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{{short description|Portuguese slave}}
''Disambiguity: Henry the Black, duke of Bavaria from 1120-1126, was the first of the three Henries of the [[Welf]] dynasty. This article disusses the slave and interpreter of Magellan.''
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}


{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Awang the Black
| image = HenriqueofMalacca.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Enrique in the Maritime Museum of Malacca, [[Malacca City]], Malaysia
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = <!-- lead section said Magellan acquired him in 1511 at the age of 14, so it's simple math--> 1497
| birth_place = <!-- birthplace is disputed; see [[#Ethnicity and identity]] section -->
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> After 1522
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| other_names = Henrique, Heinrich
| known_for =
}}


'''Enrique of Malacca''' ({{lang-es|Enrique de Malaca}}; {{lang-pt|Henrique de Malaca}}; {{lang-ms|Awang Hitam}}), was a [[Malay race|Malay]] member of the [[Magellan expedition]] that completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1519–1522. He was acquired as a slave by the Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in 1511 at the age of 14 years, probably in the early stages of the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|capture of Malacca]]. Although Magellan's will calls him "a native of [[Malacca]]", [[Antonio Pigafetta]] states that he was a native of [[Sumatra]].<ref group="Note">The city of Malacca was inhabited by various ethnicities. The founder himself was a Malay refugee from Singapura who fled from the Kingdom of Palembang in Sumatra. See Crawfurd, 1856: p. 244</ref> Magellan later took him to Europe, where he accompanied the circumnavigation expedition in 1519.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/printheritage/detail/dd3d97ec-0018-4bd1-9e23-8270477e2d16.aspx|title=Purbawara Panglima Awang – BookSG|last=Singapore|first=National Library Board|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2018-07-30|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730110946/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/printheritage/detail/dd3d97ec-0018-4bd1-9e23-8270477e2d16.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/node/55556|title=Siri Misteri: 'Panglima Awang' Melayu pertama keliling dunia|first=Oleh Nasron Sira|last=Rahim|date=18 May 2015|website=BH Online|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140259/https://www.bharian.com.my/node/55556|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some historians, it is possible that he could be the first person to [[circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] the globe and return to his starting point, however, there is no record or source that confirms it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Was Magellan the first person to circumnavigate the globe?|url=https://www.history.com/news/was-magellan-the-first-person-to-circumnavigate-the-globe|last=Andrews|first=Evan|website=History.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175514/https://www.history.com/news/was-magellan-the-first-person-to-circumnavigate-the-globe|url-status=live}}</ref>


When Magellan appeared before the Spanish king, he spoke of Enrique as "a slave that he had had in Malacca, because he was from those islands they called him Enrique de Malacca."{{sfn |Kelsey |2016 |page=141}} [[Antonio Pigafetta]], a participant who wrote the most comprehensive account of Magellan's voyage, called him "Henrique" (which was Hispanicised as ''Enrique'' in official Spanish documents) and also referred to him as a slave.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/coleccibonviages04navarich|title=Martín Fernández de Navarrete|page=14|access-date=22 March 2009|publisher=Madrid, Imprenta real}}</ref>
'''Enrique of Melaka''' or ('''"Henry the Black"'''), may be historically significant as the first person to circumnavigate the world. Henry was the slave and interpreter of Magellan to the natives in the Philippines.


==Magellan expedition==
It is a subject of dispute as to whether he is originally from [[Sumatra]], [[Malaysia]] or [[Cebu]],[[Philippines]]. He has been given the appellation of [[Panglima Awang]] in Malaysian literature. He is also the center of a dispute of circumnavigation, his circumnavigagtion in 1521 in the Philippines or Elcano's in 1522 in Spain.
Enrique accompanied Magellan back to Europe and onwards on Magellan's search for a westward passage to the [[East Indies]], and he served as an interpreter for the Spaniards. American historian [[Laurence Bergreen]] says that Enrique was believed to be native of the Spice Islands. Magellan produced letters from a Portuguese acquaintance, [[Francisco Serrão]], who located the Spice Islands so far to the east of Spain, that they lay in the area granted to Spain, rather than Portugal. This gave Spain an opportunity to claim the Spice Islands.<ref>{{harv|Bergreen|2003|pp=30–33}}</ref>


Ginés de Mafra explicitly states in his first hand account that Enrique was taken on the expedition primarily because of his ability to speak the [[Malay language]]: "He [Magellan] told his men that they were now in the land he had desired, and sent a man named Herédia, who was the ship's clerk, ashore with a Native they had taken, so they said, because he was known to speak Malay, the language spoken in the [[Malay Archipelago]]." The island in the Philippines where Enrique spoke and was understood by the natives was [[Mazaua]], which Mafra locates somewhere near [[Mindanao]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}
==Origin==
He was captured from Sumatra (then known as Zamatra) at the age of 12 to 18 in 1511 and became a slave of [[Ferdinand Magellan]] when he (Magellan) was in the [[Moluccas]] under Diego Lopez Sequiera when the Portugese were colonizing parts of Malaysia and Indonesia. The source of information on the career of Enrique Melaka is [[Antonio Pigafetta]], Magellan's chronicler.


