𝐣 𝑗 𝒋 𝗃 𝗷 𝘫 𝙟 𝒿 𝓳 𝔧 𝖏 𝚓 𝕛
0A k 𝐤 𝑘 𝒌 𝗄 𝗸 𝘬 𝙠 𝓀 𝓴 𝔨 𝖐 𝚔 𝕜
0B l 𝐥 𝑙 𝒍 𝗅 𝗹 𝘭 𝙡 𝓁 𝓵 𝔩 𝖑 𝚕 𝕝
0C m 𝐦 𝑚 𝒎 𝗆 𝗺 𝘮 𝙢 𝓂 𝓶 𝔪 𝖒 𝚖 𝕞
0D n 𝐧 𝑛 𝒏 𝗇 𝗻 𝘯 𝙣 𝓃 𝓷 𝔫 𝖓 𝚗 𝕟
0E o 𝐨 𝑜 𝒐 𝗈 𝗼 𝘰 𝙤 ℴ 𝓸 𝔬 𝖔 𝚘 𝕠
0F p 𝐩 𝑝 𝒑 𝗉 𝗽 𝘱 𝙥 𝓅 𝓹 𝔭 𝖕 𝚙 𝕡
10 q 𝐪 𝑞 𝒒 𝗊 𝗾 𝘲 𝙦 𝓆 𝓺 𝔮 𝖖 𝚚 𝕢
11 r 𝐫 𝑟 𝒓 𝗋 𝗿 𝘳 𝙧 𝓇 𝓻 𝔯 𝖗 𝚛 𝕣
12 s 𝐬 𝑠 𝒔 𝗌 𝘀 𝘴 𝙨 𝓈 𝓼 𝔰 𝖘 𝚜 𝕤
13 t 𝐭 𝑡 𝒕 𝗍 𝘁 𝘵 𝙩 𝓉 𝓽 𝔱 𝖙 𝚝 𝕥
14 u 𝐮 𝑢 𝒖 𝗎 𝘂 𝘶 𝙪 𝓊 𝓾 𝔲 𝖚 𝚞 𝕦
15 v 𝐯 𝑣 𝒗 𝗏 𝘃 𝘷 𝙫 𝓋 𝓿 𝔳 𝖛 𝚟 𝕧
16 w 𝐰 𝑤 𝒘 𝗐 𝘄 𝘸 𝙬 𝓌 𝔀 𝔴 𝖜 𝚠 𝕨
17 x 𝐱 𝑥 𝒙 𝗑 𝘅 𝘹 𝙭 𝓍 𝔁 𝔵 𝖝 𝚡 𝕩
18 y 𝐲 𝑦 𝒚 𝗒 𝘆 𝘺 𝙮 𝓎 𝔂 𝔶 𝖞 𝚢 𝕪
19 z 𝐳 𝑧 𝒛 𝗓 𝘇 𝘻 𝙯 𝓏 𝔃 𝔷 𝖟 𝚣 𝕫
– ı   𝚤  
– ȷ   𝚥  

Greek letters and symbols[edit]

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with yellow backgrounds or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).

Capital letters
Normal Bold Italic Bold
italic 		Sans-
serif
bold 		Sans-
serif
bold
italic
U+ 0391 1D6A8 1D6E2 1D71C 1D756 1D790
00 Α 𝚨 𝛢 𝜜 𝝖 𝞐
01 Β 𝚩 𝛣 𝜝 𝝗 𝞑
02 Γ 𝚪 𝛤 𝜞 𝝘 𝞒
03 Δ 𝚫 𝛥 𝜟 𝝙 𝞓
04 Ε 𝚬 𝛦 𝜠 𝝚 𝞔
05 Ζ 𝚭 𝛧 𝜡 𝝛 𝞕
06 Η 𝚮 𝛨 𝜢 𝝜 𝞖
07 Θ 𝚯 𝛩 𝜣 𝝝 𝞗
08 Ι 𝚰 𝛪 𝜤 𝝞 𝞘
09 Κ 𝚱 𝛫 𝜥 𝝟 𝞙
0A Λ 𝚲 𝛬 𝜦 𝝠 𝞚
0B Μ 𝚳 𝛭 𝜧 𝝡 𝞛
0C Ν 𝚴 𝛮 𝜨 𝝢 𝞜
0D Ξ 𝚵 𝛯 𝜩 𝝣 𝞝
0E Ο 𝚶 𝛰 𝜪 𝝤 𝞞
0F Π 𝚷 𝛱 𝜫 𝝥 𝞟
10 Ρ 𝚸 𝛲 𝜬 𝝦 𝞠
11 ϴ 𝚹 𝛳 𝜭 𝝧 𝞡
12 Σ 𝚺 𝛴 𝜮 𝝨 𝞢
13 Τ 𝚻 𝛵 𝜯 𝝩 𝞣
14 Υ 𝚼 𝛶 𝜰 𝝪 𝞤
15 Φ 𝚽 𝛷 𝜱 𝝫 𝞥
16 Χ 𝚾 𝛸 𝜲 𝝬 𝞦
17 Ψ 𝚿 𝛹 𝜳 𝝭 𝞧
18 Ω 𝛀 𝛺 𝜴 𝝮 𝞨
19 ∇ 𝛁 𝛻 𝜵 𝝯 𝞩
– Ϝ 𝟊  


