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{{Infobox telescope}}
'''MiniGRAIL''' is an instrument that is designed to detect [[gravitational wave]]s. The MiniGRAIL is the first such detector to use a spherical design. It is located at [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The project is being managed by the [[Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory]].<ref name="cqg20">{{cite journal
'''MiniGRAIL''' was a type of Resonant Mass Antenna,<ref name="A First Course in General Relativity">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/firstcourseingen00bern_0/page/214 | title=A First Course in General Relativity | publisher=Cambridge | author=Schutz , Bernard | pages=[https://archive.org/details/firstcourseingen00bern_0/page/214 214–220] | isbn=978-0521887052 | edition=2nd | date=2009-05-14 | url-access=registration }}</ref> which is a massive sphere that used to detect [[gravitational wave]]s. The MiniGRAIL was the first such detector to use a spherical design. It is located at [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The project was managed by the [[Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory]].<ref name="cqg20">{{cite journal
| author=de Waard, A, | coauthors=''et al''.
| author=de Waard, A |display-authors=etal
| title=MiniGRAIL, the first spherical detector
| title=MiniGRAIL, the first spherical detector
| year=2003 | journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity
| date=2003 | journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity
| volume=20 | pages=S143–S151
| volume=20 | issue=10
| pages=S143–S151
| doi=10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/317 |bibcode = 2003CQGra..20S.143D }}</ref> A team from the Department of Theoretical Physics of the [[University of Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], is also heavily involved.
| doi=10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/317 |bibcode = 2003CQGra..20S.143D |s2cid=250902916
}}</ref> A team from the Department of Theoretical Physics of the [[University of Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], was also heavily involved. The project was terminated in 2005.


Gravitational waves are a type of radiation that is emitted by objects that have mass and are undergoing acceleration. The strongest sources of gravitational waves are expected to be [[compact object]]s such as [[neutron star]]s and [[black hole]]s. This detector may be able to detect certain types of instabilities in rotating single and binary neutron stars, and the merger of small black holes or neutron stars.<ref name="Houwelingen02">{{cite web
Gravitational waves are a type of radiation that is emitted by objects that have mass and are undergoing acceleration. The strongest sources of gravitational waves are suspected to be [[compact object]]s such as [[neutron star]]s and [[black hole]]s. This detector may be able to detect certain types of instabilities in rotating single and binary neutron stars, and the merger of small black holes or neutron stars.<ref name="Houwelingen02">{{cite web
| first=Jeroen | last=Van Houwelingen | date=2002-06-24
| first=Jeroen | last=Van Houwelingen | date=2002-06-24
| title=Development of a superconducting thin-film Nb-coil for use in the MiniGRAIL transducers
| title=Development of a superconducting thin-film Nb-coil for use in the MiniGRAIL transducers
| publisher=Leiden University | pages=1–17
| publisher=[[Leiden University]] | pages=1–17
| url=http://www.minigrail.nl/Student/Jeroen-report.pdf
| url=http://www.minigrail.nl/Student/Jeroen-report.pdf
| accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref>
| accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref>