==After Magellan's death==
Duarte Barbosa mentions a community of Filipino merchants, workers and mercenaries at Malacca at the same time that Magellan acquired Enrique there.
Magellan had provided in his will that Enrique was to be freed upon his death. But after the battle, the remaining ships' masters refused this bequest.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=292}}


The Genoese pilot of the Magellan expedition wrongly stated in his eye-witness account that the Spaniards had no interpreter when they returned to [[Cebu]], because Enrique had died on [[Mactan]] along with Magellan during the [[Battle of Mactan]] in 1521. However, Enrique was very much alive on 1 May 1521, and attended a feast given by [[Rajah Humabon]] to the Spaniards. Antonio Pigafetta writes that the survivor [[João Serrão]], who was pleading with the crew from the shore to save him from the [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]] tribesmen, said that all those who went to the banquet were slain, except for Enrique.<ref>
It is very unlikely that any of the Muslim Malaysians would sell a fellow Muslim to a Christian, so the more likely source is the flourishing Filipino community.
{{citation|title=The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan and other documents|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|author-link=Antonio Pigafetta|editor=Lord Stanley of Alderley|year=1874|page=104|url=https://archive.org/stream/firstvoyageroun00pigagoog#page/n274/mode/2up|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society }}
</ref> A discourse by Giovanni Battista Ramusio claims that Enrique warned the Chief of [[Rajahnate of Cebu|Subuth]] [sic] that the Spaniards were plotting to capture the king and that this led to the murder of Serrão and others at the banquet.<ref>{{harvnb|Pigafetta|1874|p=201}}</ref>


==Possibility of the first circumnavigation==
== Approaching the Philippines ==
Enrique accompanied Magellan on all his voyages, including the voyage that circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1521. On 1 May he left in Cebu, with the presumed intention to return to his home island,<ref name=zweig>1938 ''Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat'', {{ISBN|4-87187-856-2}}, pp. 213–214</ref> and there is nothing more said of Enrique in any document.
Magellan took Enrique with him when he set sail on the voyage that would bring his shipmates around the world. According to the chronicles of Pigafetta, when Magellan, Enrique and others were approaching [[Samar]] and [[Cebu]]. Enrique could not communicate with the local people. Then, as they approached a second island, a small boat approached them. Discouraged by the language barrier that he confronted at Homonhon, Enrique did not think they would understand him. To his surprise, his greeting in [[Malay (language)|Malay dialect]] was returned. Reluctant to enter the strange vessel, the small boat stayed by the ship. On the second island, which was then called Mazzaua there was instant commnunication with the 8 men on a small boat approaching Magellan's party. Enrique was amazed at the fact that he could communicate with the people as they surrounded him, chattering, because he didn't
quite realize why he could understand him. He had made it all the way around the world, back to the Malay homeland that he left 12 years earlier, making him the first man to circumnavigate the globe. Enrique's conversation with the Mazzava (?) people definitively confirmed that the earth was round, not by what he was saying, but by the language with which he spoke. Magellan knew that he was close to reaching his goal, since he was once again amongst the Malay speakers.