Small letters
Normal Bold Italic Bold
italic 		Sans-
serif
bold 		Sans-
serif
bold
italic
U+ 03B1 1D6C2 1D6FC 1D736 1D770 1D7AA
00 α 𝛂 𝛼 𝜶 𝝰 𝞪
01 β 𝛃 𝛽 𝜷 𝝱 𝞫
02 γ 𝛄 𝛾 𝜸 𝝲 𝞬
03 δ 𝛅 𝛿 𝜹 𝝳 𝞭
04 ε 𝛆 𝜀 𝜺 𝝴 𝞮
05 ζ 𝛇 𝜁 𝜻 𝝵 𝞯
06 η 𝛈 𝜂 𝜼 𝝶 𝞰
07 θ 𝛉 𝜃 𝜽 𝝷 𝞱
08 ι 𝛊 𝜄 𝜾 𝝸 𝞲
09 κ 𝛋 𝜅 𝜿 𝝹 𝞳
0A λ 𝛌 𝜆 𝝀 𝝺 𝞴
0B μ 𝛍 𝜇 𝝁 𝝻 𝞵
0C ν 𝛎 𝜈 𝝂 𝝼 𝞶
0D ξ 𝛏 𝜉 𝝃 𝝽 𝞷
0E ο 𝛐 𝜊 𝝄 𝝾 𝞸
0F π 𝛑 𝜋 𝝅 𝝿 𝞹
10 ρ 𝛒 𝜌 𝝆 𝞀 𝞺
11 ς 𝛓 𝜍 𝝇 𝞁 𝞻
12 σ 𝛔 𝜎 𝝈 𝞂 𝞼
13 τ 𝛕 𝜏 𝝉 𝞃 𝞽
14 υ 𝛖 𝜐 𝝊 𝞄 𝞾
15 φ 𝛗 𝜑 𝝋 𝞅 𝞿
16 χ 𝛘 𝜒 𝝌 𝞆 𝟀
17 ψ 𝛙 𝜓 𝝍 𝞇 𝟁
18 ω 𝛚 𝜔 𝝎 𝞈 𝟂
19 ∂ 𝛛 𝜕 𝝏 𝞉 𝟃
1A ϵ 𝛜 𝜖 𝝐 𝞊 𝟄
1B ϑ 𝛝 𝜗 𝝑 𝞋 𝟅
1C ϰ 𝛞 𝜘 𝝒 𝞌 𝟆
1D ϕ 𝛟 𝜙 𝝓 𝞍 𝟇
1E ϱ 𝛠 𝜚 𝝔 𝞎 𝟈
1F ϖ 𝛡 𝜛 𝝕 𝞏 𝟉
– ϝ 𝟋  

Digits[edit]

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below are obtained by adding the hexadecimal base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column.

