Frank Lloyd Wright and Norma Desmond: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox character |
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|image=Frank Lloyd Wright LC-USZ62-36384.jpg |
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|name=Frank Lloyd Wright |
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| name = Norma Desmond |
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|mother=Anna Lloyd Jones |
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|father=William Russell Cary Wright |
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| image = [[Image:SunsetBoulevardfinaleGloriaSwanson.jpg]] |
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|nationality= American |
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|birth_date={{birth date|1867|6|8}} |
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| first = ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' |
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|birth_place= [[Richland Center, Wisconsin]] |
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| last = |
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|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1959|4|9|1867|6|8}} |
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|death_place= [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona]] |
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| creator = |
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|significant_buildings=[[Robie House]]<br>[[Fallingwater]]<br>[[Johnson Wax Building]]<br>[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]<br>[[Westcott House]] |
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| portrayer = [[Gloria Swanson]]<br>[[Miriam Hopkins]]<br>[[Mary Astor]]<br>[[Patti LuPone]]<br>[[Glenn Close]]<br>[[Petula Clark]]<br>[[Helen Schneider]] |
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|significant_projects=[[Florida Southern College#Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture at FSC|Florida Southern College]] |
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| gender = Female |
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| imdb_id = 0009498 |
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}} |
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'''Norma Desmond''' is a main character in [[Billy Wilder]]'s film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''. |
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'''Frank Lloyd Wright''' (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American (of Welsh descent) [[architect]], [[interior designer]], [[writer]], and educator, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Brewster |title=Frank Lloyd Wright: America's Architect |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jul2004/nf20040728_3153_db078.htm |work=Business Week |publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies |date=2004-07-28 |accessdate=2008-01-22 }}</ref> |
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An aging former star of [[silent movie]]s, Desmond ([[Gloria Swanson]]) has withdrawn to her [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] Beverly Hills mansion, off Sunset Boulevard, nursing dreams of a return to stardom while her grip on reality grows ever more tenuous over the years. Her one companion is Max ([[Erich von Stroheim]]), her butler, former director and we later learn, first husband, who serves as her protector and shields her from the outside world. Because he is still in love with her, he tells her she is still a star, and cuts her off from the news media to keep her from realizing that she has been completely forgotten by her beloved public. |
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Wright promoted [[organic architecture]] (exemplified by [[Fallingwater]]), was a leader of the [[Prairie School]] movement of architecture (exemplified by the [[Robie House]] and the [[Westcott House]]), and developed the concept of the [[Usonia]]n home (exemplified by the [[Rosenbaum House]]). His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, hotels, and museums. Wright also often designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass. |
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One day Joe Gillis ([[William Holden]]), a young, unemployed screenwriter arrives at Desmond's with a flat tire on his 1946 Plymouth after being chased by two repo men. He parks the car inside the garage of the mansion and is summoned by Norma to the front door. She confuses him for an undertaker for her just deceased pet monkey. |
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Wright authored twenty books and numerous articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. His colorful personal life frequently made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire and murders at his [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin studio]]. |
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Norma finds out that Joe Gillis is in fact a writer and asks him to take a look at a manuscript she has been working for a while. It is the story of Salome, and she plans to star in it, though she is way past her prime. |
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Already well-known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time".<ref name="autogenerated1" /> |
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Joe quickly sees a chance to milk money out of the delusional star; he promises to fix her a script for a star vehicle, and Norma agrees as she wants to send the manuscript to Paramount Pictures' famed director [[Cecil B. DeMille]], with whom Desmond once worked. Desmond is elated; she sees in Gillis the chance to regain her youthful promise, and sets him up in style, buying his clothes and paying all his expenses. Max sees through Gillis immediately, but puts up with the charade because it makes his beloved "madame" happy. As time passes, however, Desmond becomes increasingly unstable when it becomes clear that there is no hit movie for her in the works, and increasingly jealous of and dependent upon Gillis. She professes her love for him at a [[New Year's Eve]] party, but he rejects her and leaves. |
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{{TOClimit|limit=2}} |
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He attends another party, where he first flirts with screen writer Betty ([[Nancy Olson]]) and makes plans to move out of Norma's mansion. Norma makes a suicide attempt, and when Joe returns to comfort her, she seduces him. |
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==Biography== |
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===Early years=== |
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Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the farming town of [[Richland Center, Wisconsin]], United States, in 1867. Originally named Frank Lincoln Wright, he changed his name after his parents' divorce to honor his mother's [[Welsh people|Welsh]] family, the Lloyd Joneses. His father, William Carey Wright (1825 – 1904) was a locally admired orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer and itinerant minister. William Wright had met and married Anna Lloyd Jones (1838/39 – 1923), a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for [[Richland County, Wisconsin|Richland County]]. Originally from [[Massachusetts]], William Wright had been a Baptist minister but he later joined his wife's family in the [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian]] faith. Anna Lloyd Jones was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from [[Wales]] to southwestern Wisconsin. Both of Wright's parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to Frank. In his biography his mother declared, when she was expecting her first child, that he would grow up to build beautiful buildings. She decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infant's ambition. The family moved to [[Weymouth, Massachusetts]] in 1870 for William to minister a small congregation. Anna visited the 1876 [[Centennial Exhibition]] in Philadelphia and viewed an exhibit of educational blocks created by [[Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel]]. The blocks, known as [[Froebel Gifts]], were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum. A trained teacher, Anna was excited by the program and purchased a set for her family. As a child, Frank spent a great deal of time playing with the kindergarten educational blocks. These consisted of geometrically-shaped blocks that could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions. Wright in his autobiography talks about the influence of these exercises on his approach to design. Many of his buildings are notable for the geometrical clarity they exhibit. |
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Meanwhile, DeMille's office calls Max and asks if Desmond can meet with her old director so he can use her vintage car in a film; Max lies to her and tells her DeMille wants to work with her again, and DeMille himself takes pity on her and tells her what she wants to hear. |
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[[Image:Habs flw oak park home.jpg|thumb|Wright's home in Oak Park, Illinois]] |
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Gillis begins writing a screenplay with Betty in secret, and Betty tells him she has fallen in love with him. When he hears Norma having a phone conversation with Betty, in an attempt to scare her away, he invites Betty to the mansion and confesses the situation, euphemistically "a older woman who's well-to-do" and a "young man who's not doing too well." |
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The Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to [[Spring Green, Wisconsin]], where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society. Although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]], with his children. Soon after he turned 14 — in 1881 — Wright's parents separated. Anna had been unhappy for some time with William's inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection. William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again.<ref>''An Autobiography,'' by Frank Lloyd Wright, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York City, 1943, p. 51</ref> At this time Frank's middle name was changed from Lincoln to Lloyd. As the only male left in the family, Frank assumed financial responsibility for his mother and two sisters. |
