Malacca
| Malacca City Bandaraya Melaka 马六甲 市 மலாக்கா நகரம் |
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| Basic data | |
| State : | Malaysia |
| Federal territory : | Malacca |
| Coordinates : | 2 ° 11'20 "N 102 ° 23'4" E |
| Height : | 22 m |
| Area : | 304.29 km² ( city ) |
| Residents : | 484,885 ( city ) |
| Population density : | 1589 inhabitants / km² ( city ) |
| Telephone code : | 606 |
| Postcodes : | 75xxx-78xxx |
| City structure: | Townships |
| Official Website: | www.dbkl.gov.my |
| politics | |
| governor | Yusof Bin Jantan |
| Malacca | |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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| Red Square with Christ Church and bell tower |
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| National territory: |
 Malaysia
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| Type: | Culture |
| Criteria : | i, iii, iv |
| Reference No .: | 1223 |
| UNESCO region : | Asia and Pacific |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2008 (session 32) |
Malacca ( Malay Melaka , English Malacca ) is a coastal city in the state of the same name on the Malay Peninsula in western Malaysia . The Strait of Malacca is named after the city .
Malacca has about 370,000 inhabitants. The port only plays a role for coastal shipping, as it does not have enough draft for overseas ships. Malacca has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List together with George Town since 2008 .
geography
Geographical location
Coordinates: 2 ° 12 ' N , 102 ° 15' E
Malacca is located on the west coast of Malaysia, about 200 kilometers northwest of Singapore , on the so-called Straits of Malacca ( Malacca Straits ) between the Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra . This strait has always been a mandatory passage for merchant shipping from India to China . According to estimates from 2006, around 2000 container ships pass this artery of world trade every day.
Malacca offers a natural harbor that is protected from storms by a ring of small islands. The Malacca River divides the city in half. The area around Malacca was once covered by tropical rainforest , which has now given way to plantations . In the hinterland of Malacca there are also rich deposits of tin .
To the west, Malacca is bounded by the Strait of Malacca. In the northwest lies Alor Gajah , in the north Tampin , in the northeast Jasin , in the east Merlimau , in the southeast Tangkak and in the southwest Pulau Besar . The artificial island of Pulau Melaka is around 500 meters off the coast .
climate
The place is located in a tropical climate zone, which is partly comparable to the climate of tropical rainforests. Summers are hot with high humidity. The average annual temperature in Malacca is between 26.0 and 27.1 ° C. The warmest months are March, April and May with an average of 27.0 and 27.1 ° C respectively, the coldest December with a minimum of 26.0 ° C. The temperature almost never falls below 20 ° C. Most of the precipitation falls in August with an average of 162 millimeters, the lowest in January and February with an average of 60 millimeters. The annual average is 1457 millimeters. In general, rainfall in the city is below the average for Malaysia.
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Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Malacca
Source: Temperature and Precipitation: WMO ; Rainy days and hours of sunshine: holidaycheck.com ; Humidity: wetterkontor.de
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history
Early history
The peninsula is already described by the ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemy in the second century AD under the name Chryse Chersonesos (Greek for Golden Peninsula ). Malacca was originally founded by the Chinese as a collection and trading point for spices (particularly pepper from the Moluccas ) and sandalwood from Timor . However, due to its favorable location, it quickly developed into a thriving trading port where Arabs , Indians and Chinese exchanged their goods. Until the 15th century, the city remained a quasi Chinese colony and thus a kind of bridgehead for the Chinese to the Indian Ocean , even if trade with China came to a standstill between 1368 and 1405 due to the self-imposed isolation of the empire .
Sultanate of Malacca (1402–1511)
In the 15th century, Malacca was the seat of a Malay sultan . The founder of the Sultanate of Malacca was Paramesvara (r. 1402 / 1414-24), a Hindu prince from ancient Srivijaya , who was promoted by the Chinese and who had fled to Malacca. In 1409 he married the daughter of the Sultan of Pasai and converted to Islam, which - generally speaking - started the Islamic history of Malaysia . The mythical Malaysian national hero Hang Tuah is said to have lived in the Sultanate of Malacca in the middle of the 15th century.
Colonial times
Between the 13th and 17th centuries, Malacca was considered the most important eastern hub in the international spice trade around the Indian Ocean. The city, at a critical point in controlling the shipping routes between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra , was already a large city around 1500 with over 100,000 inhabitants. The trade routes for cloves and nutmegs , which are also highly sought after in Europe , began on the islands of Halmahera , Tidore and Ternate south of Papua ; Javanese ships brought the spices to Malacca and partly further on India's east and west coasts in monsoon-related, one and a half year voyages . Mostly Arab traders brought the goods as far as Cairo and Alexandria , from where before 1510 mostly Genoese and Venetian traders brought the goods to Europe.
In 1509, under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira , Portuguese ships first reached Malacca. On August 15, 1511, Portuguese troops under Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca and built the fortress A Famosa . Sultan Mahmud (ruled 1488–1528) left the city. Malacca was under Portuguese rule until 1641.