If he succeeded in returning to his home before July 1522, he would have been the first person to circumnavigate the world and return to his starting point.<ref>Jim Foster, The Magellan Project, [https://magellanproject.org/tag/enrique/ "Who Closed the Circle First?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014616/https://magellanproject.org/tag/enrique/ |date=10 September 2018 }}, 26 August 2015. Accessed 25 September 2018.</ref><ref>Penélope V. Flores, [http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/magellans-interpreter-enrique-was-the-first-to-circumnavigate-the-world "Magellan’s Interpreter, Enrique, Was The First To Circumnavigate The World"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222259/http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/magellans-interpreter-enrique-was-the-first-to-circumnavigate-the-world |date=9 September 2018 }}, ''Positively Filipino. Accessed 25 September 2018.</ref><ref>Afaf Md Din, [https://historiafactory.wordpress.com/2016/06/20/enrique-de-malacca/Enrique de Malacca], Historiafactory, 20 June 2016.</ref> According to [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]] and [[Antonio Pigafetta]] documents, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano|Elcano]] and his sailors were the first to circumnavigate the globe. Enrique is only documented to have traveled with Magellan from Malacca to Cebu in two segments—from Malacca to Portugal in 1511 and from Spain to Cebu in 1519–1521. The distance between Cebu and Malacca is 2500&nbsp;km (approximately 20 degrees of longitude), which is left to complete the circumnavigation. It is not known if he ever had a chance to complete a circumnavigation, but it would have been possible: Cebu was part of the regional trade network that dealt in spices, gold, and slaves.
== Magellan's Death ==
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sailors |first1=John |title=Enrique of Malacca Becomes First to Circumnavigate Globe Linguistically |url=http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html |website=EnriqueOfMalacca.com |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115000857/http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Magellan [[Ferdinand_Magellan#Death_of_Magellan|died]] in a battle in the [[Philippine Islands]]. Pigaffetta writes that after Magellan's death, Enrique was legally free, but his manumission was opposed by the new commander, Duarte Barbosa. Enrique then plotted with Rajah Humabon and was able to escape.


==Ethnicity and identity==
After Magellan's death at Mactan, Duarte Barbosa treated Enrique harshly and then sent him on another mission to Hamubon the chief or datu of Cebu. It was here that Enrique supposedly suggested to Hamubon that they invite the Spanish to a feast and slaughter them there. In any case, a banquet was had and all who attended were killed except Juan Serrano (who was left on the beach screaming not to be left behind)
In his last will, Magellan describes Enrique as a [[mulatto]] and native of Malacca, part of modern Malaysia today. Alternately, Pigafetta described him as coming from Sumatra in modern-day [[Indonesia]], located just across the [[Strait of Malacca]]. Either way, Enrique is generally accepted to have been an [[Malay race|ethnic Malay]]. However, it has been asserted by Filipino historian [[Carlos Quirino]] that Enrique was himself a [[Visayans|Visayan]] Filipino, a Cebuano or native of [[Cebu]] in the Philippines, on the mistaken assumption that Enrique must have conversed with the Cebuanos in their [[Cebuano language]] instead of the [[Malay language]] as attested by primary sources (the Malay language was the [[lingua franca]] of the region).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Anthony |title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce: v. 1: The Lands Beneath the Winds |date=1988 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-03921-2 |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeast-asia-in-the-age-of-commerce-1450-1680-the-lands-below-the-winds/page/7/mode/1up}}</ref>


==In popular culture==


== Points of Dispute ==
=== Fictional works ===
In Malaysia, a character known as Panglima Awang, a name given by a historical novel author, Harun Aminurrashid in his same novel titled {{lang|zsm|Panglima Awang}} which was written in 1957 and first published in 1958 by ''Pustaka Melayu'' (under brand: ''Buku Punggok'') is based on Enrique. According to the author, he gave Enrique the Malay name ''Awang'' to match his presumed ethnicity, while the title ''[[Panglima]]'' ({{lang-en|Commander}}) refers to Enrique's wisdom, strength and activeness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aminurrashid|first1=Harun|title=Panglima Awang|date=1957|publisher=Pustaka Melayu (Buku Punggok)|location=Singapore|page=Sudut Sejarah (The Preface)}}</ref>
* That Enrique was either originally from Malaysia or Cebu.
* That Enrique spoke in the Malaysian, the lingua franca of the region or in ancient Cebuano or the language of Mazzao/ Masao.