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After driving away Betty, Gillis tells Norma he's leaving for good. Desmond snaps and shoots him to death, leaving his body floating in her pool and going into shock. When the police arrive, she thinks they are merely her adoring fans and the production crew for her movie. Elegantly striding toward a news camera, she utters the [[icon]]ic line, "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up." |
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Wright attended a Madison high school but there is no evidence he ever graduated.<ref>''Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography,'' by Meryle Secrest, University of Chicago Press, 1992, p.72</ref> He was admitted to the [[University of Wisconsin]] as a special student in 1886. While attending the university, he joined [[Phi Delta Theta]] fraternity<ref>http://www.phideltatheta.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=161 Phi Delta Theta list of Famous Phis, accessed on May 26. 2008</ref>, took classes part-time for two semesters, and worked with a professor of [[civil engineering]], [[Allan D. Conover]].<ref>''Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography,'' by Meryle Secrest, p. 82</ref> In 1887, Wright left the school without taking a degree (although he was granted an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the University in 1955) and moved to [[Chicago]] which was still rebuilding from the [[1871 Great Chicago Fire|Great Chicago Fire of 1871]], where he joined the architectural firm of [[Joseph Lyman Silsbee]]. Within the year, he had left Silsbee to work for the firm of [[Dankmar Adler|Adler]] & [[Louis Sullivan|Sullivan]] as an apprentice to [[Louis Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Addison |
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| first = Herb |
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| coauthors = et al. |
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| title = The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge |
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| publisher = St. Martin's Press |
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| year = 2004 |
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| location = New York, NY |
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| pages = 9 |
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| isbn = 0-312-31367-5}} |
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</ref> |
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==Actresses== |
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In 1889, he married his first wife, Catherine Lee "Kitty" Tobin (1871-1959), purchased land in [[Oak Park, Illinois]], and built his first home, and eventually his studio there. His mother, Anna, soon followed Wright to the city, where he purchased a home adjacent to his newly built residence for her. His marriage to Kitty Tobin, the daughter of a wealthy businessman, raised his social status, and he became more well known. |
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Norma Desmond was played on screen by [[Gloria Swanson]] |
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[[Miriam Hopkins]] and [[Mary Astor]] played the role in two separate t.v. productions based on the film. |
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Beginning in 1890, he was assigned all residential design work for the firm. In 1893, Louis Sullivan discovered that Wright had been accepting private commissions. Sullivan felt betrayed that his favored employee had designed houses "behind his back," and he asked Wright to leave the firm. Constantly in need of funds to support his growing family, Wright designed the homes to supplement his meager income. Wright referred to these houses as his "bootleg" designs and the homes are located near the [[Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio]], on Chicago Avenue in Oak Park. After leaving Sullivan, Wright established his own practice at his home. |
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In the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] [[Sunset Boulevard (musical)|stage musical]], the role was played by [[Patti LuPone]] (in [[London]]'s [[West End theatre|West End]]), [[Elaine Paige]] (in London's West End and on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]), [[Glenn Close]] (in [[Los Angeles]] and on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]), [[Betty Buckley]] (in London's West End and on Broadway), [[Rita Moreno]] (in London's West End), [[Diahann Carroll]] (in [[Toronto]]), [[Faith Brown]] in a 2001 UK tour revival, [[Debra Byrne]], [[Maria Mercedes (actor)|Maria Mercedes]] and [[Judi Connelli]] in the two separate [[Australia]]n productions and [[Helen Schneider]], Christina Grimandi, Sue Mathys and [[Daniela Ziegler]] in the [[Germany|German]] version of the musical; [[Pia Douwes]] and Simone Kleinsma played the role in the 2008 Dutch tour of the show. [[Petula Clark]], who appeared in the London production and took the show on a lengthy tour throughout the US, has played the role more often than any other actress, with more than 2500 performances to her credit. In a previous short-lived US tour back in 1996, the role was briefly played by [[Linda Balgord]]. |
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This practice was a remarkable collection of creative architectural designers. As his son John Lloyd Wright wrote, <blockquote> “[[William Eugene Drummond]], Francis [[Barry Byrne]], [[Walter Burley Griffin]], [[Albert Chase McArthur]], [[Marion Mahony Griffin|Marion Mahony]], [[Isabel Roberts]] and [[George Willis (architect)|George Willis]] were the draftsmen. Five men, two women. They wore flowing ties, and smocks suitable to the realm. The men wore their hair like Papa, all except Albert, he didn’t have enough hair. They worshiped Papa! Papa liked them! I know that each one of them was then making valuable contributions to the pioneering of the modern American architecture for which my father gets the full glory, headaches and recognition today! ”<ref>''My Father: Frank Lloyd Wright,'' by John Lloyd Wright; 1992; page 35</ref></blockquote> |
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==Quotes== |
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By 1901, Wright's completed projects numbered approximately fifty, including many houses in Oak Park. |
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Joe: "I know you. You're Norma Desmond! You used to be in silent pictures. You used to be big!" |
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<br> |
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Norma: "I am big! It's the pictures that got small!" |
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Norma (to newsreel cameras): "And I promise you I'll never desert you again because after 'Salome' we'll make another picture and another picture. You see, this is my life! It always will be! Nothing else! Just us, the cameras, and those wonderful people out there in the dark!... All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up." |
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===Prairie House=== |
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[[Image:Darwin D. Martin House.jpg|thumb|left|[[Darwin D. Martin House]], Buffalo, New York]] |
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Between 1900 and 1917, his residential designs were "[[Prairie Houses]]" (extended low buildings with shallow, sloping roofs, clean sky lines, suppressed chimneys, overhangs and terraces, using unfinished materials), so-called because the design is considered to complement the land around [[Chicago]]. These houses are credited with being the first examples of the "[[open plan]]." |
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Norma: "We didn't need dialogue. We had faces!" |
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In fact, the manipulation of interior space in residential and public buildings, such as [[Unity Temple]], the home of the Unitarian Universalist congregation in Oak Park, are hallmarks of his style. A lifelong [[Unitarian]] and member of Unity Temple, Wright offered his services to the congregation after their church burned down in 1904. The community agreed to hire him and he worked on the building between 1905 through 1908. He believed that humanity should be central to all design. Many examples of this work are in [[Buffalo, New York]] as a result of friendship between Wright and [[Darwin D. Martin]], an executive from the [[Larkin Soap Company]]. In 1902 the [[Larkin Company]] decided to build a new administration building. |
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[[Category:Fictional actors|Desmond, Norma]] |
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Wright came to Buffalo and designed not only the first sketches for the [[Larkin Administration Building]] (completed in 1904, demolished in 1950), but also homes for three of the company's executives: |
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[[Category:Musical theatre characters|Desmond, Norma]] |
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*George [[Barton House]], Buffalo NY, 1903 |
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[[Category:Fictional socialites]] |
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[[Category:Fictional murderers|Desmond, Norma]] |
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[[Image:Taliesin600.jpg|thumb|Hillside Home School, 1902, Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin]] |
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[[es:Norma Desmond]] |
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*[[Darwin D. Martin House]], Buffalo NY, 1904 |
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*William [[Heath House]], Buffalo NY, 1905 |
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**and later, the [[Graycliff]] estate, Derby, NY 1926 |