Normal Bold Double-
struck 		Sans-
serif 		Sans-
serif
bold 		Mono-
space
U+ 0030 1D7CE 1D7D8 1D7E2 1D7EC 1D7F6
0 0 𝟎 𝟘 𝟢 𝟬 𝟶
1 1 𝟏 𝟙 𝟣 𝟭 𝟷
2 2 𝟐 𝟚 𝟤 𝟮 𝟸
3 3 𝟑 𝟛 𝟥 𝟯 𝟹
4 4 𝟒 𝟜 𝟦 𝟰 𝟺
5 5 𝟓 𝟝 𝟧 𝟱 𝟻
6 6 𝟔 𝟞 𝟨 𝟲 𝟼
7 7 𝟕 𝟟 𝟩 𝟳 𝟽
8 8 𝟖 𝟠 𝟪 𝟴 𝟾
9 9 𝟗 𝟡 𝟫 𝟵 𝟿

Glyph variants[edit]

Variation selectors may be used to specify chancery (U+FE00) vs roundhand (U+FE01) forms, if the font supports them:

Code point Plain FE00 FE01
U+1D49C 𝒜 𝒜︀ 𝒜︁
U+1D49E 𝒞 𝒞︀ 𝒞︁
U+1D49F 𝒟 𝒟︀ 𝒟︁
U+1D4A2 𝒢 𝒢︀ 𝒢︁
U+1D4A5 𝒥 𝒥︀ 𝒥︁
U+1D4A6 𝒦 𝒦︀ 𝒦︁
U+1D4A9 𝒩 𝒩︀ 𝒩︁
U+1D4AA 𝒪 𝒪︀ 𝒪︁
U+1D4AB 𝒫 𝒫︀ 𝒫︁
U+1D4AC 𝒬 𝒬︀ 𝒬︁
U+1D4AE 𝒮 𝒮︀ 𝒮︁
U+1D4AF 𝒯 𝒯︀ 𝒯︁
U+1D4B0 𝒰 𝒰︀ 𝒰︁
U+1D4B1 𝒱 𝒱︀ 𝒱︁
U+1D4B2 𝒲 𝒲︀ 𝒲︁
U+1D4B3 𝒳 𝒳︀ 𝒳︁
U+1D4B4 𝒴 𝒴︀ 𝒴︁
U+1D4B5 𝒵 𝒵︀ 𝒵︁

The remainder of the set is at Letterlike Symbols.

Chart for the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block[edit]

Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1D40x 𝐀 𝐁 𝐂 𝐃 𝐄 𝐅 𝐆 𝐇 𝐈 𝐉 𝐊 𝐋 𝐌 𝐍 𝐎 𝐏
U+1D41x 𝐐 𝐑 𝐒 𝐓 𝐔 𝐕 𝐖 𝐗 𝐘 𝐙 𝐚 𝐛 𝐜 𝐝 𝐞 𝐟
U+1D42x 𝐠 𝐡 𝐢 𝐣 𝐤 𝐥 𝐦 𝐧 𝐨 𝐩 𝐪 𝐫 𝐬 𝐭 𝐮 𝐯
U+1D43x 𝐰 𝐱 𝐲 𝐳 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 𝐻 𝐼 𝐽 𝐾 𝐿
U+1D44x 𝑀 𝑁 𝑂 𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑆 𝑇 𝑈 𝑉 𝑊 𝑋 𝑌 𝑍 𝑎 𝑏
U+1D45x 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑔 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
U+1D46x 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬 𝑭 𝑮 𝑯
U+1D47x 𝑰 𝑱 𝑲 𝑳 𝑴 𝑵 𝑶 𝑷 𝑸 𝑹 𝑺 𝑻 𝑼 𝑽 𝑾 𝑿
U+1D48x 𝒀 𝒁 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅 𝒆 𝒇 𝒈 𝒉 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌 𝒍 𝒎 𝒏
U+1D49x 𝒐 𝒑 𝒒 𝒓 𝒔 𝒕 𝒖 𝒗 𝒘 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒜 𝒞 𝒟
U+1D4Ax 𝒢 𝒥 𝒦 𝒩 𝒪 𝒫 𝒬 𝒮 𝒯
U+1D4Bx 𝒰 𝒱 𝒲 𝒳 𝒴 𝒵 𝒶 𝒷 𝒸 𝒹 𝒻 𝒽 𝒾 𝒿
U+1D4Cx 𝓀 𝓁 𝓂 𝓃 𝓅 𝓆 𝓇 𝓈 𝓉 𝓊 𝓋 𝓌 𝓍 𝓎 𝓏
U+1D4Dx 𝓐 𝓑 𝓒 𝓓 𝓔 𝓕 𝓖 𝓗 𝓘 𝓙 𝓚 𝓛 𝓜 𝓝 𝓞 𝓟
U+1D4Ex 𝓠 𝓡 𝓢 𝓣 𝓤 𝓥 𝓦 𝓧 𝓨 𝓩 𝓪 𝓫 𝓬 𝓭 𝓮 𝓯
U+1D4Fx 𝓰 𝓱 𝓲 𝓳 𝓴 𝓵 𝓶 𝓷 𝓸 𝓹 𝓺 𝓻 𝓼 𝓽 𝓾 𝓿
U+1D50x 𝔀 𝔁 𝔂 𝔃 𝔄 𝔅 𝔇 𝔈 𝔉 𝔊 𝔍 𝔎 𝔏