==Design==
A spherical design has the benefit of being able to detect gravitational waves arriving from any direction, and it is sensitive to polarization.<ref name="prd76">{{cite journal
A spherical design has the benefit of being able to detect gravitational waves arriving from any direction, and it is sensitive to polarization.<ref name="prd76">{{cite journal
| last=Gottardi | first=L. | month=November | year=2007
| last1=Gottardi | first1=L. |date=November 2007
| title=Sensitivity of the spherical gravitational wave detector MiniGRAIL operating at 5K
| title=Sensitivity of the spherical gravitational wave detector MiniGRAIL operating at 5K
| journal=Physical Review D | volume=76 | issue=10
| journal=Physical Review D | volume=76 | issue=10
Line 34: Line 38:
| first8=V.
| first8=V.
| last9=Minenkov
| last9=Minenkov
| first9=Y. |bibcode = 2007PhRvD..76j2005G }}</ref> When gravitation waves with frequencies around 3,000 Hz pass through the MiniGRAIL ball, it will vibrate with displacements on the order of 10<sup>-20</sup> m.<ref>{{cite web
| first9=Y. | last10=Rocchi | first10=A. |bibcode = 2007PhRvD..76j2005G |arxiv = 0705.0122 | s2cid=119261963 | display-authors=8 }}</ref> When gravitation waves with frequencies around 3,000&nbsp;Hz pass through the MiniGRAIL ball, it will vibrate with displacements on the order of 10<sup>−20</sup> m.<ref>{{cite web
| first=Eppo | last=Bruins
| first=Eppo | last=Bruins
| title=‘Listen, two black holes are clashing!’
| title=Listen, two black holes are clashing!
| date=2004-11-26 | publisher=innovations-report
| date=2004-11-26 | publisher=innovations-report
| url=http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-36884.html
| url=http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-36884.html
| accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref> For comparison, the cross-section of a single [[proton]] (the nucleus of a [[hydrogen]] [[atom]]), is 10<sup>-15</sup> m (1&nbsp;fm).<ref>{{cite book
| accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref> For comparison, the cross-section of a single [[proton]] (the nucleus of a [[hydrogen]] [[atom]]), is 10<sup>−15</sup> m (1&nbsp;fm).<ref>{{cite book | first=Kenneth William | last=Ford | date=2005 | title=The quantum world: quantum physics for everyone | page=[https://archive.org/details/quantumworldquan00kenn/page/11 11] | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=0-674-01832-X | url=https://archive.org/details/quantumworldquan00kenn/page/11 }}</ref>
| first=Kenneth William | last=Ford | year=2005
| title=The quantum world: quantum physics for everyone
| page=11 | publisher=Harvard University Press
| isbn=067401832X }}</ref>


To improve sensitivity, the detector was intended to operate at a temperature of 20&nbsp;mK.<ref name="cqg20" /> The original antenna for the MiniGRAIL detector was a 68&nbsp;cm diameter sphere made of an alloy of copper with 6% aluminum. This sphere had a mass of 1,150 kg and resonated at a frequency of 3,250 Hz. It was isolated from vibration by seven 140 kg masses. The [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of the detector was expected to be &plusmn;230 Hz.<ref name="Houwelingen02" />
To improve sensitivity, the detector was intended to operate at a temperature of 20&nbsp;mK.<ref name="cqg20" /> The original antenna for the MiniGRAIL detector was a 68&nbsp;cm diameter sphere made of an alloy of copper with 6% aluminium. This sphere had a mass of 1,150&nbsp;kg and resonated at a frequency of 3,250&nbsp;Hz. It was isolated from vibration by seven 140&nbsp;kg masses. The [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of the detector was expected to be ±230&nbsp;Hz.<ref name="Houwelingen02" />


During the casting of the sphere, a crack appeared that reduced the quality to unacceptable levels. It was replaced by a 68&nbsp;cm sphere with a mass of 1,300&nbsp;kg. This was manufactured by ItalBronze in Brazil. The larger mass lowered the resonant frequencies by about 200 Hz.<ref>{{cite journal
During the casting of the sphere, a crack appeared that reduced the quality to unacceptable levels. It was replaced by a 68&nbsp;cm sphere with a mass of 1,300&nbsp;kg. This was manufactured by ItalBronze in Brazil. The larger mass lowered the resonant frequencies by about 200&nbsp;Hz.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=de Waard, A.
| author=de Waard, A.
| display-authors=etal
| title=MiniGRAIL progress report 2004
| title=MiniGRAIL progress report 2004
| journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=22
| journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=22
| issue=10
| pages=S215–S219 | doi=10.1088/0264-9381/22/10/012 | coauthors=''et al''.
| pages=S215–S219 | doi=10.1088/0264-9381/22/10/012
⚫
| year=2005 |bibcode = 2005CQGra..22S.215D }}</ref> The sphere is suspended from stainless steel cables to which springs and masses are attached to dampen vibrations. Cooling is accomplished using a [[dilution refrigerator]].<ref>{{cite journal
| date=2005 |bibcode = 2005CQGra..22S.215D | s2cid=35852172
⚫
| author=de Waard, A. | coauthors=''et al''.
| url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/minigrail-progress-report-2004(e2ae42cb-9b18-4d10-84c4-de3c1c77d9dd).html
⚫
}}</ref> The sphere is suspended from stainless steel cables to which springs and masses are attached to dampen vibrations. Cooling is accomplished using a [[dilution refrigerator]].<ref>{{cite journal
⚫
| author=de Waard, A. |display-authors=etal
| title=Cooling down MiniGRAIL to milli-Kelvin temperatures
| title=Cooling down MiniGRAIL to milli-Kelvin temperatures
| journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=21
| journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=21
| issue=5 | pages=S465–S471 | year=2004 | month=March
| issue=5 | pages=S465–S471 |date=March 2004
| doi=10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/012 |bibcode = 2004CQGra..21S.465D }}</ref>
| doi=10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/012 |bibcode = 2004CQGra..21S.465D |s2cid=250811527
|url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6702784/Waard004cooling1.pdf
}}</ref>