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The [[Westcott House]] was built between 1907 and 1908, in [[Springfield, Ohio]]. It not only embodies Frank Lloyd Wright’s innovative Prairie Style design but also reflects his passion for Japanese art and culture in design traits characteristic of traditional Japanese design. The Westcott House is the only Prairie house to be built in Ohio, and it represents an important evolution of Wright’s Prairie concept. The Westcott House includes an extensive ninety-eight foot [[pergola]], capped with an intricate wooden [[Trellis (agriculture)|trellis]], connecting a detached carriage house and garage to the main house—features that are included in only a few of Wright’s later Prairie Style houses designs. |
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It is not known exactly when Wright designed The Westcott House; scholars speculate that it may have been several months before more than a year after<!-- clarification of this interval needed--> the architect returned from his first trip to Japan in 1905. Wright created two separate designs for the Westcott House; both are included in ''Studies and Executed Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright'', published by the distinguished Ernst Wasmuth (Germany, 1910-1911). This two-volume work contains more than one hundred [[lithograph]]s of Wright’s designs and is commonly known as the [[Wasmuth Portfolio]]. |
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Other Frank Lloyd Wright houses considered to be masterpieces of the late Prairie Period (1907–1909) are the Frederick [[Robie House]] in Chicago and the Avery and Queene [[Coonley House]] in [[Riverside, Illinois]]. The Robie House, with its soaring, [[cantilever]]ed roof lines, supported by a {{convert|110|ft|m|0|sing=on}}-long channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. This building had a profound influence on young European architects after [[World War I]] and is sometimes called the "cornerstone of modernism." Wright's work, however, was not known to European architects until the publication of the Wasmuth Portfolio. |
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===Europe and personal troubles=== |
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Local gossips noticed Wright's flirtations, and he developed a reputation in Oak Park as a man-about-town. His family had grown to six children, and the brood required most of Catherine's attention. In 1903, Wright designed a house for Edwin Cheney, a neighbor in Oak Park, and immediately took a liking to Cheney's wife, [[Mamah Borthwick|Mamah Borthwick Cheney]]. Mamah Cheney was a modern woman with interests outside the home. She was an early feminist and Wright viewed her as his intellectual equal. The two fell in love, even though Wright had been married for almost 20 years. Often the two could be seen taking rides in Wright's automobile through Oak Park, and they became the talk of the town. Wright's wife, Kitty, sure that this attachment would fade as the others had, refused to grant him a divorce. Neither would Edwin Cheney grant one to Mamah. In 1909, even before the [[Robie House]] was completed, Wright and Mamah Cheney eloped to Europe; leaving their own spouses and children behind. The scandal that erupted virtually destroyed Wright's ability to practice architecture in the United States. |
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Scholars argue that he felt by 1907 that he had done everything he could do with the Prairie Style, particularly from the standpoint of the [[single family house]]. Wright was not getting larger commissions for commercial or public buildings, which frustrated him as it would any highly skilled architect. |
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What drew Wright to Europe was the chance to publish a portfolio of his work with Ernst Wasmuth, who had agreed in 1909 to publish his work there.<ref>''Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography,'' by Meryle Secrest, Alfred A. Knopf, 1993, p. 202</ref> This chance also allowed Wright to deepen his relationship with Mamah Cheney. Wright and Cheney left the United States separately in 1910, meeting in [[Berlin]], where the offices of Wasmuth were located. |
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The resulting two volumes, known as the [[Wasmuth Portfolio]], were published in 1910 and 1911 in two editions, creating the first major exposure of Wright's work in Europe. |
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Wright remained in Europe for one year (though Mamah Cheney returned to the United States a few times) and set up home in [[Fiesole, Italy]]. During this time, Edwin Cheney granted her a divorce, though Kitty still refused to grant one to her husband. After Wright's return to the United States in late 1910, Wright persuaded his mother to purchase land for him in [[Spring Green, Wisconsin]]. The land, purchased on April 10, 1911, was adjacent to land held by his mother's family, the Lloyd-Joneses. Wright began to build himself a new home, which he called [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]], by May 1911. The recurring theme of 'Taliesin' also came from his mother's side, [[Taliesin]] in [[Welsh mythology]] being a poet, magician and super-hero. Their family motto was 'Y Gwir yn Erbyn y Byd' which translates to 'The Truth Against the World' was created by [[Iolo Morgannwg]] who interestingly enough also had a son called 'Taliesin', is still used today as the cry of the druids and chief bard of the [[Eisteddfod]] in [[Wales]].<ref>[http://www.unitychapel.org/home_country.htm Home Country<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===More personal turmoil=== |
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On August 15, 1914, while Wright was in Chicago completing a large project (Midway Gardens), [[Julian Carlton]], a male servant whom he had hired several months earlier, set fire to the living quarters of Taliesin and murdered seven people with an axe as the fire burned. The dead included Mamah; her two children, John and Martha; a gardener; a draftsman; a workman; and the workman’s son. Two people survived the mayhem, one of whom helped to put out the fire that almost completely consumed the residential wing of the house. |
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In 1922, Wright's first wife granted him a divorce, and the architect was required to wait for one year until he married his then-partner, Maude "Miriam" Noel. In 1923, Wright's mother, Anna (Lloyd Jones) Wright, died. Wright wed Miriam Noel in November 1923, but her addiction to [[morphine]] led to the failure of the marriage in less than one year. In 1924, after the separation, but while still married, Wright met [[Olgivanna Lloyd Wright|Olga (Olgivanna) Lazovich Hinzenburg,]] at a [[Petrograd Ballet]] performance in Chicago. They moved in together at Taliesin in 1925, followed soon after by Olgivanna's pregnancy with their daughter, Iovanna (born December 2, 1925, who years later married and divorced Wright associate Arthur Pieper). |
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On April 22, 1925, another fire destroyed the living quarters of Taliesin. This appears to have been the result of a faulty electrical system.<ref>''Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography,'' by Meryle Secrest, p. 315–317</ref> Wright rebuilt the living quarters again, naming the home "Taliesin III". |
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In 1926, Olga's ex-husband, Vlademar Hinzenburg, sought custody of his daughter, Svetlana. In [[Minnetonka, Minnesota]], Wright and Olgivanna were accused of violating the [[Mann Act]] and arrested in October 1926 (the charges were later dropped). |
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Wright and Miriam Noel's divorce was finalized in 1927, and once again, Wright was required to wait for one year until marrying again. Wright and Olgivanna married in 1928. |
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===Notable projects after the Prairie Period=== |
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[[Image:FallingwaterWright.jpg|thumb|[[Fallingwater]], Bear Run, Pennsylvania (1939)]] |
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[[Image:1st-Unitarian.jpg|thumb|[[First Unitarian Society of Madison|First Unitarian Society Meeting House, Madison]], WI (1947)]] |
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<!--[[Image:FallingwaterCantilever570320cv.jpg|thumb|[[Falling Water]] is one of the most famous of Frank Lloyd Wright's works]]--> |
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During the turbulent 1920s, Wright designed [[Graycliff]], one of his most innovative residences of the period, and a precursor to Fallingwater. The Graycliff estate was constructed from 1926 to 1929 for Isabelle and Darwin Martin on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie, just south of Buffalo, New York. Wright designed a complex of three buildings and extensive grounds and incorporates cantilevered balconies and terraces, "ribbons" of windows, and a transparent "screen" of windows allowing views of the lake through the Isabelle R. Martin House, Graycliff's largest building. Constructed of limestone from the beach below, warm ochre-colored stucco and striking red-stained roofs, Graycliff's light-filled buildings were designed in Wright's "organic" style. Wright's designs for Graycliff's grounds incorporate water features that echo the lake beyond: a pond, a fountain, sunken gardens and stone walls in a "waterfall" pattern that surround the property. On the summer solstice, Graycliff is aligned with the setting sun on Lake Erie, as Wright intended. |
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One of Wright's most famous private residences was constructed from 1935 to 1939—[[Fallingwater]]—for Mr. and Mrs. [[Edgar J. Kaufmann|Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr.]], at [[Bear Run, Pennsylvania]], near [[Pittsburgh]]. It was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using [[limestone]] for all verticals and [[concrete]] for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000, including the architect's fee of $8,000. Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, [[post-tensioned concrete|post-tensioning]] of the lowest terrace was completed. |