U+1D51x 𝔐 𝔑 𝔒 𝔓 𝔔 𝔖 𝔗 𝔘 𝔙 𝔚 𝔛 𝔜 𝔞 𝔟
U+1D52x 𝔠 𝔡 𝔢 𝔣 𝔤 𝔥 𝔦 𝔧 𝔨 𝔩 𝔪 𝔫 𝔬 𝔭 𝔮 𝔯
U+1D53x 𝔰 𝔱 𝔲 𝔳 𝔴 𝔵 𝔶 𝔷 𝔸 𝔹 𝔻 𝔼 𝔽 𝔾
U+1D54x 𝕀 𝕁 𝕂 𝕃 𝕄 𝕆 𝕊 𝕋 𝕌 𝕍 𝕎 𝕏
U+1D55x 𝕐 𝕒 𝕓 𝕔 𝕕 𝕖 𝕗 𝕘 𝕙 𝕚 𝕛 𝕜 𝕝 𝕞 𝕟
U+1D56x 𝕠 𝕡 𝕢 𝕣 𝕤 𝕥 𝕦 𝕧 𝕨 𝕩 𝕪 𝕫 𝕬 𝕭 𝕮 𝕯
U+1D57x 𝕰 𝕱 𝕲 𝕳 𝕴 𝕵 𝕶 𝕷 𝕸 𝕹 𝕺 𝕻 𝕼 𝕽 𝕾 𝕿
U+1D58x 𝖀 𝖁 𝖂 𝖃 𝖄 𝖅 𝖆 𝖇 𝖈 𝖉 𝖊 𝖋 𝖌 𝖍 𝖎 𝖏
U+1D59x 𝖐 𝖑 𝖒 𝖓 𝖔 𝖕 𝖖 𝖗 𝖘 𝖙 𝖚 𝖛 𝖜 𝖝 𝖞 𝖟
U+1D5Ax 𝖠 𝖡 𝖢 𝖣 𝖤 𝖥 𝖦 𝖧 𝖨 𝖩 𝖪 𝖫 𝖬 𝖭 𝖮 𝖯
U+1D5Bx 𝖰 𝖱 𝖲 𝖳 𝖴 𝖵 𝖶 𝖷 𝖸 𝖹 𝖺 𝖻 𝖼 𝖽 𝖾 𝖿
U+1D5Cx 𝗀 𝗁 𝗂 𝗃 𝗄 𝗅 𝗆 𝗇 𝗈 𝗉 𝗊 𝗋 𝗌 𝗍 𝗎 𝗏
U+1D5Dx 𝗐 𝗑 𝗒 𝗓 𝗔 𝗕 𝗖 𝗗 𝗘 𝗙 𝗚 𝗛 𝗜 𝗝 𝗞 𝗟
U+1D5Ex 𝗠 𝗡 𝗢 𝗣 𝗤 𝗥 𝗦 𝗧 𝗨 𝗩 𝗪 𝗫 𝗬 𝗭 𝗮 𝗯
U+1D5Fx 𝗰 𝗱 𝗲 𝗳 𝗴 𝗵 𝗶 𝗷 𝗸 𝗹 𝗺 𝗻 𝗼 𝗽 𝗾 𝗿
U+1D60x 𝘀 𝘁 𝘂 𝘃 𝘄 𝘅 𝘆 𝘇 𝘈 𝘉 𝘊 𝘋 𝘌 𝘍 𝘎 𝘏
U+1D61x 𝘐 𝘑 𝘒 𝘓 𝘔 𝘕 𝘖 𝘗 𝘘 𝘙 𝘚 𝘛 𝘜 𝘝 𝘞 𝘟
U+1D62x 𝘠 𝘡 𝘢 𝘣 𝘤 𝘥 𝘦 𝘧 𝘨 𝘩 𝘪 𝘫 𝘬 𝘭 𝘮 𝘯
U+1D63x 𝘰 𝘱 𝘲 𝘳 𝘴 𝘵 𝘶 𝘷 𝘸 𝘹 𝘺 𝘻 𝘼 𝘽 𝘾 𝘿
U+1D64x 𝙀 𝙁 𝙂 𝙃 𝙄 𝙅 𝙆 𝙇 𝙈 𝙉 𝙊 𝙋 𝙌 𝙍 𝙎 𝙏
U+1D65x 𝙐 𝙑 𝙒 𝙓 𝙔 𝙕 𝙖 𝙗 𝙘 𝙙 𝙚 𝙛 𝙜 𝙝 𝙞 𝙟
U+1D66x 𝙠 𝙡 𝙢 𝙣 𝙤 𝙥 𝙦 𝙧 𝙨 𝙩 𝙪 𝙫 𝙬 𝙭 𝙮 𝙯
U+1D67x 𝙰 𝙱 𝙲 𝙳 𝙴 𝙵 𝙶 𝙷 𝙸 𝙹 𝙺 𝙻 𝙼 𝙽 𝙾 𝙿
U+1D68x 𝚀 𝚁 𝚂 𝚃 𝚄 𝚅 𝚆 𝚇 𝚈 𝚉 𝚊 𝚋 𝚌 𝚍 𝚎 𝚏
U+1D69x 𝚐 𝚑 𝚒 𝚓 𝚔 𝚕 𝚖 𝚗 𝚘 𝚙 𝚚 𝚛 𝚜 𝚝 𝚞 𝚟
U+1D6Ax 𝚠 𝚡 𝚢 𝚣 𝚤 𝚥 𝚨 𝚩 𝚪 𝚫 𝚬 𝚭 𝚮 𝚯
