Pasteurella: Difference between revisions

Pasteurella
	Gram-stained photomicrograph depicting numerous Pasteurella multocida bacteria
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Pseudomonadota
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Pasteurellales
Family:	Pasteurellaceae
Genus:	Pasteurella; Trevisan 1887
Species
	P. aerogenes; P. anatis; P. avium; P. bettyae; P. caballi; P. canis; P. dagmatis; P. gallicida; P. gallinarum; P. granulomatis; P. langaaensis; P. lymphangitidis; P. mairii; P. multocida; P. oralis; P. pneumotropica; P. skyensis; P. stomatis; P. testudinis; P. trehalosi; P. ureae; P. volantium

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Pasteurella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.^[1]^[2] Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic, and often exhibit bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance). Most species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.^[3] The genus is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera.

Pathogenesis[edit]

Many Pasteurella species are zoonotic pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from domestic animal bites.^[4]^[5] In cattle, sheep, and birds, Pasteurella species can cause a life-threatening pneumonia; in cats and dogs, however, Pasteurella is not a cause of disease, and constitutes part of the normal flora of the nose and mouth.^[6] Pasteurella haemolytica is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human Pasteurella infection.^[7] Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans include swelling, cellulitis, and bloody drainage at the site of the wound. Infection may progress to nearby joints, where it can cause further swelling, arthritis, and abscesses.^[6]

Pasteurella spp. are generally susceptible to chloramphenicol, the penicillins, tetracycline, and the macrolides.^[6]

The common occurrence of the bacteria is a reason to be medically proactive and defensive (antibacterial treatments are often necessary) if a bite occurs.^[8] Several vaccine preparations were used to prevent Pasteurella infection.^[9] New regimens for vaccination and vaccine formulation ^[10]^[11] showed to be promising for the control of the pathogen.

In animals[edit]

P. multocida is also known to cause morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease. P. multocida can be endemic among rabbit colonies and is often transmitted through nasal secretions. P. multocida can survive several days in water or moist areas.^[12] Pasturella spp. can be transmitted through the bite of a dog.^[13] They have also been reported in red kangaroos^[14] and potoroos.^[15] Pasteurella Bisgaard taxon 45 was identified in late 2023 as the organism that killed nearly 400 elephants in Zimbabwe and Botswana during the summer of 2020^[16]^[17]

Antibiotic sensitivity[edit]

P. multocida is highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin.^[18]

Possible complications[edit]

Osteomyelitis is a possible complication of P. multocida, which can subsequently lead to necrotizing fasciitis.^[19]

References[edit]

^ "Pasteurella". List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2006-04-06.
^ Kuhnert P; Christensen H, eds. (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9.
^ Health Protection Agency (2007). Identification of Pasteurella species and morphologically similar bacteria (.pdf) Archived 2009-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. National Standard Method BSOP ID 13 Issue 2.1.
^ "Pasteurella". Introduction To Clinical Microbiology. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16. Retrieved 2006-04-06.
^ Mark A Marinella, MD. "Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Pasteurella multocida" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Collins, Frank M. (1996-01-01). Baron, Samuel (ed.). Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 0963117211. PMID 21413268.
^ Collins FM (1996). Barron S; et al. (eds.). Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
^ "In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pasteurella Mutocida" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Sciences.
^ Ahmad, Ahmad TA; Rammah; Sheweita; Haroun; El-Sayed (2014). "Development of immunization trials against Pasteurella multocida". Vaccine. 32 (8): 909–917. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.068. PMC 5941127. PMID 29766005.
^ Ahmad, Ahmad TA; Rammah; Sheweita; Haroun; El-Sayed (2018). "The enhancement of the Pasteurella's bacterin by propolis extracts". Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 6 (2): 208–218. PMC 5941127. PMID 29766005.
^ El-Ashry ESH, Ahmad TA; Ahmad TA (2012). "The use of propolis as vaccine's adjuvant". Vaccine. 31 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.095. PMID 23137844.
^ Barbara Deeb, DVM, MS Assistant Professor Dept. of Comparative Medicine University of Washington. "Pasteurella multocida Infection in Rabbits".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)^{[dead link]}
^ "Human Rabies Prevention, United States, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008. p. 2. Retrieved April 25, 2017. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
^ Okoh, A. E. J. (January 1980). "An outbreak of pasteurellosis in Kano Zoo". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 16 (1): 3–5. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-16.1.3. PMID 7373722. S2CID 40925554.
^ Wells, Monique Y.; Montali, Richard J. (1985). "Pasteurellosis in Southern Potoroos". The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine. 16 (1): 21–25. doi:10.2307/20094727. JSTOR 20094727.
^ Weston, Phoebe (November 2023). "It took years to solve the mystery elephant deaths. Now, the threat is spreading". The Guardian.
^ Foggin, Chris M.; Rosen, Laura E.; Henton, Marijke M.; Buys, Angela; Floyd, Toby; Turner, Andrew D.; Tarbin, Jonathan; Lloyd, Antony S.; Chaitezvi, Columbas; Ellis, Richard J.; Roberts, Helen C.; Dastjerdi, Akbar; Nunez, Alejandro; van Vliet, Arnoud H. M.; Steinbach, Falko (25 October 2023). "Pasteurella sp. associated with fatal septicaemia in six African elephants". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 6398. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.6398F. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41987-z. PMC 10600241. PMID 37880229.
^ "Pets and Pasteurella Infections". healthy children.org. June 27, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^ "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.

