Syzygium (genus)

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Syzygium
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants

Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ), illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Myrtle family (Myrtaceae)
Genre : Syzygium
Scientific name
Syzygium
P.Browne ex Gaertn.

Syzygium is a genus of plants inthe myrtle family (Myrtaceae). The approximately 1200 species arewidespreadin the Paleotropic . Themost famous species in Central Europe is the clove tree ( Syzygium aromaticum ). But other species are also used, for example the fruit of the Java apple ( Syzygium samarangense ).

description

Java apple bark ( Syzygium samarangense )
Opposite, simple leaves of Syzygium laetum
Rose apple blossom ( Syzygium jambos )
Java apple fruits ( Syzygium samarangense )

Vegetative characteristics

The Syzygium styles are trees , shrubs or half-shrubs .

The opposite or sometimes whorled leaves are often only short stalked or almost sessile. The simple leaf blades have pinnate veins, which usually form a vein parallel to the leaf margin.

Generative characteristics

The terminal or lateral, mostly zymous or paniculate inflorescences are three to many-flowered, but the flowers can also stand individually in the armpits. The small, inconspicuous bracts fall off after they have faded.

The flowers are radial symmetry and four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The flower base is occasionally extended beyond the ovary , the base is usually extended to a pseudo- flower stalk that attaches above the bracts. The four or five sepals can fall off early or be persistent. The petals stand free or are more or less fused (especially in the African species). The sepals and / or the petals can be designed as kalyptra or pseudocalyptra .

The stamens are usually numerous and conspicuous, in some species they are on the edge of the flower base. They stand free or are indistinctly grouped in four clusters. The stamens are thread-like, the anthers jump open with longitudinal slits. The lower to upper ovary is two-chambered, only rarely three- or four-chambered, the chambers are near the upper part of the ovary and contain few to many ovules , which are attached in almost head-shaped groups to the central parts of the chambers. The more or less long stylus often has only a very fine grain .

The fleshy or dry leathery berry contains one or two, rarely more, large seeds . The seed surface is membrane-like to crusty. The cotyledons are fleshy, are usually completely free or are partially fused, completely fused cotyledons are rare. Some species can produce polyembryonic seeds.

use

For the preparation of Indonesian dishes, some species of this genus such as cloves ( Syzygium aromaticum ) and Indonesian bay leaf ( Syzygium polyanthum , Daun Salam) are often used as a spice . Java apples , water apples and the apple jambuse are offered as fresh fruit at markets. Syzygium polycephalum and Syzygium cumini are rarely found on the market. Cloves are also a characteristic spice for Frisian Nagelkaas .

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Syzygium was founded in 1788 by Patrick Browne in Joseph Gärtner : De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum: accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis Aeneis LXXIX. Stutgardiae, Tubingae , 1, page 166-167, plate 33, Figure 1 set up. In 1956, Syzygium caryophyllaeum Gaertn became the lectotype species . laid down by McVaugh in Taxon , Volume 5, page 164. Syzygium P.Br. ex Gaertn. was preserved against Suzygium P.Br. (Shenzhen ICN Art. 14 & App. III), Caryophyllus L. and Jambosa Adan. Synonyms for Syzygium P.Br. ex Gaertn. nom. cons. s. l. are: Acicalyptus A. Gray , Acmena DC. , Acmenosperma Kausel , Anetholea Peter G.Wilson , Aphanomyrtus Miq. , Bostrychode (Miq.) O.Berg , Caryophyllus L. non Mill. , Cerocarpus Colebr. ex Hassk. , Cetra Noronha nom. nud., Clavimyrtus flower , Cleistocalyx flower , Cupheanthus Seem. , Gaslondia Vieill. , Gelpkea flower , Jambolifera Houtt. nom. illeg., Jambos Adans. , Jambosa DC. nom. illeg., Leptomyrtus (Miq.) O.Berg , Lomastelma Raf. , Macromyrtus Miq. , Macropsidium flower , Microjambosa flower , Malidra Raf. , Myrthoides Wolf , Pareugenia Turrill , Piliocalyx Brongn. & Gris , Pseudoeugenia Scort. , Grandpa Lour. , Strongylocalyx Blume , Syllysium Meyen & Schauer , Syllisium Endl. orth. var., Tetraeugenia Merr. , Waterhousea B.Hyland , Xenodendron K.Schum. & Lauterb. , Strongylocalyx flower .

External system

The genus Syzygium belongs to the tribe Syzygieae in the subfamily Myrtoideae within the family Myrtaceae .

Internal systematics, types and their distribution

The genus Syzygium is divided into sub-genera and sections.