U+1D6Bx 𝚰 𝚱 𝚲 𝚳 𝚴 𝚵 𝚶 𝚷 𝚸 𝚹 𝚺 𝚻 𝚼 𝚽 𝚾 𝚿
U+1D6Cx 𝛀 𝛁 𝛂 𝛃 𝛄 𝛅 𝛆 𝛇 𝛈 𝛉 𝛊 𝛋 𝛌 𝛍 𝛎 𝛏
U+1D6Dx 𝛐 𝛑 𝛒 𝛓 𝛔 𝛕 𝛖 𝛗 𝛘 𝛙 𝛚 𝛛 𝛜 𝛝 𝛞 𝛟
U+1D6Ex 𝛠 𝛡 𝛢 𝛣 𝛤 𝛥 𝛦 𝛧 𝛨 𝛩 𝛪 𝛫 𝛬 𝛭 𝛮 𝛯
U+1D6Fx 𝛰 𝛱 𝛲 𝛳 𝛴 𝛵 𝛶 𝛷 𝛸 𝛹 𝛺 𝛻 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛿
U+1D70x 𝜀 𝜁 𝜂 𝜃 𝜄 𝜅 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝜉 𝜊 𝜋 𝜌 𝜍 𝜎 𝜏
U+1D71x 𝜐 𝜑 𝜒 𝜓 𝜔 𝜕 𝜖 𝜗 𝜘 𝜙 𝜚 𝜛 𝜜 𝜝 𝜞 𝜟
U+1D72x 𝜠 𝜡 𝜢 𝜣 𝜤 𝜥 𝜦 𝜧 𝜨 𝜩 𝜪 𝜫 𝜬 𝜭 𝜮 𝜯
U+1D73x 𝜰 𝜱 𝜲 𝜳 𝜴 𝜵 𝜶 𝜷 𝜸 𝜹 𝜺 𝜻 𝜼 𝜽 𝜾 𝜿
U+1D74x 𝝀 𝝁 𝝂 𝝃 𝝄 𝝅 𝝆 𝝇 𝝈 𝝉 𝝊 𝝋 𝝌 𝝍 𝝎 𝝏
U+1D75x 𝝐 𝝑 𝝒 𝝓 𝝔 𝝕 𝝖 𝝗 𝝘 𝝙 𝝚 𝝛 𝝜 𝝝 𝝞 𝝟
U+1D76x 𝝠 𝝡 𝝢 𝝣 𝝤 𝝥 𝝦 𝝧 𝝨 𝝩 𝝪 𝝫 𝝬 𝝭 𝝮 𝝯
U+1D77x 𝝰 𝝱 𝝲 𝝳 𝝴 𝝵 𝝶 𝝷 𝝸 𝝹 𝝺 𝝻 𝝼 𝝽 𝝾 𝝿
U+1D78x 𝞀 𝞁 𝞂 𝞃 𝞄 𝞅 𝞆 𝞇 𝞈 𝞉 𝞊 𝞋 𝞌 𝞍 𝞎 𝞏
U+1D79x 𝞐 𝞑 𝞒 𝞓 𝞔 𝞕 𝞖 𝞗 𝞘 𝞙 𝞚 𝞛 𝞜 𝞝 𝞞 𝞟
U+1D7Ax 𝞠 𝞡 𝞢 𝞣 𝞤 𝞥 𝞦 𝞧 𝞨 𝞩 𝞪 𝞫 𝞬 𝞭 𝞮 𝞯
U+1D7Bx 𝞰 𝞱 𝞲 𝞳 𝞴 𝞵 𝞶 𝞷 𝞸 𝞹 𝞺 𝞻 𝞼 𝞽 𝞾 𝞿
U+1D7Cx 𝟀 𝟁 𝟂 𝟃 𝟄 𝟅 𝟆 𝟇 𝟈 𝟉 𝟊 𝟋 𝟎 𝟏
U+1D7Dx 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟘 𝟙 𝟚 𝟛 𝟜 𝟝 𝟞 𝟟
U+1D7Ex 𝟠 𝟡 𝟢 𝟣 𝟤 𝟥 𝟦 𝟧 𝟨 𝟩 𝟪 𝟫 𝟬 𝟭 𝟮 𝟯
U+1D7Fx 𝟰 𝟱 𝟲 𝟳 𝟴 𝟵 𝟶 𝟷 𝟸 𝟹 𝟺 𝟻 𝟼 𝟽 𝟾 𝟿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