In Indonesia, a book title "{{lang|id|Pengeliling bumi pertama adalah orang Indonesia: Enrique Maluku}}" (The first circumnavigator was an Indonesian: Enrique of Moluccas), written by Helmy Yahya and Reinhard Tawas, edited by Imam Hidayah has released in 2014.<ref>{{cite book|year=2014|title=Pengeliling bumi pertama adalah orang Indonesia : Enrique Maluku|url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1119536|first1=Helmy|last1=Yahya|first2=Reinhard R.|last2=Tawas|publisher=PT Ufuk Publishing House |trans-title=The first circumnavigator was an Indonesian: Enrique of Moluccas|isbn=9786027689824}}</ref> Moreover, Yahya continued to write the novel about Enrique Maluku with the title of "Clavis Mundi" in 2022, together with his colleagues (Utama Prastha and Donna Widjajanto, as well as research by Reinhard Tawas).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelocalread.com/helmy-yahya-raised-the-story-of-the-first-indonesian-earth-explorer-in-the-latest-novel/|title=Helmy Yahya Raised the Story of the First Indonesian Earth Explorer in the Latest Novel|date=2022-11-26|access-date=2023-03-19|website=thelocalread.com|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103035757/https://thelocalread.com/helmy-yahya-raised-the-story-of-the-first-indonesian-earth-explorer-in-the-latest-novel/|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 2021, the historical novel ''Enrique the Black'' by Singapore author Danny Jalil was published by Penguin Random House SEA.<ref name="enriquetheblack">{{cite book |last1=Jalil |first1=Danny |title=Enrique the Black |date=September 2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House SEA Pte. Limited |location=Singapore |isbn=9789814954051 |pages=240 |url=https://penguin.sg/book/enrique-the-black/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |ref=jalil |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929215907/https://penguin.sg/book/enrique-the-black/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The book depicts a fictionalized account of Enrique as a Malay teenager who was taken by Ferdinand Magellan and forced into slavery, later playing a pivotal role as an interpreter on the journey to the Moluccas Spice Islands, where the inhabitants speak the Malay language.<ref>{{cite book | title=Enrique the Black | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxyfzgEACAAJ | isbn=9789814954051 | access-date=27 July 2022 | ref=enriquegooglebooks | last1=Jalil | first1=Danny | year=2021 | publisher=Penguin Random House SEA Pte. Limited | archive-date=20 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020042218/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxyfzgEACAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enrique the Black |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58971714-enrique-the-black |website=Good Reads |access-date=27 July 2022 |ref=enriquegoodreads |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727122140/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58971714-enrique-the-black |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Reference ==


=== Depictions in popular culture ===
Acknowledgements to Mr. [mailto:phix7@yahoo.com Nestor Enriquez] for information.
*Portrayed by [[Oscar Obligacion]] in the 1955 Filipino film ''[[Lapu-Lapu (1955 film)|Lapu-Lapu]]''
*Portrayed by [[Julio Diaz (actor)|Julio Diaz]] in the 2002 Filipino film ''[[Lapu-Lapu (2002 film)|Lapu-Lapu]]''
*Portrayed by [[Kidlat Tahimik]] in his 2010 Filipino short film ''Memories of Overdevelopment 1980–2010''
*Portrayed by Kidlat Tahimik in his 2015 Filipino feature film ''Balikbayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment Redux III''
*Portrayed by Aryan Farhan in the 2017 Portuguese-Malaysian documentary film ''Henry of Malacca: A Malay and Magellan''
*Portrayed by Jon Samaniego in the 2019 Spanish [[Computer-generated imagery|CG]] animated film ''[[Elcano & Magellan: The First Voyage Around the World]]''
*Portrayed by [[Colin Ryan (actor)|Colin Ryan]] in the 2022 Spanish miniseries [[Boundless (2022 TV series)|''Boundless'']]


==See also==
The above article is a rewrite from an e-mail account from Mr. Nestor Enriquez and based on Pigafetta's account.
*[[Lapulapu]]
*[[List of slaves]]
*[[Magellan's circumnavigation]]


== Note ==
Mr. Nestor Enriquez is a descendant of Henry the Black.
<references group="Note" />


== See also ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Ferdinand_Magellan#The_circumnavigation|Henry(Enrique) interpreter of Magellan]]