External links[edit]

This Gammaproteobacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] "Pasteurella". List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2006-04-06.

[KuhnertChristensen-2] Kuhnert P; Christensen H, eds. (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9.

[3] Health Protection Agency (2007). Identification of Pasteurella species and morphologically similar bacteria (.pdf) Archived 2009-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. National Standard Method BSOP ID 13 Issue 2.1.

[4] "Pasteurella". Introduction To Clinical Microbiology. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16. Retrieved 2006-04-06.

[5] Mark A Marinella, MD. "Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Pasteurella multocida" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-09-15.

[:1-6] Collins, Frank M. (1996-01-01). Baron, Samuel (ed.). Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 0963117211. PMID 21413268.

[7] Collins FM (1996). Barron S; et al. (eds.). Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf).

[:0-8] "In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pasteurella Mutocida" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Sciences.

[9] Ahmad, Ahmad TA; Rammah; Sheweita; Haroun; El-Sayed (2014). "Development of immunization trials against Pasteurella multocida". Vaccine. 32 (8): 909–917. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.068. PMC 5941127. PMID 29766005.

[10] Ahmad, Ahmad TA; Rammah; Sheweita; Haroun; El-Sayed (2018). "The enhancement of the Pasteurella's bacterin by propolis extracts". Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 6 (2): 208–218. PMC 5941127. PMID 29766005.

[11] El-Ashry ESH, Ahmad TA; Ahmad TA (2012). "The use of propolis as vaccine's adjuvant". Vaccine. 31 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.095. PMID 23137844.

[12] Barbara Deeb, DVM, MS Assistant Professor Dept. of Comparative Medicine University of Washington. "Pasteurella multocida Infection in Rabbits".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)^{[dead link]}

[CDC2008-13] "Human Rabies Prevention, United States, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008. p. 2. Retrieved April 25, 2017. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[14] Okoh, A. E. J. (January 1980). "An outbreak of pasteurellosis in Kano Zoo". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 16 (1): 3–5. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-16.1.3. PMID 7373722. S2CID 40925554.

[15] Wells, Monique Y.; Montali, Richard J. (1985). "Pasteurellosis in Southern Potoroos". The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine. 16 (1): 21–25. doi:10.2307/20094727. JSTOR 20094727.

[16] Weston, Phoebe (November 2023). "It took years to solve the mystery elephant deaths. Now, the threat is spreading". The Guardian.

[17] Foggin, Chris M.; Rosen, Laura E.; Henton, Marijke M.; Buys, Angela; Floyd, Toby; Turner, Andrew D.; Tarbin, Jonathan; Lloyd, Antony S.; Chaitezvi, Columbas; Ellis, Richard J.; Roberts, Helen C.; Dastjerdi, Akbar; Nunez, Alejandro; van Vliet, Arnoud H. M.; Steinbach, Falko (25 October 2023). "Pasteurella sp. associated with fatal septicaemia in six African elephants". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 6398. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.6398F. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41987-z. PMC 10600241. PMID 37880229.

[HealthyChildren-18] "Pets and Pasteurella Infections". healthy children.org. June 27, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.

