Armenian language

Armenian
Armenian
Հայերեն Hayeren
Native to	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Russia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece, Israel and the rest of the Armenian diaspora
Native speakers	7 million
Language family	Indo-European Armenian;
Writing system	Armenian alphabet
Official status
Official language in	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh
Regulated by	National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Language codes
ISO 639-1	hy
ISO 639-2	arm (B) ; hye (T)
ISO 639-3	hye

The Armenian language (Armenian: հայերեն լեզու, IPA: [hajɛɹɛn lɛzu] — [hy] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: hayeren lezu (help), conventional short form [hy] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: hayeren (help)) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people in the Republic of Armenia, in Georgia (especially in Samtskhe-Javakheti), Mountainous Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and also used by the Armenian diaspora.

Linguists standardly classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. Some Indo-Europeanists, notably Clackson (1994), have proposed that Armenian may have been grouped together with the Hellenic branch (which contains Greek). This is called the Graeco-Armenian Hypothesis, sometimes in combination with a Graeco-Aryan hypothesis (Fortson 1994). Determining the historical evolution of Armenians is particularly difficult because Armenian borrowed many words from Parthian and Persian (both Iranian languages) as well as from Greek.

History

Origins

Graeco-Armenian hypothesis

Armenian is regarded by some linguists as a close relative of Phrygian. Many scholars such as Clackson (1994) hold that Greek is the most closely related surviving language to Armenian. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared by Armenian, which also shares other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek. The close relatedness of Armenian and Greek sheds light on the paraphyletic nature of the Centum-Satem isogloss. Armenian also shares major isoglosses with Greek; some linguists propose that the linguistic ancestors of the Armenians and Greeks were either identical or in a close contact relation. However other linguistics including Fortson (2004) comment "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century A.D., the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces."

Speculations on Anatolian influence

W. M. Austin in 1942 concluded^[1] that there was an early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages, based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine, the absence of inherited long vowels and the centum character.

Iranian influence

The Classical Armenian language (often referred to as grabar, literally "written (language)") imported numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily Parthian, and contains smaller inventories of borrowings from Greek, Syriac, Latin, and autochthonous languages such as Urartian. Middle Armenian (11th–15th centuries AD) incorporated further loans from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Latin, and the modern dialects took in hundreds of additional words from Modern Turkish and Persian.

The large percentage of loans from Iranian languages initially led linguists to classify Armenian as an Iranian language. The distinctness of Armenian was only recognized when Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the true Armenian vocabulary. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian Genocide.

Phonology

Vowels

Modern Armenian has eight monophthong vowel sounds.

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Central	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	ʏ			u
Mid	ɛ	œ	ə		o
Open				ɑ

Classical Armenian distinguishes seven vowels: /a/, /ɪ/, /ə/ (schwa), /ɛ/ (open e), /e/ (closed e), /o/, and /u/ (transcribed as a, i, ə, e, ē, o, ow and u respectively).

Consonants

In the following table there is listed the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a Greek spiritus asper after the letter): p῾, t῾, c῾, č῾, k῾. For each phoneme there are three symbols in the table. The topmost indicates the pronunciation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); in the middle there is the corresponding symbol in the Armenian alphabet; and the bottom one is its transliteration in Latin alphabet (following ISO 9985).

	bilabial	labio- dental	alveolar	post- alveolar	palatal	velar / uvular	glottal
plosive	p b պ բ p b		t d տ դ t d			k g կ գ k g
aspirated plosive	pʰ փ p‘		tʰ թ t‘			kʰ ք k‘
nasal	m մ m		n ն n
fricative		f v ֆ վ f v	s z ս զ s z	ʃ ʒ շ ժ š ž		χ ʁ խ ղ x ġ	h հ h
affricate			ʦ ʣ ծ ձ ç j	tʃ ʤ ճ ջ č̣ j
aspirated affricate			ʦʰ ց c‘	tʃʰ չ č
approximant			ɹ ր r		j -յ- y
trill			r ռ ṙ
lateral approximant			l լ l

Morphology

Armenian corresponds with other Indo-European languages in its structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and features of its grammar with neighboring languages of the Caucasus region. Armenian is rich in combinations of consonants. Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of declining nouns, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. In modern Armenian the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of classical Armenian. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go"). Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical Greek and Latin, but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations. Interestingly enough, it shares the common -tion suffix with Latin (the Armenian cognate is t'youn, թյուն).