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It was also in the 1930s that Wright first designed [[Usonian]] houses. Intended to be highly practical houses for middle-class clients, the designs were based on a simple, yet elegant geometry. He would later use similar elementary forms in his ''[[First Unitarian Society of Madison|First Unitarian Meeting House]]'' built in Madison, Wisconsin, between 1946 and 1951.<ref>[http://www.fusmadison.org/mh/mhistory.shtml First Unitarian Society - About the Meeting House<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Wright is responsible for a series of extremely original concepts of suburban development united under the term [[Broadacre City]]. He proposed the idea in his book ''The Disappearing City'' in 1932, and unveiled a {{convert|12|ft|m|sing=on}} square model of this community of the future, showing it in several venues in the following years. He went on developing the idea until his death.[[Image:Guggenheim museum exterior.jpg|thumb|[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York City, New York (1959)]] |
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His Usonian homes set a new style for suburban design that was a feature of countless developers. Many features of modern American homes date back to Wright; open plans, slab-on-grade foundations, and simplified construction techniques that allowed more mechanization or at least efficiency in building. |
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The [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] in [[New York City]] is a building that occupied Wright for 16 years (1943–1959)<ref>[http://www.guggenheim.org/history.html Guggenheim Museum - History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building rises as a warm beige spiral from its site on [[Fifth Avenue]]; its interior is similar to the inside of a seashell. Its unique central geometry was meant to allow visitors to experience [[Guggenheim]]'s collection of nonobjective geometric paintings with ease by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp, which features a floor embedded with circular shapes and triangular light fixtures to complement the geometric nature of the structure. Unfortunately, when the museum was completed, a number of important details of Wright's design were ignored, including his desire for the interior to be painted off-white. Furthermore, the Museum currently designs exhibits to be viewed by walking up the curved walkway rather than walking down from the top level. [[Image:Price tower.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Wright's Price Tower in [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]]]] |
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The [[Price Tower]] is a nineteen story, {{convert|221|ft|m|sing=on}} high tower in [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma|Bartlesville]], [[Oklahoma]] that was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. It is the only realized skyscraper by Wright, and is one of only two vertically-oriented Wright structures extant (the other is the [[S.C. Johnson Wax Research Tower]] in [[Racine]], [[Wisconsin]]). The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. It opened to the public in February 1956. On March 29, 2007, Price Tower was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the United States Department of the Interior, one of only twenty such properties in the state of Oklahoma. <ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20070413.HTM National Park Service] - ''National Historic Landmarks Designated'', April 13, 2007</ref> |
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==Other projects== |
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Wright designed over 400 built structures<ref>''The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog,'' by William Allin Storrer, University of Chicago Press, 1992 (third edition)</ref> of which about 300 survive as of 2005. Four have been lost to forces of nature: the waterfront house for W. L. Fuller in [[Pass Christian, Mississippi]], destroyed by [[Hurricane Camille]] in August 1969; the [[Louis Sullivan Bungalow]], and the [[James Charnley Bungalow]] of [[Ocean Springs, Mississippi]], destroyed by [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005; and the [[Arinobu Fukuhara House]] (1918) in [[Hakone, Kanagawa|Hakone, Japan]], destroyed in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kantō Earthquake]] of 1923. The [[Ennis House]] in California has also been damaged by earthquake and rain-induced ground movement. In January, 2006, the Wynant House in [[Gary, Indiana]] was destroyed by fire.<ref>[http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706.htm Preservation Online: Today's News Archives: Fire Guts Rare FLW House in Indiana<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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[[Image:Imperial Hotel FFW 1.jpg|thumb|left|Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1923)]] |
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In addition, other buildings were intentionally demolished during and after Wright's lifetime, such as: [[Midway Gardens]] (1913, Chicago, Illinois) and the [[Larkin Administration Building]] (1903, Buffalo, New York) were destroyed in 1929 and 1950 respectively; the [[Francis Apartments]] and [[Francisco Terrace Apartments]] (both located in Chicago and designed in 1895) were destroyed in 1971 and 1974, respectively; the [[Geneva Inn]] (1911) in [[Lake Geneva, Wisconsin]] was destroyed in 1970; and the [[Banff National Park Pavilion]] (1911) in [[Alberta, Canada]] was destroyed in 1939. The [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]], in Tokyo (1913) survived the Great Kantō earthquake but was demolished in 1968 due to urban developmental pressures.<ref>Berstein, Fred A. [http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/travel/02journeys.html?scp=4&sq=wright+1923&st=nyt "Near Nagoya, Architecture From When the East Looked West,"] ''New York Times.'' April 2, 2006.</ref> |
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One of his projects, [[Monona Terrace]], originally designed in 1937 as municipal offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice [[Tony Puttnam]]. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the sixty years between the original design and the completion of the structure.<ref>[http://www.mononaterrace.com/educatorspage/images/brief-history.pdf Monona Terrace Convention Center, history web page]</ref> |
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A lesser known project that never came to fruition was Wright's plan for Emerald Bay, [[Lake Tahoe]].<ref>[http://tahoelocals.com/articles/franklloydwright.php Frank Lloyd Wright Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Few Tahoe locals are even aware of the iconic American architect's plan for their natural treasure. |
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Wright also built several houses in the Los Angeles area, currently open to the public are the [[Hollyhock House]] (Aline Barnsdall Residence) in Hollywood and the shops at Anderton Court in Beverly Hills. |
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Following the Hollyhock House, Wright used an innovative building process in 1923 and 1924, which he called the [[textile block system]] where buildings were constructed with precast concrete blocks with a patterned, squarish exterior surface: The [[Millard House|Alice Millard House]] (Pasadena), the [[Storer House (Los Angeles, California)|John Storer House]] (West Hollywood), the Samuel Freeman House (Hollywood) and the [[Ennis House]] in the Griffith Park area of Los Angeles. During the past two decades the Ennis House has become popular as an exotic, nearby shooting location to Hollywood TV and movie makers. He also designed a fifth textile block house for Aline Barnsdall, the Community Playhouse ("Little Dipper"), which was never constructed. Frank Lloyd Wright's son, [[Lloyd Wright]], supervised construction for the Storer, Freeman and Ennis House. |
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Most of these houses are private residences and closed to the public because of renovation, including the Sturgis House (Brentwood) and the Arch Oboler Gatehouse & Studio (Malibu). |
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[[Oak Park, Illinois]], a Chicago suburb, has the largest collection of Wright houses, as well as Wright's home and studio, which are open for public tours. Tours of certain homes occur during the year. The Unity Temple is located on Lake Street in Oak Park. The Cheney House, Edwin and Mamah Cheney's residence, has been a [[bed and breakfast]] for many years. Beside the home's beauty, it contains a stunning in-law suite on the lower level. |
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[[Florida Southern College]], located in [[Lakeland, Florida]], constructed 12 (out of 18 planned) Frank Lloyd Wright buildings between 1941 and 1958 as part of the [[Child of the Sun]] project. |
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[[Gordon House (Oregon)|Gordon House]] is Wright's last Usonian design which was completed in 1963. It is open for public access at the [[Oregon Garden]]. |
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===Wright's last design and first European project?=== |
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In late 2007, a design that Wright signed off on shortly before his death in 1959 – possibly his last completed design – was [http://constructireland.ie/Vol-3-Issue-11/Articles/Case-Studies/Late-1950s-Frank-Lloyd-Wright-design-realised-in-Wicklow.html realised in the Republic of Ireland.] Wright scholar and devotee Marc Coleman worked closely with the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, dealing with E. Thomas Casey, the last surviving Foundation architect who trained under Wright. Working with the Foundation, Coleman selected an unbuilt design that was originally commissioned for Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Wieland and due to be built in [[Maryland]], USA. However, the Wielands subsequently had financial problems and the design was shelved. The Foundation looked through its archive of 380 unbuilt designs and selected 4 for Coleman that were the closest fit for his site. In the end, he chose the Wieland house, largely due to the fact that the topography of his site is virtually identical to that which the building was originally designed for. The completed house,<ref>[http://constructireland.ie/articles/case-studies/wright-on-2.html Right On] - Late 1950s Frank Lloyd Wright design realised in Wicklow</ref> in only the fourth country in which a Wright design has been realised, is attracting broad interest from the international architectural community. Casey visited the site in County Wicklow, but sadly he died before construction began. |