History[edit]

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block:

Version Final code points[b] Count L2 ID WG2 ID Document
3.1 U+1D400..1D454, 1D456..1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B9, 1D4BB, 1D4BD..1D4C0, 1D4C2..1D4C3, 1D4C5..1D505, 1D507..1D50A, 1D50D..1D514, 1D516..1D51C, 1D51E..1D539, 1D53B..1D53E, 1D540..1D544, 1D546, 1D54A..1D550, 1D552..1D6A3, 1D6A8..1D7C9, 1D7CE..1D7FF 991 L2/98-405 Beeton, Barbara; Ion, Patrick (1998-12-01), Proposal to encode additional mathematical and technical symbols in ISO/IEC 10646
L2/98-406 Sargent, Murray (1998-12-01), Proposal to encode mathematical variant tags
L2/99-049 Beeton, Barbara (1999-01-22), Addendum to L2/98-405: Request for assignment of codes to mathematical and technical symbols
L2/99-045 Sargent, Murray; Beeton, Barbara (1999-02-04), Proposal to encode mathematical alphanumeric symbols
L2/98-419 (pdf, doc) Aliprand, Joan (1999-02-05), "Mathematical Symbols", Approved Minutes -- UTC #78 & NCITS Subgroup L2 # 175 Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA -- December 1-4, 1998
L2/99-188 Beeton, Barbara; Sargent, Murray (1999-06-09), Proposal to encode mathematical alphanumeric symbols
L2/99-176R Moore, Lisa (1999-11-04), "Math", Minutes from the joint UTC/L2 meeting in Seattle, June 8-10, 1999
L2/99-199 Freytag, Asmus (1999-06-14), Math Alphabets
L2/99-054R Aliprand, Joan (1999-06-21), "Math Variants", Approved Minutes from the UTC/L2 meeting in Palo Alto, February 3-5, 1999
L2/99-195 N2086 (html, doc) Sargent, Murray; Beeton, Barbara (1999-09-02), Proposal to encode mathematical alphanumeric symbols
L2/00-010 N2103 Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2000-01-05), "10.2", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 37, Copenhagen, Denmark: 1999-09-13--16
L2/00-002 Beeton, Barbara (2000-01-09), Request for assignment of codes to mathematical and technical symbols that do not appear in Unicode 2.0 or ISO/IEC 10646
L2/00-005R2 Moore, Lisa (2000-02-14), "Motion 82-M4", Minutes of UTC #82 in San Jose
L2/00-074 N2168 Karlsson, Kent (2000-03-02), Comments on "Math Alphanumeric" characters for 10646-2
L2/00-094 N2191 Proposal for Encoding Additional Mathematical Symbols in the BMP, 2000-03-14
L2/00-119[c] N2191R Whistler, Ken; Freytag, Asmus (2000-04-19), Encoding Additional Mathematical Symbols in Unicode
L2/00-239 Davis, Mark (2000-07-07), Mathematical Letter Symbols
L2/00-240 Whistler, Ken (2000-07-07), Re: Mathematical Letter Symbols
L2/00-234 N2203 (rtf, txt) Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2000-07-21), "8.18", Minutes from the SC2/WG2 meeting in Beijing, 2000-03-21 -- 24
L2/00-249 Karlsson, Kent (2000-08-03), Re: UTC Agenda item: Mathematical Letter Symbols
L2/00-250 Davis, Mark (2000-08-03), Re: UTC Agenda item: Mathematical Letter Symbols
L2/00-251 Whistler, Ken (2000-08-03), Re: UTC Agenda item: Mathematical Letter Symbols
L2/00-115R2 Moore, Lisa (2000-08-08), "Motion 83-M11", Minutes Of UTC Meeting #83
L2/00-271 Sargent, Murray (2000-08-11), A Few Remarks Concerning the Math Alphanumerics
L2/00-280 Whistler, Ken (2000-08-22), Math alphanumerics and MathML: A challenge
L2/00-187 Moore, Lisa (2000-08-23), "Math Alphanumeric Characters", UTC minutes -- Boston, August 8-11, 2000
L2/00-336 N2272 Freytag, Asmus (2000-09-15), On the requirements for alphanumeric fonts for mathematical use
L2/01-050 N2253 Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2001-01-21), "8.1 Disposition of ballot comments on FCD 10646-2", Minutes of the SC2/WG2 meeting in Athens, September 2000
L2/02-366 Pantelia, Maria (2002-11-07), Proposal to encode two Letterlike Symbols in the UCS
L2/02-345 Moore, Lisa (2002-11-18), "Consensus 93-C18", UTC #93 Minutes
L2/20-275R Sargent, Murray (2021-01-05), Proposed variation sequences for math calligraphic letters
L2/20-281 Hudson, John (2020-11-10), Recent evolution of math alphabetic calligraphic script style
L2/21-016R Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Liang, Hai (2021-01-14), "25 Math Calligraphic Alphabets", Recommendations to UTC #166 January 2021 on Script Proposals
L2/21-009 Moore, Lisa (2021-01-27), "Consensus 166-C33", UTC #166 Minutes, The UTC accepts 52 variation sequences to distinguish roundhand and chancery style mathematical script alphabetic characters
4.0 U+1D4C1 1 N2449 Defect Report on MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L, 2002-05-15
L2/02-372 N2453 (pdf, doc) Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2002-10-30), "12.2 Mathematical script - SMALL L", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 42
4.1 U+1D6A4..1D6A5 2 L2/03-194 N2590 Freytag, Asmus (2003-06-09), Additional Mathematical and Letterlike Characters
5.0 U+1D7CA..1D7CB 2 L2/04-406 Freytag, Asmus; Sargent, Murray; Beeton, Barbara; Carlisle, David (2004-11-15), Progress report on Mathematical Symbols
L2/04-410 Freytag, Asmus (2004-11-18), Twenty six mathematical characters
  1. ^ Unicode thus assumes a given font is a serif by default; a sans-serif font that supports the range would thus display the standard letters and the "sans-serif" symbols identically but could not display normal serif symbols of the same.
  2. ^ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names
  3. ^ Refer to the history section of the Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B block for additional math-related documents

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. ^ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  3. ^ "22.2 Letterlike Symbols". The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. March 2020.
  4. ^ "Bold and Cursive Unicode Text Tool - 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 and 𝕮𝖚𝖗𝖘𝖎𝖛𝖊". Bold Text Generator Tool. 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  5. ^ a b Unicode code chart U1D400 (PDF)
  6. ^ "Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names". Unicode Consortium. 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
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