==Publications==
== External links ==
*{{Cite book |last=Bergreen |first=Laurence |title=Over the Edge of the World : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe |date=2003 |publisher=Morrow |isbn=0-06-621173-5 |edition=1st |location=New York }}
*[http://webtext.library.yale.edu/beinflat/pre1600.MS351.htm Yale notes on Pigaffetta]
*Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson, James Alexander, ''The Philippine Islands 1493-1898'' (55 vols, Cleveland, 1901-1907); abbreviated BR in citations.
*[http://members.tripod.com/philipppines/mazaua.htm&#12288; Notes on Mazaua]
*Jesús, Vicente Calibo de, ''Mazaua, Magellan's Lost Harbor'' (2004)
*[http://members.tripod.com/philipppines/mazauatime.htm Notes on Pigafetta, Mazua, Ginés de Mafra another seaman of Magellan ]
*Fry, Stephen, ''The Book of General Ignorance'' (London, 2006)
*[http://firstcircumnavigator.tripod.com/enrique1.htm Enrique]
*Genoese Pilot, ''Navegaçam e vyagem que fez Fernando de Magalhães de Seuilha pera Maluco no anno de 1519 annos'' In: ''Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas, que vivem nos dominios Portuguezes, ou lhes sao visinhas'' (Lisbon, 1826) pp.&nbsp;151–176
*[http://firstcircumnavigator.tripod.com/Mazaua.htm Translations of Pigafetta ]
*{{Cite book |last=Kelsey |first=Harry |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950613571 |title=The First Circumnavigators : Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-300-22086-5 |location=New Haven |oclc=950613571 }}
*Mafra, Ginés de, ''Libro que trata del descubrimiento y principio del Estrecho que se llama de Magallanes'' (1543), critical edition by Antonio Blazquez and Delgado Aguilera (Madrid, 1920) pp.&nbsp;179–212
*Maximilian Transylvanus, ''De Moluccis insulis'' (1523) in: ''The First Voyage'' (Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, 1969: pp.&nbsp;103–130
*Morison, Samuel Eliot, ''The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages 1492-1616'' (New York, 1974)
*Parr, Charles McKew, ''So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan'' (New York, 1953)
*Pigafetta, Antonio, ''Magellan’s Voyage'' (1524)
**1524a. facsimile edition of Nancy-Libri-Phillipps-Beinecke-Yale codex, vol. II (New Haven, 1969)
**1524b. ''Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo, ossia ragguaglio della navigazione...fatta dal cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta...ora publicato per la prima volta, tratto da un codice MS. Della biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano e corredato di note da Carlo Amoretti''. Milan 1800.
**1524c. ''Il primo viaggio intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta''. In: ''Raccolta di Documenti e Studi Publicati dalla''. Commissione Colombiana. Andrea da Mosto (ed. and tr.). Rome 1894.
**1524d. ''Le premier tour du monde de Magellan''. Léonce Peillard (ed. and transcription of Ms. fr. 5650). France 1991.
**1524e. ''Magellan’s Voyage'', 3 vols. James Alexander Robertson (ed. and tr. of Ambrosian). Cleveland 1906.
**1524f. ''Magellan’s Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation''. R.A. Skelton (ed. and tr. of Yale ms.). New Haven 1969.
**1524g. *of Ms. fr. 5650 and Ambrosian ms.). London 1874.
**1523h. ''The Voyage of Magellan: The Journal of Antonio Pigafetta''. Paula Spurlin Paige (tr. of Colínes edition). New Jersey 1969.
**1524i. ''Il Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo Con Il Trattato della Sfera''. Facsimile edition of Ambrosian ms. Vicenza 1994.
**1524j. ''The First Voyage Around the World (1519-1522)''. Theodore J. Cachey Jr. (ed. based on Robertson’s tr.) New York 1995.
**1524k. ''Pigafetta: Relation du premier voyage autour du monde...Edition du texte français d’après les manuscripts de Paris et de Cheltenham''. Jean Denucé (text transcribed from Ms. 5650, collating Mss. Ambrosiana, Nancy-Yale and 24224 in notes.) Antwerp 1923.
*Quirino, Carlos, "The First Man Around the World Was a Filipino" In: ''Philippines Free Press'', 28 December 1991. --"Pigafetta: The First Italian in the Philippines." In: ''Italians in the Philippines'', Manila: 1980. -- "Enrique." In: ''Who's Who in the Philippines''. Manila: Pp.&nbsp;80–81.
*Ramusio, Gian Battista, ''La Detta navigatione per messer Antonio Pigafetta Vicentino'' (1550) In: ''Delle navigationi e viaggi...'' (Venice) pp.&nbsp;380–98
*Torodash, Martín, 'Magellan Historiography' In: ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', vol. LI (1970), pp.&nbsp;313–335
*[[Stefan Zweig|Zweig, Stefan]], ''Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan'' (New York, 1938)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720122659/http://brbl-net.library.yale.edu/pre1600ms/docs/pre1600.ms351.htm Yale University – Pigafetta, Journal of Magellans' Voyage]
*[http://members.tripod.com/philipppines/mazauatime.htm Notes on Pigafetta, Mazaua, Ginés de Mafra another seaman of Magellan]
*[http://firstcircumnavigator.tripod.com/ First circumnavigator]
*[http://firstcircumnavigator.tripod.com/ First circumnavigator]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050509155152/http://www.histal.umontreal.ca/pdfs/La%20vuelta%20al%20mundo%20en%20ochenta%20lenguas.pdf Spanish PDV Enrique de Malacca]
[[Category:Philippines]] [[Category:People of the Philippines|Enrique]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050222022730/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Field/4260/fil_cwrd.html Malayan words recorded by Antonio Pigafetta]
*[http://cebu-online.com/cai/sugbo/01_enrique.html Sugbo Sa Karaang Panahon, Cebu-Online.com]
*[http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/port3.htm Radio Sejarah. Melayu: Enrike of Melaka – Was the First Man to Sail Around the World A Malay]
*[http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/mazaua.pdf Pacific Maritime History Mazaua: Magellans' Lost Harbour]
*[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up Crawfurd's description of Malay archipelago]