In the 16th century, the trade routes were heavily dependent on the season. The Portuguese caravels left Goa in September with the monsoons blowing southwards . From Malacca Indian goods were then exchanged for Chinese copper coins in Java . In exchange, further east on Sumbawa, rice and simple cotton fabrics were obtained, which in turn were exchanged for spices on the Banda Islands and Ternate . Some of these commercial travelers also came to Solor and Timor to purchase sandalwood. Between May and September one returned to Malacca with the southwest monsoon. The fact that the ships had to wait a long time near Solor and Timor due to the wind conditions favored the establishment of permanent settlements there.
In 1641 the Dutch conquered Malacca and ruled the city until 1824. The rule was interrupted by the British occupation in the Napoleonic Wars . This was to prevent a French takeover. The British used the time to grind down A Famosa fortress in 1806. The aim was to weaken Malacca as a competitor to the British settlement of Penang . Only one gate of the fortress remained.
Until independence in 1957, the city, like the entire Malay Peninsula, belonged to the British colonial empire .
Population development and structure
The annual growth rate of the population in the urban area is given as 3.02 percent.
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Culture and sights
European buildings
The old town from Dutch colonial times is worth seeing. There is the red and white church ( Christ Church ) on the so-called Red Square , which today belongs to the Anglican Church. It was built around 1750. The former town hall (Stadthuys) Malacca is located in close proximity to Christ Church. In the building, which was built around 1650, is now the Historical Museum , which - in addition to depicting the historical Malay way of life - tells an impressive (and sometimes opposite Western views) version of colonization.
- Fortress A Famosa (Porta de Santiago)
- Christ Church
- Stadthuys (Dutch Town Hall)
- St. Francis Xavier Church
- St. John's Fort (Kota Senjuang)
- Ruins of St. Paul's Church - St. Francis Xavier was temporarily buried here
- St. Peter Church
- St. Theresa Church
- Victoria Fountain
Chinatown
Malacca has a very well-preserved Chinatown, in which many old Chinese buildings can still be seen. The Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum is located in a completely preserved old Chinese house . The museum gives an impression of the way of life of the ancient Chinese families. There are several Chinese temples in Chinatown that can be visited, including the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, which was founded in 1645 and is believed to be the oldest Chinese temple in Malaysia.
- Bukit Cina Cemetery
- Geok Hu Keng Temple
- Poh San Teng Temple
- Jonker Street
Indian buildings
- Sri Poyyatha Temple
Malay buildings
- Hang Jebat mausoleum
- Hang Kasturi mausoleum
- Kampong Morten
- Kampung Kling Mosque
- Tranquerah mosque
- Strait of Malacca Mosque, a modern mosque on the coast of Malacca Island
The buildings of the Sultan's Palace of Malacca are modern reconstructions that include the Cultural Museum of regional history, founded in 1954. The exhibition was reopened in 1986 and shows 1350 exhibits.
Economy and Infrastructure
traffic
The city of Malacca can be reached by motorway or the coastal road. It is located approximately 130 km south of Kuala Lumpur and 200 km north of Singapore. Shuttle buses connect the bus station with stations such as Jonker Street , Melaka Sentral or the AEON Bandaraya Melaka Shopping Center . The Melaka Airport , ten kilometers from the city, has a 1,372 meter-long runway. The terminal, which opened in 2009, is designed for up to 1.5 million passengers per year. Malacca is not connected to the Malaysian rail network.
education
Malacca has three universities and several colleges:
- University of Technology (UTeM)
- University of Malaya Melaka
- Multimedia University
- Pusat Latihan Teknologi Tinggi (ADTEC) Melaka
- Stamford College Melaka
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET)
- Kolej Ranger Melaka
- Kolej Teknologi Cosmopoint Caw. Melaka
- Putra International College
Media, literature and films
Some of the novels are set in Malacca and the Straits of Malacca. This is what the novel Malacca is about : Death Comes in the Night by Uli T. Swidler (Bielefeld 2008) in Malacca. Due to the historical structure of the building, Malacca is ideal as a background for various film and television projects. The following list shows a selection of films partly shot in Malacca:
- 2008: Melakan Portuguese: Preserving Their Heritage (documentary, 48 minutes), directed by Sherman Francis Xavier
- 2010: Crayon (drama, 85 min), director: Dean A. Burhanuddin
Personalities
Honorary citizen
- 1992: Mahathir bin Mohamad
- 2009: Li Chi Mao
sons and daughters of the town
- Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir (1795-1852), Malaysian scholar
- Tan Cheng Lock (1883–1960), founder and first President of the Malaysian Chinese Association from 1949 to 1958
- Tan Siew Sin (1916–1988), Malaysia's first finance minister and chairman of the Malaysian Chinese Association
- Devan Nair (1923–2005), third President of Singapore (1981–1985)
- Tun Ghafar Baba , Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister (1986–1993), Vice President of the United Malays National Organization (1962–1987) and Malacca Chief Minister (1959–1963).