Lord Byron studied the Armenian language. He helped to compile an Armenian grammar textbook and translated a few Armenian books into English.

Noun

Classical Armenian has no grammatical gender, not even in the pronoun. The nominal inflection, however, preserves several types of inherited stem classes. The noun may take seven cases, nominative, accusative, locative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental.

Verb

Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of conjugation with two main verb types (three in Western Armenian) changing form based on tense, mood and aspect.

Dialects

The major division is between the Eastern and Western dialects. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic and Turkish-speaking communities.

For example, Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce (Template:Hayeren) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", (Template:Hayeren) like the "d" in "develop", and (Template:Hayeren) as an unaspirated voiceless stop, sounding somewhere between the two as in "stop." Western Armenian has simplified the stop system into a simple division between voiced stops and voiceless aspirate ones; the first series corresponds to the unaspirated voiceless series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated voiceless series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both (Template:Hayeren) and (Template:Hayeren) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger," and the (Template:Hayeren) letter is pronounced like the letter "d" as in "develop."

There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects). The main difference between both blocks are:

Western Armenian (Arevm'tahayeren):
- example
Eastern Armenian (Arevelahayeren):
- example

Armenian can be subdivided in two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have died due to the effects of the Armenian Genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. While Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, some subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. It is true, however, that a fluent speaker of two greatly varying subdialects who are exposed to the other dialect over even a short period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease.

English - Eastern Armenian

Yes = Ayo (Template:Hayeren)
No = Voch (Template:Hayeren)
Excuse me = Neroghoutioun (Template:Hayeren)
Hello = Barev (Template:Hayeren)
Please = Khntrem (Template:Hayeren)
Thank you = Shnorhakal em (Template:Hayeren)
Thank you very much = Shat shnorhakal em (Template:Hayeren)
Welcome = Bari galust (Template:Hayeren) / Barov eq yekel
Goodbye = Tstesoutioun (Template:Hayeren)
Good morning = Bari louys (Template:Hayeren)
Good afternoon = Bari or (Template:Hayeren)
Good evening = Bari yereko (Template:Hayeren)
Good night = Bari gisher (Template:Hayeren)
I love you = Yes sirum em qez (Template:Hayeren)

English - Western Armenian

Yes = Ayo (Template:Hayeren)
No = Voch (Template:Hayeren)
Excuse me = Neroghoutioun (Template:Hayeren)
Hello = Parev (Template:Hayeren)
Please = Hadjis (Template:Hayeren)
Thank you = Shnorhagal em (Template:Hayeren)
Thank you very much = Shad shnorhagal em (Template:Hayeren)
Welcome = Pari yegar / Pari yegak (Template:Hayeren)
Goodbye = Tsdesoutioun (Template:Hayeren)
Good morning = Pari louys (Template:Hayeren)
Good afternoon = Pari or (Template:Hayeren)
Good evening = Parirgoun / Pari irigoun (Template:Hayeren)
Good night = Kisher pari (Template:Hayeren)

Footnotes

^ Austin, William M. (Jan. - Mar., 1942). "Is Armenian an Anatolian Language?:Language, Vol. 18, No. 1". Linguistic Society of America: 22–25. doi:10.2307/409074. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

References

Clackson, James. 1994. The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. London: Publications of the Philological Society, No 30. (and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing)
Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Hübschmann, Heinrich (1875) "Über die Stellung des armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen," Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 23.5-42. English translation
Mallory, J. P. (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London: Thames & Hudson.
Vaux, Bert. 1998. The Phonology of Armenian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.