{{Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation}}

[[Category:16th-century Asian people]]
[[Category:Malay people]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Interpreters]]
[[Category:Magellan expedition]]
[[Category:People from the Spanish colonial Philippines]]
[[Category:Portuguese slaves]]
[[Category:16th-century slaves]]

Latest revision as of 20:03, 29 February 2024

Awang the Black
Statue of Enrique in the Maritime Museum of Malacca, Malacca City, Malaysia
Born1497
DiedAfter 1522
Other namesHenrique, Heinrich

Enrique of Malacca (Spanish: Enrique de Malaca; Portuguese: Henrique de Malaca; Malay: Awang Hitam), was a Malay member of the Magellan expedition that completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1519–1522. He was acquired as a slave by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1511 at the age of 14 years, probably in the early stages of the capture of Malacca. Although Magellan's will calls him "a native of Malacca", Antonio Pigafetta states that he was a native of Sumatra.[Note 1] Magellan later took him to Europe, where he accompanied the circumnavigation expedition in 1519.[1][2] According to some historians, it is possible that he could be the first person to circumnavigate the globe and return to his starting point, however, there is no record or source that confirms it.[3]

When Magellan appeared before the Spanish king, he spoke of Enrique as "a slave that he had had in Malacca, because he was from those islands they called him Enrique de Malacca."[4] Antonio Pigafetta, a participant who wrote the most comprehensive account of Magellan's voyage, called him "Henrique" (which was Hispanicised as Enrique in official Spanish documents) and also referred to him as a slave.[5]

Magellan expedition[edit]

Enrique accompanied Magellan back to Europe and onwards on Magellan's search for a westward passage to the East Indies, and he served as an interpreter for the Spaniards. American historian Laurence Bergreen says that Enrique was believed to be native of the Spice Islands. Magellan produced letters from a Portuguese acquaintance, Francisco Serrão, who located the Spice Islands so far to the east of Spain, that they lay in the area granted to Spain, rather than Portugal. This gave Spain an opportunity to claim the Spice Islands.[6]

Ginés de Mafra explicitly states in his first hand account that Enrique was taken on the expedition primarily because of his ability to speak the Malay language: "He [Magellan] told his men that they were now in the land he had desired, and sent a man named Herédia, who was the ship's clerk, ashore with a Native they had taken, so they said, because he was known to speak Malay, the language spoken in the Malay Archipelago." The island in the Philippines where Enrique spoke and was understood by the natives was Mazaua, which Mafra locates somewhere near Mindanao.[citation needed]

After Magellan's death[edit]

Magellan had provided in his will that Enrique was to be freed upon his death. But after the battle, the remaining ships' masters refused this bequest.[7]

The Genoese pilot of the Magellan expedition wrongly stated in his eye-witness account that the Spaniards had no interpreter when they returned to Cebu, because Enrique had died on Mactan along with Magellan during the Battle of Mactan in 1521. However, Enrique was very much alive on 1 May 1521, and attended a feast given by Rajah Humabon to the Spaniards. Antonio Pigafetta writes that the survivor João Serrão, who was pleading with the crew from the shore to save him from the Cebuano tribesmen, said that all those who went to the banquet were slain, except for Enrique.[8] A discourse by Giovanni Battista Ramusio claims that Enrique warned the Chief of Subuth [sic] that the Spaniards were plotting to capture the king and that this led to the murder of Serrão and others at the banquet.[9]

Possibility of the first circumnavigation[edit]

Enrique accompanied Magellan on all his voyages, including the voyage that circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1521. On 1 May he left in Cebu, with the presumed intention to return to his home island,[10] and there is nothing more said of Enrique in any document.