- Ibu Zain , was a pioneer in the education of women in Malaysia.
- Shirley Geok-lin Lim , distinguished author and professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara
- Maria Jane Dyer (Maria Jane Taylor), born in Malacca in 1837, was an early missionary in China, the daughter of Samuel Dyer and Maria (Tarn) Dyer, and the wife of James Hudson Taylor , founder of the China Inland Mission .
- Goh Liu Ying (* 1989), badminton player
- Khairul Hafiz Jantan (* 1998), track and field athlete
Personalities who have worked in this city
- Diogo Lopes de Sequeira (1465 – around 1530), Portuguese navigator who explored Malacca in 1509
- Enrique Melaka (* around 1498 - after 1521), slave, servant and interpreter of Ferdinand Magellan
- Francisco de Xavier (1506–1552), Portuguese missionary, was in Malacca from 1545–1547
- William Dampier (1651–1715), British privateer, three-time circumnavigator, explorer and geographer
- James Legge (1815–1897), sinologist, headed the Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca for three years
Town twinning
- Lisbon , Portugal (since January 16, 1984)
- Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia (since April 15, 1989)
- Hoorn , Netherlands (since November 8, 1989)
- Valparaíso , Chile (since June 23, 1991)
- Nanjing , People's Republic of China (since 2001)
- Yangzhou , China (since 2001)
- Changsha , China (since 2004)
- Sawah Lunto , Indonesia (since 2004)
- Padang Panjang Indonesia (since 2006)
Others
A general smoking ban has been in effect in a 4.2 square kilometer part of the city of Malacca since June 15, 2011. The administration tries to improve the air quality and punishes violations with fines ranging from 300 ringgit (75 euros) to 5000 ringgit (1250 euros).
Literature and maps
- literature
- Dennis De Witt: Melaka from the Top . Nutmeg Publishing, Malaysia 2010, ISBN 978-983-43519-2-2 .
- Brian Harrison: Holding the fort: Melaka under two flags: 1795-1845 . Kuala Lumpur 1986.
- Kernial S. Sandhu: Melaka: the transformation of a malay capital c. 1400-1980 . Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur 1983.
- cards
- City map of Malacca (PDF; English; 73 kB)
- Malacca Maps ( Memento from June 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- Antique map of Malacca by Valentijn, 1726 (Dutch)
Web links
- Entry on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
- Broadcast to Malacca on the world's treasures of the SWR
- Harald Krachler: 1510/1511 - Portuguese conquered Goa and Malacca (PDF; 954 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Eight new sites, from the Straits of Malacca, to Papua New Guinea and San Marino, added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. (English), viewed September 1, 2011.
- ↑ List of events ( Memento from February 4, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) (accessed on September 17, 2011)
- ↑ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid: The Encyclopedia of Malaysia. Volume 16: The Rulers of Malaysia. Editions Didier Millet, 2011, ISBN 978-981-3018-54-9 , p. 116.
- ↑ Muhammad Yusoff Hashim: The Malay Sultanate of Malacca: a study of various aspects of Malacca in the 15th and 16th centuries in Malaysian history. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Ministry of Education, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1992.
- ↑ Christian Jostmann, Magellan or Die first Umsegelung der Erde, pp. 46–63, CH Beck, ISBN 978 3 406 73443 4
- ^ Geoffrey C. Gunn: History of Timor. ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 805 kB). Technical University of Lisbon , p. 15.
- ↑ S. Jeyaseela Stephen: The trade economy of Melaka port in the sixteenth century. In: KS Jomo: Rethinking Malaysia. 1999, ISBN 962-7160-83-0 , pp. 185-202.
- ^ Chronologie de l'histoire du Timor (1512–1945) suivie des événements récents (1975–1999). (French; PDF; 887 kB)
- ^ Anthony Reid: Shipping on Melaka and Singapore as an index of growth, 1760-1840. In: South Asia. ISSN 0085-6401 , Volume 19, 1996, pp. 59-84.
- ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) World Gazetteer (English) ( accessed September 8, 2011)
- ↑ Melaka Sultanate Palace (English) (accessed September 8, 2011)
- ^ Cultural Museum / Melaka Sultanate Palace. ( Memento of February 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (viewed on September 8, 2011)
- ↑ Melaka Airport (accessed September 9, 2011)
- ↑ List of educational institutions (accessed September 8, 2011)
- ↑ Melakan Portuguese. Internet Movie Database , accessed May 22, 2015 .
- ↑ Crayon. Internet Movie Database , accessed May 22, 2015 .
- ↑ former Prime Minister (English)
- ↑ PAMERAN LI CHI MAO ( Memento from July 18, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) ( accessed on September 17, 2011)
- ↑ 11th Melaka Twin Cities International Convention 2011 ( Memento from August 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Yahoo-News (accessed September 8)
Heritage: Malacca and George Town (2008) | Archaeological Sites in the Lenggong Valley (2012)
Natural heritage: Kinabalu Park (2000) | Gunung Mulu National Park (2000)