The genus Syzygium has its main distribution area in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World , a few species are native to Australia and New Zealand . About 80 species occur in China, 45 of them only there. For example, some species are neophytes in the New World .

There are around 1200 Syzygium species (as of 2008 + some species or new combinations that were first described afterwards):

Flowers of Syzygium anisatum
Flowers of Syzygium aqueum
Clove tree ( Syzygium aromaticum )
Foliage leaves, flowers and fruits of Syzygium australe
Habit of Syzygium bullockii
Foliage leaves and inflorescences of Syzygium buxifolium
Foliage leaves and fruits of Syzygium buxifolium
Inflorescence of Syzygium caryophyllatum
Inflorescence of Syzygium cordatum
Kauliflore inflorescences of Syzygium cormiflorum
Inflorescence of Syzygium cumini
Habit of Syzygium francisii
Leaves and inflorescences of Syzygium grande
Syzygium hemisphericum
Syzygium hemisphericum
Rose apple ( Syzygium jambos )
Rose apple ( Syzygium jambos )
Flowers of Syzygium laetum
Inflorescences of Syzygium luehmannii
Water apple leaves and flowers ( Syzygium malaccense )
Foliage leaves and fruits of the water apple ( Syzygium malaccense )
Syzygium moorei
Syzygium moorei
Syzygium munronii
Syzygium munronii
Syzygium myrtifolium hedge
Syzygium oleosum
Syzygium paniculatum
Gowok, Kupa ( Syzygium polycephalum )
Java apple ( Syzygium samarangense )
Syzygium sandwicense
Syzygium zeylanicum

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jie Chen, Lyn A. Craven: Myrtaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 . Syzygium , pp. 335−357 - online with the same text as the printed work.
  2. ↑ a b Lyn A. Craven, E. Biffin: An eligible eric classification of Syzygium (Myrtaceae). In: Blumea. Volume 55, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 94-99, doi : 10.3767 / 000651910X499303 , PDF at Naturalis repository .
  3. ^ E. Nic Lughadha, C. Proenca: Survey of the Reproductive Biology of the Myrtoideae (Myrtaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 83, Issue 4, 1996, pp. 480-503. JSTOR 2399990
  4. ↑ a b c Syzygium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 6, 2020.
  5. ^ A b c Syzygium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc sd se sf sg sh si sj sk sl sm sn so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc td te tf tg th ti tj tk tl tm tn to tp tq tr ts tt tu tv tw tx ty tz ua ub uc ud ue uf ug uh ui uj uk ul um un uo up uq ur us ut uu uv uw ux uy uz va vb vc vd ve vf vg vh vi vj vk vl vm vn vo vp vq vr vs vt vu vv vw vx vy vz wa wb wc wd we wf wg wh wi wj wk wl wm Rafaël Govaerts, N. Sobral, P. Ashton, F. Barrie, BK Holst, LL Landrum, K. Matsumoto, F. Fernanda Mazine, E. Nic Lughadha, C. Proenca et al. 2008: World Checklist of Myrtaceae : 1-455. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Syzygium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc sd se sf sg sh si sj sk sl sm sn so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc td te tf tg th ti tj tk tl tm tn to tp tq tr ts tt tu tv tw tx ty tz ua ub uc ud ue uf ug uh ui uj uk ul um un uo up uq ur us ut uu uv uw ux uy uz va vb vc vd ve vf vg vh vi vj vk vl vm vn vo vp vq vr vs vt vu vv vw vx vy vz wa wb wc Rafaël Govaerts, N. Sobral, P. Ashton, F. Barrie, BK Holst, LL Landrum, K. Matsumoto, F. Fernanda Mazine, E. Nic Lughadha, C. Proença et al . 2008: World Checklist of Myrtaceae : 1-455. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Syzygium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 5, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Syzygium  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • Lyn A. Craven, E. Biffin, PS Ashton: Acmena, Acmenosperma, Cleistocalyx, Piliocalyx and Waterhousea formally transferred to Syzygium (Myrtaceae). In: Blumea , Volume 51, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 131-142. doi : 10.3767 / 000651906X622382
  • E. Biffin, Lyn A. Craven, MD Crisp, PA Gadek: Molecular systematics of Syzygium and allied genera (Myrtaceae): evidence from the chloroplast genome. In: Taxon , Volume 55, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 79-94.
  • WK Soh, J. Parnell: Comparative leaf anatomy and phylogeny of Syzygium Gaertn. In: Pl. Syst. Evol. , Volume 297, 2011, pp. 1-32.
  • WK Soh, J. Parnell: A revision of Syzygium Gaertn. (Myrtaceae) in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam). In: Adansonia , Series 3, Volume 37, 2015, pp. 179–275.