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===Community Planning=== |
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Frank Lloyd Wright was interested in site and community planning throughout his career. His commissions and theories on urban design began as early as 1900 and continued until his death. |
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He has 41 commissions that are of a scale that can be considered community planning or urban design.<ref>''Wrightscapes: Frank Lloyd Wright's Landscape Designs'', Charles E. and Berdeana Aguar, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p.344</ref> |
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His thoughts on suburban design started in 1901 with an article in ''Ladies Home Journal''. The article was designed to showcase “New Series of Model Suburban Houses Which Can Be Built as Moderate Cost” Not only did Wright submit a home design he went further and proposed the Quadruple Block Plan as a proposed subdivision layout.<ref>''Wrightscapes:Frank Lloyd Wright's Landscape Designs'', Charles E. and Berdeana Aguar, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p.51–54</ref> This design strayed from traditional suburban lot layouts and set houses on small square blocks of four equal sized lots surrounded on all sides by roads. The houses were set toward the center of the block so that each maximized the yard space and included private space in the center. This also allowed for far more interesting views from each house. This design would have eliminated the straight rows of houses on parallel streets with boring views of the front of each house. |
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His first commission using the Quadruple Block Plan was for Charles E. Roberts in 1903, and he continued to push his concept in many of his large scale designs through the end of his career.<ref>''Wrightscapes:Frank Lloyd Wright's Landscape Designs'', Charles E. and Berdeana Aguar, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p.56</ref> |
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The more ambitious designs of entire communities were exemplified by his entry into the City Club of Chicago Land Development Competition in 1913. The contest was for the development of a suburban quarter section. This design expanded on the Quadruple Block Plan and included several social levels. The design shows the placement of the upscale homes in the most desirable areas and the blue collar homes and apartments separated by parks and common spaces. The design also included all the amenities of a small city: schools, museums, markets, etc.<ref>"Undoing the City: Frank Lloyd Wright's Planned Communities," American Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1972), p. 544</ref> This view of decentralization was later reinforced by theoretical [[Broadacre City]] design. The philosophy behind his community planning was decentralization. The new development must be away from the cities. In this decentralized America, all services and facilities could coexist “factories side by side with farm and home.”<ref>"Undoing the City: Frank Lloyd Wright's Planned Communities," American Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1972), p. 542</ref> |
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Notable Community Planning Designs |
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1901 – Quadruple Block Plan – “Ladies Home Journal” February 1901, April 1901<br /> |
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1903 – Charles R. Roberts – 24 homes – Oak Park, IL<br /> |
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1909 – Bitter Root Town Plan – Town site development for new town in the [[Bitterroot Valley]], MT<br /> |
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1913 – Chicago Land Development competition – Suburban Chicago quarter section<br /> |
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1934–1959 – [[Broadacre City]] – Theoretical decentralized city plan – exhibits of large scale model<br /> |
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1938 – Suntop Homes – low cost housing alternative to suburban development<br /> |
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1941 – Cloverleaf Housing Project – commission from Federal Works Agency Division of Defense Housing – multifamily layout |
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==Death and legacy== |
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[[Image:Frank Lloyd Wright portrait.jpg|thumb|1954 portrait by Al Ravenna, New York World-Telegram and the Sun staff photographer]] |
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Turmoil followed Wright even many years after his death on April 9, 1959. His third wife Olgivanna continued to run [[Taliesin West|the Fellowship]] after Wright's death, until her own death in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]] in 1985. In 1985, following the death of Olgivanna, it was learned that her dying wish had been that Wright, her daughter by a first marriage and herself all be cremated and relocated to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]]. During the nearly 30-year period before Olgivanna's death, Wright's body had lain interred in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery, next to the Unity Chapel, near Taliesin, Wright's later-life home in [[Spring Green, Wisconsin]]. (The Unity Chapel, designed by Joseph Silsbee, should not be confused with the much larger and vastly more famous Unity Temple, designed by Wright and located in Oak Park, IL. Wright was the draughtsman for the design of the Unity Chapel.) Olgivanna's plan to exhume her late-husband and cremate him, her daughter and herself called for a memorial garden, already in the works, to be finished and prepared for their remains. Despite the fact that the garden had yet to be finished, his remains were prepared and sent to Scottsdale where they waited in storage for an unidentified amount of time before being interred in the memorial area. Today, anyone who visits the small cemetery south of Spring Green, Wisconsin and a long stone's throw from Taliesin to look upon a gravestone marked with Wright's name will be visiting an empty grave.<ref>''Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography,'' Meryle Secrest, University of Chicago Press, 1992.</ref> |
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=== Personal style and concepts === |
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Wright practiced what is known as [[organic architecture]], an architecture that evolves naturally out of the context, most importantly for him the relationship between the site and the building and the needs of the client. Houses in wooded regions, for instance, made heavy use of wood, desert houses had rambling floor plans and heavy use of stone, and houses in rocky areas such as [[Los Angeles]] were built mainly of [[cinder block]]. Wright's creations took his concern with organic architecture down to the smallest details. From his largest commercial commissions to the relatively modest Usonian houses, Wright conceived virtually every detail of both the external design and the internal fixtures, including furniture, carpets, windows, doors, tables and chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture and fittings that functioned as integrated parts of the whole design, and he often returned to earlier commissions to redesign internal fittings. Some of the built-in furniture remains, while other restorations have included replacement pieces created using his plans. His Prairie houses use themed, coordinated design elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in windows, carpets and other fittings. He made innovative use of new building materials such as [[precast concrete]] blocks, glass bricks and zinc [[came]]s (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight windows, and he famously used [[Pyrex]] glass tubing as a major element in the [[Johnson Wax Headquarters]]. Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some of the very first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel spherical glass lampshade (a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting). |
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[[Image:RobieHouseWindows ChicagoIL.jpg|thumb|Wright-designed window in [[Robie House]], Chicago (1906)]] |
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As Wright's career progressed, so as well did the mechanization of the glass industry. Wright fully embraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of [[organic architecture]]. Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements. In 1928, Wright wrote an essay on glass in which he compared it to the mirrors of nature: lakes, rivers and ponds. One of Wright's earliest uses of glass in his works was to string panes of glass along whole walls in an attempt to create light screens to join together solid walls. By utilizing this large amount of glass, Wright sought to achieve a balance between the lightness and airiness of the glass and the solid, hard walls. Arguably, Wright's most well-known art glass is that of the Prairie style. The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent some of the most integral ornamentation of his career.<ref>''Frank Lloyd Wright's Glass Designs'', [[Carla Lind]], [[Pomegranate Artbooks]]/[[Archetype Press]], 1995.</ref> |
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Wright responded to the transformation of domestic life that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century, when servants became a less prominent or completely absent feature of most American households, by developing homes with progressively more open plans. This allowed the woman of the house to work in her 'workspace', as he often called the kitchen, yet keep track of and be available for the children and/or guests in the dining room. Much of modern architecture, including the early work of [[Mies van der Rohe]], can be traced back to Wright's innovative work. |