If he succeeded in returning to his home before July 1522, he would have been the first person to circumnavigate the world and return to his starting point.[11][12][13] According to Maximilianus Transylvanus and Antonio Pigafetta documents, Elcano and his sailors were the first to circumnavigate the globe. Enrique is only documented to have traveled with Magellan from Malacca to Cebu in two segments—from Malacca to Portugal in 1511 and from Spain to Cebu in 1519–1521. The distance between Cebu and Malacca is 2500 km (approximately 20 degrees of longitude), which is left to complete the circumnavigation. It is not known if he ever had a chance to complete a circumnavigation, but it would have been possible: Cebu was part of the regional trade network that dealt in spices, gold, and slaves. [14]

Ethnicity and identity[edit]

In his last will, Magellan describes Enrique as a mulatto and native of Malacca, part of modern Malaysia today. Alternately, Pigafetta described him as coming from Sumatra in modern-day Indonesia, located just across the Strait of Malacca. Either way, Enrique is generally accepted to have been an ethnic Malay. However, it has been asserted by Filipino historian Carlos Quirino that Enrique was himself a Visayan Filipino, a Cebuano or native of Cebu in the Philippines, on the mistaken assumption that Enrique must have conversed with the Cebuanos in their Cebuano language instead of the Malay language as attested by primary sources (the Malay language was the lingua franca of the region).[15]

In popular culture[edit]

Fictional works[edit]

In Malaysia, a character known as Panglima Awang, a name given by a historical novel author, Harun Aminurrashid in his same novel titled Panglima Awang which was written in 1957 and first published in 1958 by Pustaka Melayu (under brand: Buku Punggok) is based on Enrique. According to the author, he gave Enrique the Malay name Awang to match his presumed ethnicity, while the title Panglima (English: Commander) refers to Enrique's wisdom, strength and activeness.[16]

In Indonesia, a book title "Pengeliling bumi pertama adalah orang Indonesia: Enrique Maluku" (The first circumnavigator was an Indonesian: Enrique of Moluccas), written by Helmy Yahya and Reinhard Tawas, edited by Imam Hidayah has released in 2014.[17] Moreover, Yahya continued to write the novel about Enrique Maluku with the title of "Clavis Mundi" in 2022, together with his colleagues (Utama Prastha and Donna Widjajanto, as well as research by Reinhard Tawas).[18]

In 2021, the historical novel Enrique the Black by Singapore author Danny Jalil was published by Penguin Random House SEA.[19] The book depicts a fictionalized account of Enrique as a Malay teenager who was taken by Ferdinand Magellan and forced into slavery, later playing a pivotal role as an interpreter on the journey to the Moluccas Spice Islands, where the inhabitants speak the Malay language.[20][21]

Depictions in popular culture[edit]

See also[edit]

Note[edit]

  1. ^ The city of Malacca was inhabited by various ethnicities. The founder himself was a Malay refugee from Singapura who fled from the Kingdom of Palembang in Sumatra. See Crawfurd, 1856: p. 244

References[edit]

  1. ^ Singapore, National Library Board. "Purbawara Panglima Awang – BookSG". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  2. ^ Rahim, Oleh Nasron Sira (18 May 2015). "Siri Misteri: 'Panglima Awang' Melayu pertama keliling dunia". BH Online. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  3. ^ Andrews, Evan. "Was Magellan the first person to circumnavigate the globe?". History.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  4. ^ Kelsey 2016, p. 141.
  5. ^ Martín Fernández de Navarrete. Madrid, Imprenta real. p. 14. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  6. ^ (Bergreen 2003, pp. 30–33)
  7. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 292.
  8. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1874), Lord Stanley of Alderley (ed.), The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan and other documents, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, p. 104
  9. ^ Pigafetta 1874, p. 201
  10. ^ 1938 Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat, ISBN 4-87187-856-2, pp. 213–214
  11. ^ Jim Foster, The Magellan Project, "Who Closed the Circle First?" Archived 10 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 26 August 2015. Accessed 25 September 2018.
  12. ^ Penélope V. Flores, "Magellan’s Interpreter, Enrique, Was The First To Circumnavigate The World" Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Positively Filipino. Accessed 25 September 2018.
  13. ^ Afaf Md Din, de Malacca, Historiafactory, 20 June 2016.
  14. ^ Sailors, John. "Enrique of Malacca Becomes First to Circumnavigate Globe Linguistically". EnriqueOfMalacca.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  15. ^ Reid, Anthony (1988). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce: v. 1: The Lands Beneath the Winds. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-300-03921-2.
  16. ^ Aminurrashid, Harun (1957). Panglima Awang. Singapore: Pustaka Melayu (Buku Punggok). p. Sudut Sejarah (The Preface).
  17. ^ Yahya, Helmy; Tawas, Reinhard R. (2014). Pengeliling bumi pertama adalah orang Indonesia : Enrique Maluku [The first circumnavigator was an Indonesian: Enrique of Moluccas]. PT Ufuk Publishing House. ISBN 9786027689824.
  18. ^ "Helmy Yahya Raised the Story of the First Indonesian Earth Explorer in the Latest Novel". thelocalread.com. 26 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  19. ^ Jalil, Danny (September 2021). Enrique the Black. Singapore: Penguin Random House SEA Pte. Limited. p. 240. ISBN 9789814954051. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  20. ^ Jalil, Danny (2021). Enrique the Black. Penguin Random House SEA Pte. Limited. ISBN 9789814954051. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  21. ^ "Enrique the Black". Good Reads. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