[19] "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
-{{italic title}}
+{{Automatic taxobox
-{{Taxobox
-| color = lightgrey
+| image = PHIL 3621.tif
+| image_alt = Gram-stained photomicrograph depicting numerous "Pasteurella multocida" bacteria
-| name = ''Pasteurella''
+| image_caption = [[Gram-stain]]ed photomicrograph depicting numerous ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]'' bacteria
-| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
+| taxon = Pasteurella
-| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
+| authority = Trevisan 1887
-| classis = [[Gammaproteobacteria]]
-| ordo = [[Pasteurellales]]
-| familia = [[Pasteurellaceae]]
-| genus = '''''Pasteurella'''''
-| genus_authority = Trevisan 1887
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision = ''[[Pasteurella aerogenes|P. aerogenes]]''<br/>
+| subdivision =
+''[[Pasteurella aerogenes|P. aerogenes]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella anatis|P. anatis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella anatis|P. anatis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella avium|P. avium]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella avium|P. avium]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella bettyae|P. bettyae]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella bettyae|P. bettyae]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella caballi|P. caballi]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella caballi|P. caballi]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella canis|P. canis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella canis|P. canis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella dagmatis|P. dagmatis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella dagmatis|P. dagmatis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella gallicida|P. gallicida]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella gallicida|P. gallicida]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella gallinarum|P. gallinarum]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella gallinarum|P. gallinarum]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella granulomatis|P. granulomatis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella granulomatis|P. granulomatis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella langaaensis|P. langaaensis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella langaa|P. langaaensis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella lymphangitidis|P. lymphangitidis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella lymphangitidis|P. lymphangitidis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella mairii|P. mairii]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella mairii|P. mairii]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella multocida|P. multocida]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella multocida|P. multocida]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella oralis|P. oralis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella oralis|P. oralis]]''<br />
 ''[[Pasteurella pneumotropica|P. pneumotropica]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella skyensis|P. skyensis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella skyensis|P. skyensis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella stomatis|P. stomatis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella stomatis|P. stomatis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella testudinis|P. testudinis]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella testudinis|P. testudinis]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella trehalosi|P. trehalosi]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella trehalosi|P. trehalosi]]''<br />
-''[[Pasteurella ureae|P. ureae]]''<br/>
+''[[Pasteurella ureae|P. ureae]]''<br />
 ''[[Pasteurella volantium|P. volantium]]''
 }}
 __NOTOC__
-'''''Pasteurella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]], [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]] [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Pasteurella | work= List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature | url=http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/p/pasteurella.html | accessdate=2006-04-06}}</ref><ref name= KuhnertChristensen>{{cite book | editor = Kuhnert P | editor2 = Christensen H | title = Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/past |ISBN= 978-1-904455-34-9 }}</ref> ''Pasteurella'' species are non[[Motility|motile]] and [[pleomorphism (microbiology)|pleomorphic]], and often exhibit bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance). Most species are [[catalase]]- and [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref>Health Protection Agency (2007). [http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1203409656707 Identification of ''Pasteurella'' species and morphologically similar bacteria (.pdf)]. National Standard Method BSOP ID 13 Issue 2.1.</ref>
+'''''Pasteurella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]], [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]] [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Pasteurella | work=List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature | url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/pasteurella | access-date=2006-04-06 }}</ref><ref name= KuhnertChristensen>{{cite book | editor = Kuhnert P | editor2 = Christensen H | title = Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/past |isbn= 978-1-904455-34-9 }}</ref> ''Pasteurella'' species are non[[Motility|motile]] and [[pleomorphism (microbiology)|pleomorphic]], and often exhibit bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance). Most species are [[catalase]]- and [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref>Health Protection Agency (2007). [http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1203409656707 Identification of ''Pasteurella'' species and morphologically similar bacteria (.pdf)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922234246/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1203409656707 |date=2009-09-22 }}. National Standard Method BSOP ID 13 Issue 2.1.</ref>