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Wright also designed some of his own clothing. His fashion sense was unique and he usually wore expensive suits, flowing neckties, and capes. He drove a custom yellow raceabout in the Prairie years, a red [[Cord Automobile|Cord]] convertible in the 1930s, a famously customized 1940 Lincoln for many years, each of which earned him many speeding tickets. |
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===Colleagues and influences=== |
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Wright would rarely credit any influences on his designs, but most architects, historians and scholars agree he had five major influences: <br> |
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1. [[Louis Sullivan]], whom he considered to be his 'Lieber Meister' (dear master),<br> |
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2. Nature, particularly shapes/forms and colors/patterns of plant life,<br> |
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3. Music (his favorite composer was [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]),<br> |
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4. Japan (as in art, prints, buildings),<br> |
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5. [[Froebel Gifts]] {{Fact|date=September 2007}} |
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He also routinely claimed his employees' work as his own design{{Fact|date=August 2007}} but, as with any architect, Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others. In his earlier days, Wright worked with some of the top architects of the [[Chicago School (architecture)|Chicago School]], including Sullivan. In his [[Prairie School]] days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects including [[Marion Mahony Griffin]] and [[Walter Burley Griffin]]. |
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[[Rudolf Schindler]] worked for Wright on the Imperial hotel. His own work is often credited as influencing Wright's Usonian houses. Schindler's friend [[Richard Neutra]] also worked briefly for Wright and became an internationally successful architect. |
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Later in the [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] days, Wright employed many architects and artists who later become notable, such as [[John Lautner]], [[E. Fay Jones]], [[Henry Klumb]] and [[Paolo Soleri]] in architecture and [[Santiago Martinez Delgado]] in the arts. As a young man, actor [[Anthony Quinn]] applied to study with Wright at Taliesin. However, Wright suggested that he first take voice lessons to help overcome a speech impediment. |
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[[Bruce Goff]] never worked for Wright but maintained correspondence with him. Their works can be seen to parallel each other. |
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===Recognition=== |
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[[Image:FrankLloydWright1966USstamp.jpg|thumb|left|1966 U.S. postage stamp honoring Frank Lloyd Wright]] |
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Later in his life and well after his death in 1959, Wright received much honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements. He received Gold Medal awards from The [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] (RIBA) in 1941 and the [[American Institute of Architects]](AIA) in 1949. He also received honorary degrees from several universities (including his "alma mater", the University of Wisconsin) and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. In 2000, [[Fallingwater]] was named "The Building of the 20th century" in an unscientific "Top-Ten" poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia. On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the U.S.A.'s other greatest architects including [[Eero Saarinen]], [[I.M. Pei]], [[Louis Kahn]], [[Phillip Johnson]] and [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], and he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]], the [[Frederick C. Robie House]] and the [[Johnson Wax Building]]. |
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In 1992 The [[Madison Opera]] in [[Madison, Wisconsin]] commissioned and premiered the opera [[Shining Brow]], by composer [[Daron Hagen]] and [[Libretto|librettist]] [[Paul Muldoon]] based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals. In 2000, [[Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright]], a [[Play (theatre)|play]] based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the [[Milwaukee Repertory Theater]]. |
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On June 8, 2005, a Google Doodle was displayed on Google's homepage, celebrating his birthday. |
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===Wright-designed houses available for rent=== |
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Perhaps one of the most unique ways that Wright is recognized today is the fact that several properties<ref>[http://www.mensvogue.com/design/slideshows/2008/05/wright Frank Lloyd Wright houses for rent: Tech: mensvogue.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> designed by him are actually available to house overnight guests who, more than simply touring his houses, want to "live" in one, albeit for a night or two. Some of the homes include the '''Louis Penfield House''' in Ohio, the '''Haynes House''' in Indiana, the '''Schwartz House''' in Wisconsin, the '''Muirhead Farmhouse''' in Illinois, the '''Duncan House''' in Pennsylvania and the '''Seth Peterson Cottage''' in Wisconsin. |
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==Family== |
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Frank Lloyd Wright was married three times and fathered seven children: four sons and three daughters. He also adopted Svetlana Wright Peters, the daughter of his third wife, Olgivanna Lloyd Wright. |
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One of Wright's sons, Frank Lloyd Wright Jr., known as [[Lloyd Wright]], was also a notable architect in Los Angeles. Lloyd Wright's son (and Wright's grandson), [[Eric Lloyd Wright]], is currently an architect in [[Malibu, California]] where he has a practice of mostly residences, but also civic and commercial buildings. |
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Another son and architect, [[John Lloyd Wright]], invented [[Lincoln Logs]] in 1918, and practiced extensively in the San Diego area. John's daughter, Elizabeth Ingraham, is an architect in [[Colorado]]. She is the mother of Christine, an interior designer in Connecticut, and Catherine, an architecture professor at the [[Pratt Institute]].<ref name="Reflecting Pools"> |
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{{cite news |last=Mann |first=Leslie |title=Reflecting pools: Descendants follow in Frank Lloyd Wright's footsteps |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/news/chi-cp_wright_re_02-10feb03,1,4161107.story |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=2008-02-01 |accessdate=2008-03-28 }}</ref> |
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The Oscar-winning actress [[Anne Baxter]] was another granddaughter. Anne was the daughter of Catherine Baxter, from Wright's first marriage. Anne's daughter, [[Melissa Galt]], currently lives and works in Atlanta as an interior designer.<ref name="Reflecting Pools"/> |
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A great-grandson of Wright, S. Lloyd Natof, currently lives and works in Chicago as a master woodworker who specializes in the design and creation of custom wood furniture.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Short List |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/November-2006/Short-List-November-2006/ |work=Chicago Magazine |date=November 2006 |accessdate=2008-03-10 }}</ref> |
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==Selected works== |
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{{main|List of Frank Lloyd Wright works}} |
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[[Image:The Westcott House 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Westcott House|The Burton J. Westcott House]], [[Springfield, Ohio]]]] |
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[[Image:Robie House.jpg|thumb|The [[Robie House]] on the [[University of Chicago]] campus]] |
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[[Image:Taliesinpan.jpg|thumb|[[Taliesin West]] Panorama from the "prow" looking at the "ship"]] |
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* [[Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio]], [[Oak Park, Illinois]], 1889-1909 |
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* [[Winslow House|William Herman Winslow Residence]], [[River Forest, Illinois]], 1894 |
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* [[Willits House|Ward Winfield Willits Residence]], and Gardener’s Cottage and Stables, [[Highland Park, Illinois]], 1901 |
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* [[Dana-Thomas House State Historic Site]], [[Springfield, Illinois]], 1902 |
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* [[Larkin Administration Building]], [[Buffalo, New York]], 1903 |
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* [[Darwin D. Martin House]], [[Buffalo, New York]], 1903-1905 |
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* [[Unity Temple]], [[Oak Park, Illinois]], 1904 |
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* [[Westcott House|Burton J. Westcott Residence]], [[Springfield, Ohio]], 1908 |
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* [[Robie House|Frederick C. Robie Residence]], [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], 1909 |
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* [[Taliesin I]], [[Spring Green, Wisconsin]], 1911 |
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* [[Midway Gardens]], [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], 1913 |
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* [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]], [[Tokyo, Japan]], 1923. Demolished, 1968; Entrance hall reconstructed in 1976 at [[Meiji Mura]], near [[Nagoya, Japan]] |
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* [[Hollyhock House]] (Aline Barnsdall Residence), [[Los Angeles, California]], 1919-21 |
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* [[Ennis House|Ennis Residence]], [[Los Angeles, California]], 1923 |