Publications[edit]

  • Bergreen, Laurence (2003). Over the Edge of the World : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-06-621173-5.
  • Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson, James Alexander, The Philippine Islands 1493-1898 (55 vols, Cleveland, 1901-1907); abbreviated BR in citations.
  • Jesús, Vicente Calibo de, Mazaua, Magellan's Lost Harbor (2004)
  • Fry, Stephen, The Book of General Ignorance (London, 2006)
  • Genoese Pilot, Navegaçam e vyagem que fez Fernando de Magalhães de Seuilha pera Maluco no anno de 1519 annos In: Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas, que vivem nos dominios Portuguezes, ou lhes sao visinhas (Lisbon, 1826) pp. 151–176
  • Kelsey, Harry (2016). The First Circumnavigators : Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery. New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-22086-5. OCLC 950613571.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Mafra, Ginés de, Libro que trata del descubrimiento y principio del Estrecho que se llama de Magallanes (1543), critical edition by Antonio Blazquez and Delgado Aguilera (Madrid, 1920) pp. 179–212
  • Maximilian Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis (1523) in: The First Voyage (Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, 1969: pp. 103–130
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot, The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages 1492-1616 (New York, 1974)
  • Parr, Charles McKew, So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan (New York, 1953)
  • Pigafetta, Antonio, Magellan’s Voyage (1524)
    • 1524a. facsimile edition of Nancy-Libri-Phillipps-Beinecke-Yale codex, vol. II (New Haven, 1969)
    • 1524b. Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo, ossia ragguaglio della navigazione...fatta dal cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta...ora publicato per la prima volta, tratto da un codice MS. Della biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano e corredato di note da Carlo Amoretti. Milan 1800.
    • 1524c. Il primo viaggio intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta. In: Raccolta di Documenti e Studi Publicati dalla. Commissione Colombiana. Andrea da Mosto (ed. and tr.). Rome 1894.
    • 1524d. Le premier tour du monde de Magellan. Léonce Peillard (ed. and transcription of Ms. fr. 5650). France 1991.
    • 1524e. Magellan’s Voyage, 3 vols. James Alexander Robertson (ed. and tr. of Ambrosian). Cleveland 1906.
    • 1524f. Magellan’s Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation. R.A. Skelton (ed. and tr. of Yale ms.). New Haven 1969.
    • 1524g. *of Ms. fr. 5650 and Ambrosian ms.). London 1874.
    • 1523h. The Voyage of Magellan: The Journal of Antonio Pigafetta. Paula Spurlin Paige (tr. of Colínes edition). New Jersey 1969.
    • 1524i. Il Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo Con Il Trattato della Sfera. Facsimile edition of Ambrosian ms. Vicenza 1994.
    • 1524j. The First Voyage Around the World (1519-1522). Theodore J. Cachey Jr. (ed. based on Robertson’s tr.) New York 1995.
    • 1524k. Pigafetta: Relation du premier voyage autour du monde...Edition du texte français d’après les manuscripts de Paris et de Cheltenham. Jean Denucé (text transcribed from Ms. 5650, collating Mss. Ambrosiana, Nancy-Yale and 24224 in notes.) Antwerp 1923.
  • Quirino, Carlos, "The First Man Around the World Was a Filipino" In: Philippines Free Press, 28 December 1991. --"Pigafetta: The First Italian in the Philippines." In: Italians in the Philippines, Manila: 1980. -- "Enrique." In: Who's Who in the Philippines. Manila: Pp. 80–81.
  • Ramusio, Gian Battista, La Detta navigatione per messer Antonio Pigafetta Vicentino (1550) In: Delle navigationi e viaggi... (Venice) pp. 380–98
  • Torodash, Martín, 'Magellan Historiography' In: Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. LI (1970), pp. 313–335
  • Zweig, Stefan, Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan (New York, 1938)

External links[edit]

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