Tests at temperatures of 5 K showed the detector to have a peak strain sensitivity of {{nowrap|1.5 × 10<sup>-20</sup> Hz<sup>-&frac12;</sup>}} at a frequency of 2942.9 Hz. Over a bandwidth of 30 Hz, the strain sensitivity was more than {{nowrap|5 × 10<sup>-20</sup> Hz<sup>-&frac12;</sup>}}. This sensitivity is expected to improve by an order of magnitude when the instrument is operating at 50 mK.<ref name="prd76"/>
Tests at temperatures of 5 K showed that the detector had a peak strain sensitivity of {{nowrap|1.5 × 10<sup>−20</sup> Hz<sup>−{{frac|1|2}}</sup>}} at a frequency of 2942.9&nbsp;Hz. Over a bandwidth of 30&nbsp;Hz, the strain sensitivity was more than {{nowrap|5 × 10<sup>−20</sup> Hz<sup>−{{frac|1|2}}</sup>}}. This sensitivity is expected to improve by an order of magnitude when the instrument is operating at 50 mK.<ref name="prd76"/>


A similar detector named "Mario Schenberg" is being built in [[São Paulo]], which will strongly increase the chances of detection by looking at coincidences.<ref>{{cite journal
A similar detector named "[[Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)|Mario Schenberg]]" is located in [[São Paulo]]. The co-operation of the detectors strongly increase the chances of detection by looking at coincidences.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Frajuca, Carlos | coauthors=''et al''.
| author=Frajuca, Carlos |display-authors=etal
| title=Resonant transducers for spherical gravitational wave detectors | month=December
| title=Resonant transducers for spherical gravitational wave detectors |date=December 2005
| journal=Brazilian Journal of Physics | volume=35
| journal=Brazilian Journal of Physics | volume=35
| issue=4b | year=2005 | pages=1201–1203
| issue=4b | pages=1201–1203
| doi=10.1590/S0103-97332005000700050 }}</ref>
| doi=10.1590/S0103-97332005000700050 |bibcode = 2005BrJPh..35.1201F |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjp/v35n4b/a50v354b.pdf| doi-access=free }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 76: Line 82:
{{Gravitational wave observatories}}
{{Gravitational wave observatories}}


{{coord missing|Netherlands}}
⚫
[[Category:Gravitational wave telescopes]]


⚫
[[Category:Gravitational-wave telescopes]]
[[nl:MiniGrail]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in the Netherlands]]
[[ru:MiniGRAIL]]

Latest revision as of 22:02, 28 October 2023

MiniGrail
Location(s)Netherlands Edit this at Wikidata
OrganizationLeiden University Edit this on Wikidata
Telescope stylegravitational-wave observatory Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.minigrail.nl Edit this at Wikidata
[edit on Wikidata]

MiniGRAIL was a type of Resonant Mass Antenna,[1] which is a massive sphere that used to detect gravitational waves. The MiniGRAIL was the first such detector to use a spherical design. It is located at Leiden University in the Netherlands. The project was managed by the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory.[2] A team from the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Geneva, Switzerland, was also heavily involved. The project was terminated in 2005.