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*[[Graycliff]] (Darwin and Isabelle Martin summer estate, [[Buffalo, NY]],1928 |
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* [[Fallingwater]] (Kaufmann country home) [[Bear Run, Pennsylvania]], 1935 |
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* [[Johnson Wax Headquarters]], [[Racine, Wisconsin]], 1936 |
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* [[Herbert F. Johnson Residence]] ("Wingspread"), [[Wind Point, Wisconsin|Wind Point, WI]], 1937 |
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* [[Taliesin West]], [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], 1937 |
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* [[Usonian]] homes – Various locations, 1930's-1940's |
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* [[Frank Lloyd Wright's Florida Southern College Works]], 1940s |
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* [[First Unitarian Society of Madison]], [[Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin]], 1947 |
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* [[Herman T. Mossberg Residence]], [[South Bend, Indiana]], 1948 |
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* [[Thomas Keys Residence]], [[Rochester, Minnesota]], 1950 |
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* [[Muirhead Farmhouse]], [[Hampshire, Illinois]], 1950 |
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* [[Louis Penfield House]], [[Willoughby Hills, Ohio]], 1955 |
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* [[Price Tower]], [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]], 1956 |
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* [[Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church]], [[Wauwatosa, Wisconsin]], designed in 1956, completed in 1961 |
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* [[Marin County Civic Center]], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael, CA]], 1957–66 (featured in the movies [[Gattaca]] & [[THX 1138]]) |
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* [[Samara (house)|Samara]] (John E. Christian House), 1954, [[West Lafayette, Indiana]] |
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* [[Kentuck Knob]], 1956, [[Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania]] |
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* [[The Illinois]], mile-high tower in [[Chicago]], 1956 (unbuilt) |
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* [[Whipsuppenicke]] Silver House in Northborough, MA (in need of restoration) |
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* [[Duncan House]], [[Acme, Pennsylvania]], 1957 |
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* [[Gammage Auditorium]], [[Tempe, Arizona]], 1964 |
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== Cultural influence == |
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* The design of the Vandamm House in the Hitchcock film ''[[North by Northwest]]'' is consciously based on Wright's architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetsetmodern.com/modatmovies.htm|title=The Vandamm House in Alfred Hitchcock's ''North by Northwest''|author=Sandy McLendon|publisher=jetsetmodern.com|accessdate=2008-04-17}}</ref> |
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* [[Simon and Garfunkel]] recorded a song called "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright" on their 1970 album ''[[Bridge over Troubled Water]]''. [[Art Garfunkel]] is a longtime fan of architecture; it has been said that [[Paul Simon]] wrote the song as a farewell to his musical partner, using Wright's name to stand for Garfunkel.<ref>[http://media.www.thedailyaztec.com/media/storage/paper741/news/2004/02/17/Tempo/Simonand.Garfunkel-756944.shtml The Daily Aztec. Tempo. Christy Castellanos. ''Simon and Garfunkel''. February 17, 2004.]</ref> |
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* The architect hero [[Howard Roark]] of [[Ayn Rand]]'s novel ''[[The Fountainhead]]'' is widely considered to have been based on Wright.<ref>Hoppen, Donald W. (1998). [http://books.google.com/books?id=ANZP4QSMNWkC&pg=PA112&dq=frank+lloyd+wright+ayn+rand&sig=pRJi96PChDTn9cNDFq7dhxFXy34 ''The Seven Ages of Frank Lloyd Wright: The Creative Process,'' p. 112;] Johnson, Donald Leslie. (1994). [http://books.google.com/books?id=LPNJ_GF9M8sC&pg=PT70&dq=frank+lloyd+wright+ayn+rand&sig=N7PJFoQueYdPVLELxNUsVOCI5j8#PPT70,M1 ''Frank Lloyd Wright versus America: The 1930s,'' p. 61.]</ref> |
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==References== |
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===Works Cited in Article=== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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===Selected books and articles on Wright’s philosophy=== |
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*''An Autobiography'', by Frank Lloyd Wright (1943, Duell, Sloan and Pearce / 2005, Pomegranate; ISBN 0-7649-3243-8) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright'', by Robert McCarter (1991, Princeton Architectural Press; ISBN 1878271261) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright’s Usonian Homes: Designs for Moderate Cost One-Family Homes'', by John Sergeant (1984, Watson-Guptill; ISBN 0823071782) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright’s Usonian Homes (Wright at a Glance Series)'', by Carla Lind (1994, Pomegranate Communications; ISBN 1566409985) |
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*"In the Cause of Architecture," Architectural Record, March, 1908, by Frank Lloyd Wright. Published in ''Frank Lloyd Wright: Collected Writings, vol. 1'' (1992, Rizzoli; ISBN 0-8478-1546-3) |
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*''Natural House, The'', by Frank Lloyd Wright (1954, Horizon Press; ISBN 0517020785) |
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*''Taliesin Reflections: My Years Before, During, and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright,'' by Earl Nisbet (2006, Meridian Press; ISBN 0-9778951-0-6) |
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*''Truth Against the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture'', ed. by Patrick Meehan (1987, Wiley; ISBN 0471845094) |
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*''Understanding Frank Lloyd Wright's Architecture'', by Donald Hoffman (1995, Dover Publications; ISBN 048628364X) |
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*''Usonia : Frank Lloyd Wright's Design for America'', Alvin Rosenbaum (1993, Preservation Press; ISBN 0891332014) |
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===Biographies of Wright=== |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: Architecture, man in possession of his earth'', by Iovanna Lloyd Wright (1962, Doubleday; {{OCLC|31514669}}) |
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*''Many Masks'', by Brendan Gill (1987, Putnam; ISBN 0399132325) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright'', by Ada Louise Huxtable (2004, Lipper/Viking; ISBN 0670033421) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: a Biography'', by [[Meryle Secrest]] (1992, Knopf; ISBN 0394564367) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: His Life and Architecture'', by Robert Twombly (1979, Wiley; ISBN 0471034002) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: by Vaccaro, Tony, (2002, Kultur-unterm-Schirm) |
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*''The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship'', by Roger Friedland and Harold Zellman (2006, Regan Books; ISBN 0060393882) |
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*''Loving Frank'', by Nancy Horan, (2008, Random House, Inc; ISBN 0345494997) |
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===Selected survey books on Wright’s work=== |
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*''Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, The'', by Neil Levine (1996, [[Princeton University Press]]; ISBN 0691033714) |
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*''Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog, The'', by William Allin Storrer (2007 updated 3rd. ed., University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-77620-4) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: America’s Master Architect'', by Kathryn Smith (1998, [[Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.)]]; ISBN 0789202875) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect'', by the Museum of Modern Art (1994, ISBN 087070642X) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright Companion, The'', by William Allin Storrer (2006 Rev. Ed., University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-77621-2) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: Masterworks'', by Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer (1993, Rizzoli; ISBN 0847817156) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright: Building for Democracy'', by Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer (2004, [[Taschen]]; ISBN 3-8228-2757-6) |
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*''Wrightscapes: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Landscape Designs'', by Charles and Berdeana Aguar (2003, McGraw-Hill; ISBN 007140953X) |
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*''Wright Space: Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wright's Houses'' by Grant Hildebrand (1991, University of Washington Press; ISBN 0295970057) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright Field Guide'', by Thomas A. Heinz (1999, Academy Editions; ISBN 0-8101-2244-8) |
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*''Frank Lloyd Wright's Glass Designs'', by Carla Lind (1995, Pomegranate; ISBN 0876544685) |
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===Selected books about specific Wright projects=== |
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*''Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House'', by Franklin Toker (2003, Knopf; ISBN 1400040264) |
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==See also== |
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<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> |
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* [[:Category:Frank Lloyd Wright buildings|Frank Lloyd Wright buildings]] |