 The genus is named after the French [[chemist]] and [[microbiologist]], [[Louis Pasteur]], who first identified the bacteria now known as ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]'' as the agent of [[chicken cholera]].
 ==Pathogenesis==
-{{see also|Pasteurellosis}}
+{{See also|Pasteurellosis}}
-Many ''Pasteurella'' species are [[zoonotic]] pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from [[Pet|domestic animal]] bites.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Pasteurella'' | work=Introduction To Clinical Microbiology | url=http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001514.htm | accessdate=2006-04-06 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060116020846/http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001514.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to ''Pasteurella multocida'' | url=http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/12.04/12.04.1528.pdf | author = Mark A Marinella, MD}}</ref> In cattle, sheep, and birds, ''Pasteurella'' species can cause a life-threatening [[pneumonia]]; in cats and dogs, however, ''Pasteurella'' is not a cause of disease, and constitutes part of the normal [[Microbiota|flora]] of the [[Nasopharynx|nose and mouth]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|edition = 4th|title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7798/|publisher = University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|date = 1996-01-01|location = Galveston (TX)|isbn = 0963117211|pmid = 21413268|first = Frank M.|last = Collins|editor-first = Samuel|editor-last = Baron}}</ref> ''Pasteurella haemolytica'' is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: ''[[Pasteurella multocida|P. multocida]]'' is the most frequent causative agent in human ''Pasteurella'' infection.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins FM | title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology | editor=Barron S |display-editors=etal | edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1600 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans include swelling, [[cellulitis]], and bloody drainage at the site of the wound. Infection may progress to nearby joints, where it can cause further swelling, arthritis, and [[abscess]]es.<ref name=":1" />
+Many ''Pasteurella'' species are [[zoonotic]] pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from [[Pet|domestic animal]] bites.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Pasteurella'' | work=Introduction To Clinical Microbiology | url=http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001514.htm | access-date=2006-04-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060116020846/http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001514.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to ''Pasteurella multocida'' | url=http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/12.04/12.04.1528.pdf | author=Mark A Marinella, MD | access-date=2007-09-15 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221640/http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/12.04/12.04.1528.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> In cattle, sheep, and birds, ''Pasteurella'' species can cause a life-threatening [[pneumonia]]; in cats and dogs, however, ''Pasteurella'' is not a cause of disease, and constitutes part of the normal [[Microbiota|flora]] of the [[Nasopharynx|nose and mouth]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|edition = 4th|title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7798/|publisher = University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|date = 1996-01-01|location = Galveston (TX)|isbn = 0963117211|pmid = 21413268|first = Frank M.|last = Collins|editor-first = Samuel|editor-last = Baron}}</ref> ''Pasteurella haemolytica'' is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: ''[[Pasteurella multocida|P. multocida]]'' is the most frequent causative agent in human ''Pasteurella'' infection.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins FM | title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology | editor=Barron S |display-editors=etal | edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1600 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans include swelling, [[cellulitis]], and bloody drainage at the site of the wound. Infection may progress to nearby joints, where it can cause further swelling, arthritis, and [[abscess]]es.<ref name=":1" />
 ''Pasteurella'' spp. are generally susceptible to [[chloramphenicol]], the [[penicillin]]s, [[tetracycline]], and the [[macrolide]]s.<ref name=":1" />
-The common occurrence of the bacteria is a reason to be medically proactive and defensive (antibacterial treatments are often necessary) if a bite occurs.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://www.sau.edu.pk/sau_journal/2011/26_2/26-2full/09.pdf|title = In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pasteurella Mutocida|publisher = Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Sciences|date = |accessdate = }}</ref>
+The common occurrence of the bacteria is a reason to be medically proactive and defensive (antibacterial treatments are often necessary) if a bite occurs.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://www.sau.edu.pk/sau_journal/2011/26_2/26-2full/09.pdf|title = In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pasteurella Mutocida|publisher = Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Sciences|date = |access-date = }}</ref> Several vaccine preparations were used to prevent ''Pasteurella'' infection.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ahmad|first=Ahmad TA|author2=Rammah|author3=Sheweita|author4=Haroun|author5=El-Sayed|date=2014|title=Development of immunization trials against Pasteurella multocida|journal=Vaccine|volume=32|issue=8|pages=909–917|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.068|pmid=29766005|pmc=5941127}}</ref> New regimens for vaccination and vaccine formulation <ref>{{cite journal|author=Ahmad|first=Ahmad TA|author2=Rammah|author3=Sheweita|author4=Haroun|author5=El-Sayed|date=2018|title=The enhancement of the Pasteurella's bacterin by propolis extracts|journal=Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=208–218|pmc=5941127|pmid=29766005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=El-Ashry ESH|first=Ahmad TA|author2=Ahmad TA|title=The use of propolis as vaccine's adjuvant|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1201568X|journal=Vaccine|year=2012|volume=31|issue=1|pages=31–39|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.095|pmid=23137844}}</ref> showed to be promising for the control of the pathogen.