Gravitational waves are a type of radiation that is emitted by objects that have mass and are undergoing acceleration. The strongest sources of gravitational waves are suspected to be compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. This detector may be able to detect certain types of instabilities in rotating single and binary neutron stars, and the merger of small black holes or neutron stars.[3]

Design[edit]

A spherical design has the benefit of being able to detect gravitational waves arriving from any direction, and it is sensitive to polarization.[4] When gravitation waves with frequencies around 3,000 Hz pass through the MiniGRAIL ball, it will vibrate with displacements on the order of 10−20 m.[5] For comparison, the cross-section of a single proton (the nucleus of a hydrogen atom), is 10−15 m (1 fm).[6]

To improve sensitivity, the detector was intended to operate at a temperature of 20 mK.[2] The original antenna for the MiniGRAIL detector was a 68 cm diameter sphere made of an alloy of copper with 6% aluminium. This sphere had a mass of 1,150 kg and resonated at a frequency of 3,250 Hz. It was isolated from vibration by seven 140 kg masses. The bandwidth of the detector was expected to be ±230 Hz.[3]

During the casting of the sphere, a crack appeared that reduced the quality to unacceptable levels. It was replaced by a 68 cm sphere with a mass of 1,300 kg. This was manufactured by ItalBronze in Brazil. The larger mass lowered the resonant frequencies by about 200 Hz.[7] The sphere is suspended from stainless steel cables to which springs and masses are attached to dampen vibrations. Cooling is accomplished using a dilution refrigerator.[8]

Tests at temperatures of 5 K showed that the detector had a peak strain sensitivity of 1.5 × 10−20 Hz−1⁄2 at a frequency of 2942.9 Hz. Over a bandwidth of 30 Hz, the strain sensitivity was more than 5 × 10−20 Hz−1⁄2. This sensitivity is expected to improve by an order of magnitude when the instrument is operating at 50 mK.[4]

A similar detector named "Mario Schenberg" is located in São Paulo. The co-operation of the detectors strongly increase the chances of detection by looking at coincidences.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Schutz , Bernard (2009-05-14). A First Course in General Relativity (2nd ed.). Cambridge. pp. 214–220. ISBN 978-0521887052.
  2. ^ a b de Waard, A; et al. (2003). "MiniGRAIL, the first spherical detector". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 20 (10): S143–S151. Bibcode:2003CQGra..20S.143D. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/317. S2CID 250902916.
  3. ^ a b Van Houwelingen, Jeroen (2002-06-24). "Development of a superconducting thin-film Nb-coil for use in the MiniGRAIL transducers" (PDF). Leiden University. pp. 1–17. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
  4. ^ a b Gottardi, L.; De Waard, A.; Usenko, O.; Frossati, G.; Podt, M.; Flokstra, J.; Bassan, M.; Fafone, V.; et al. (November 2007). "Sensitivity of the spherical gravitational wave detector MiniGRAIL operating at 5K". Physical Review D. 76 (10): 102005.1–102005.10. arXiv:0705.0122. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..76j2005G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.102005. S2CID 119261963.
  5. ^ Bruins, Eppo (2004-11-26). "Listen, two black holes are clashing!". innovations-report. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
  6. ^ Ford, Kenneth William (2005). The quantum world: quantum physics for everyone. Harvard University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-674-01832-X.
  7. ^ de Waard, A.; et al. (2005). "MiniGRAIL progress report 2004". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 22 (10): S215–S219. Bibcode:2005CQGra..22S.215D. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/22/10/012. S2CID 35852172.
  8. ^ de Waard, A.; et al. (March 2004). "Cooling down MiniGRAIL to milli-Kelvin temperatures" (PDF). Classical and Quantum Gravity. 21 (5): S465–S471. Bibcode:2004CQGra..21S.465D. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/012. S2CID 250811527.
  9. ^ Frajuca, Carlos; et al. (December 2005). "Resonant transducers for spherical gravitational wave detectors" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Physics. 35 (4b): 1201–1203. Bibcode:2005BrJPh..35.1201F. doi:10.1590/S0103-97332005000700050.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MiniGrail&oldid=1182367730"