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* [[Wasmuth Portfolio]] |
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* [[Richard Bock]] |
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* [[Roman brick]] |
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* [[Jaroslav Joseph Polivka]] |
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* [[Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio]] |
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* [[Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy]] |
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* [[Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District]] |
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* [[List of Frank Lloyd Wright works]] |
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* [[List of Frank Lloyd Wright works by location]] |
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* [[Broadacre City]] |
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* [[Fallingwater]] |
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</div> |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Frank Lloyd Wright}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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*[http://www.franklloydwright.org/ Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation] Official Website |
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*[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/flw Frank Lloyd Wright, Wisconsin Historical Society] |
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*[http://www.savewright.org/ Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy] |
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*[http://www.nou-sera.com/architect/wright.html#Anchor-4159 Frank Lloyd Wright YouTube] |
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*[http://www.gowright.org/ Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust] – FLW Home and Studio, Robie House |
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*[http://www.taliesin.edu/ Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture] |
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*[http://www.WrightInWisconsin.org/ Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Heritage Tourism Program] |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/flw/ Frank Lloyd Wright] – [[PBS]] [[Television documentary|documentary]] by [[Ken Burns]] and resources |
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*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/flw/flw.html Frank Lloyd Wright. Designs for an American Landscape 1922-1932] |
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*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/103_flw.html Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey] |
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*[http://architecture.about.com/library/bl-wright-list.htm Complete list of Wright buildings by location] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Frank Lloyd}} |
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[[Category:American architects]] |
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[[Category:American furniture designers]] |
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[[Category:American pacifists]] |
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[[Category:Americans of English descent]] |
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[[Category:Americans of Welsh descent]] |
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[[Category:Architects]] |
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[[Category:Architectural theoreticians]] |
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[[Category:Modernist architects]] |
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[[Category:Organic architecture]] |
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[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]] |
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[[Category:People from Oak Park, Illinois]] |
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[[Category:People from Arizona]] |
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[[Category:People from Wisconsin]] |
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[[Category:Stained glass artists of the United States]] |
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[[Category:American Unitarian Universalists]] |
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[[Category:University of Wisconsin-Madison alumni]] |
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[[Category:Phi Delta Theta]] |
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[[Category:1867 births]] |
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[[Category:1959 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Prairie School]] |
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[[af:Frank Lloyd Wright]] |
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[[ar:فرانك لويد رايت]] |
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[[bn:ফ্র্যাংক লয়েড রাইট]] |
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Revision as of 16:47, 10 October 2008
| Norma Desmond | |
|---|---|
| File:SunsetBoulevardfinaleGloriaSwanson.jpg | |
| First appearance | Sunset Boulevard |
| Portrayed by | Gloria Swanson Miriam Hopkins Mary Astor Patti LuPone Glenn Close Petula Clark Helen Schneider |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Female |
Norma Desmond is a main character in Billy Wilder's film Sunset Boulevard.
An aging former star of silent movies, Desmond (Gloria Swanson) has withdrawn to her Gothic Beverly Hills mansion, off Sunset Boulevard, nursing dreams of a return to stardom while her grip on reality grows ever more tenuous over the years. Her one companion is Max (Erich von Stroheim), her butler, former director and we later learn, first husband, who serves as her protector and shields her from the outside world. Because he is still in love with her, he tells her she is still a star, and cuts her off from the news media to keep her from realizing that she has been completely forgotten by her beloved public.
One day Joe Gillis (William Holden), a young, unemployed screenwriter arrives at Desmond's with a flat tire on his 1946 Plymouth after being chased by two repo men. He parks the car inside the garage of the mansion and is summoned by Norma to the front door. She confuses him for an undertaker for her just deceased pet monkey.
Norma finds out that Joe Gillis is in fact a writer and asks him to take a look at a manuscript she has been working for a while. It is the story of Salome, and she plans to star in it, though she is way past her prime.
Joe quickly sees a chance to milk money out of the delusional star; he promises to fix her a script for a star vehicle, and Norma agrees as she wants to send the manuscript to Paramount Pictures' famed director Cecil B. DeMille, with whom Desmond once worked. Desmond is elated; she sees in Gillis the chance to regain her youthful promise, and sets him up in style, buying his clothes and paying all his expenses. Max sees through Gillis immediately, but puts up with the charade because it makes his beloved "madame" happy. As time passes, however, Desmond becomes increasingly unstable when it becomes clear that there is no hit movie for her in the works, and increasingly jealous of and dependent upon Gillis. She professes her love for him at a New Year's Eve party, but he rejects her and leaves.
He attends another party, where he first flirts with screen writer Betty (Nancy Olson) and makes plans to move out of Norma's mansion. Norma makes a suicide attempt, and when Joe returns to comfort her, she seduces him.
Meanwhile, DeMille's office calls Max and asks if Desmond can meet with her old director so he can use her vintage car in a film; Max lies to her and tells her DeMille wants to work with her again, and DeMille himself takes pity on her and tells her what she wants to hear.
Gillis begins writing a screenplay with Betty in secret, and Betty tells him she has fallen in love with him. When he hears Norma having a phone conversation with Betty, in an attempt to scare her away, he invites Betty to the mansion and confesses the situation, euphemistically "a older woman who's well-to-do" and a "young man who's not doing too well."
After driving away Betty, Gillis tells Norma he's leaving for good. Desmond snaps and shoots him to death, leaving his body floating in her pool and going into shock. When the police arrive, she thinks they are merely her adoring fans and the production crew for her movie. Elegantly striding toward a news camera, she utters the iconic line, "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up."
Actresses
Norma Desmond was played on screen by Gloria Swanson
Miriam Hopkins and Mary Astor played the role in two separate t.v. productions based on the film.
In the Andrew Lloyd Webber stage musical, the role was played by Patti LuPone (in London's West End), Elaine Paige (in London's West End and on Broadway), Glenn Close (in Los Angeles and on Broadway), Betty Buckley (in London's West End and on Broadway), Rita Moreno (in London's West End), Diahann Carroll (in Toronto), Faith Brown in a 2001 UK tour revival, Debra Byrne, Maria Mercedes and Judi Connelli in the two separate Australian productions and Helen Schneider, Christina Grimandi, Sue Mathys and Daniela Ziegler in the German version of the musical; Pia Douwes and Simone Kleinsma played the role in the 2008 Dutch tour of the show. Petula Clark, who appeared in the London production and took the show on a lengthy tour throughout the US, has played the role more often than any other actress, with more than 2500 performances to her credit. In a previous short-lived US tour back in 1996, the role was briefly played by Linda Balgord.
Quotes
Joe: "I know you. You're Norma Desmond! You used to be in silent pictures. You used to be big!"
Norma: "I am big! It's the pictures that got small!"
Norma (to newsreel cameras): "And I promise you I'll never desert you again because after 'Salome' we'll make another picture and another picture. You see, this is my life! It always will be! Nothing else! Just us, the cameras, and those wonderful people out there in the dark!... All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up."
Norma: "We didn't need dialogue. We had faces!"