-===In animals ===
+===In animals===
-''P. multocida'' is also known to cause morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease. ''P. multocida'' can be endemic among rabbit colonies and is often transmitted through nasal secretions. ''P. multocida'' can survive several days in water or moist areas.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Pasteurella multocida'' Infection in Rabbits | url=http://www.rabbit.org/care/pasteurella.html | author = Barbara Deeb, DVM, MS Assistant Professor Dept. of Comparative Medicine University of Washington}}</ref> Pasturella can be transmitted through the [[dog bite | the bite of a dog]].<ref name = CDC2008> {{cite web |title = Human Rabies Prevention, United States, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | access-date = April 25, 2017 | date = 2008 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr57e507.pdf | page = 2 }} {{CDC}}  </ref>
+''P. multocida'' is also known to cause morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease. ''P. multocida'' can be endemic among rabbit colonies and is often transmitted through nasal secretions. ''P. multocida'' can survive several days in water or moist areas.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Pasteurella multocida'' Infection in Rabbits | url=http://www.rabbit.org/care/pasteurella.html | author = Barbara Deeb, DVM, MS Assistant Professor Dept. of [[Comparative medicine|Comparative Medicine]] University of Washington}}{{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref> ''Pasturella'' spp. can be transmitted through [[dog bite|the bite of a dog]].<ref name="CDC2008">{{cite web |title = Human Rabies Prevention, United States, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | access-date = April 25, 2017 | date = 2008 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr57e507.pdf | page = 2 }} {{CDC}}</ref>
+They have also been reported in red kangaroos<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okoh |first1=A. E. J. |title=An outbreak of pasteurellosis in Kano Zoo |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |date=January 1980 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-16.1.3 |pmid=7373722 |s2cid=40925554 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and potoroos.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Monique Y. |last2=Montali |first2=Richard J. |title=Pasteurellosis in Southern Potoroos |journal=The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine |date=1985 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.2307/20094727 |jstor=20094727 }}</ref>
+Pasteurella Bisgaard taxon 45 was identified in late 2023 as the organism that killed nearly 400 elephants in Zimbabwe and Botswana during the summer of 2020<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/01/mystery-elephant-deaths-botswana-zimbabwe-pasteurella-bisgaard-taxon-45-aoe | title=It took years to solve the mystery elephant deaths. Now, the threat is spreading | newspaper=The Guardian | date=November 2023 | last1=Weston | first1=Phoebe }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foggin |first1=Chris M. |last2=Rosen |first2=Laura E. |last3=Henton |first3=Marijke M. |last4=Buys |first4=Angela |last5=Floyd |first5=Toby |last6=Turner |first6=Andrew D. |last7=Tarbin |first7=Jonathan |last8=Lloyd |first8=Antony S. |last9=Chaitezvi |first9=Columbas |last10=Ellis |first10=Richard J. |last11=Roberts |first11=Helen C. |last12=Dastjerdi |first12=Akbar |last13=Nunez |first13=Alejandro |last14=van Vliet |first14=Arnoud H. M. |last15=Steinbach |first15=Falko |title=Pasteurella sp. associated with fatal septicaemia in six African elephants |journal=Nature Communications |date=25 October 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6398 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-41987-z |pmid=37880229 |pmc=10600241 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.6398F }}</ref>
 ===Antibiotic sensitivity===
-''P. multocida'' is highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphinicol, and ampicillin.<ref name=HealthyChildren>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/pages/Pets-and-Pasteurella-Infections.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token |title=Pets and Pasteurella Infections |publisher=healthy children.org |date=June 27, 2012 |accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref>
+''P. multocida'' is highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin.<ref name=HealthyChildren>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/pages/Pets-and-Pasteurella-Infections.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token |title=Pets and Pasteurella Infections |publisher=healthy children.org |date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=July 18, 2012}}</ref>
+=== Possible complications ===
+[[Osteomyelitis]] is a possible complication of ''P. multocida,'' which can subsequently lead to [[necrotizing fasciitis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pasteurella-infections |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.uptodate.com}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 57: / Line 59: @@
 ==External links==
-*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5269766.stm Man 'first rabbit flu victim' - BBC News]
+* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5269766.stm Man 'first rabbit flu victim' - BBC News]
-*[http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/past.shtml "Your Bunny Probably Has It - ''Pasteurella''" by Astrid M. Kruse, DVM]
+* [https://archive.today/20130415155323/http://www.rabbitnetwork.org/articles/past.shtml "Your Bunny Probably Has It - ''Pasteurella''" by Astrid M. Kruse, DVM]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2477372}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Gammaproteobacteria]]
+[[Category:Pasteurellales]]
 [[Category:Bacteria genera]]