Petru Cercel: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Better link for non-British OS/NS now
Restored revision 1168467255 by Alin2808 (talk)
 
(43 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Petru II Cercel
| name = Petru II Cercel
| title =[[List of rulers of Wallachia|Voivode of Wallachia]]
| title = [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Voivode of Wallachia]]
| image= 069 - Petru Cercel.jpg
| image = 069 - Petru Cercel.jpg
| caption =Petru Cercel at the Căluiu Monastery
| caption = Petru Cercel at the Căluiu Monastery
| reign =29 August 1583 – 16 April 1585
| reign = 29 August 1583 – 16 April 1585
| predecessor =[[Mihnea Turcitul]]
| predecessor = [[Mihnea Turcitul]]
| successor =[[Mihnea Turcitul]]
| successor = [[Mihnea Turcitul]]
| house = [[House of Drăculești|Drăculești]]
| house = [[House of Drăculești|Drăculești]]
| father =[[Pătrașcu cel Bun]]
| father = [[Pătrașcu cel Bun]]
| death_date =March 1590
| death_date = March 1590
|succession = [[Voivode of Wallachia]]
|}}
|}}


'''Petru II Cercel''' (''Peter Earring'' or ''Earring Peter'') (died 1590) was a [[Voivode]] ([[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Wallachia]] from 1583 to 1585, [[Illegitimacy|bastard]] son to [[Pătrașcu cel Bun]] and alleged [[half-brother]] of [[Michael the Brave|Mihai Viteazul]]. A [[Multilingual|polyglot]] and a minor figure as a poet, Petru is noted for having written his [[Poetry|verses]] in [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]].
'''Petru II Cercel''' (''Peter Earring'' or ''Earring Peter''; c. 1545 – March 1590) was a [[Voivode]] ([[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Wallachia]] from 1583 to 1585, legitimate son to [[Pătrașcu cel Bun]] and alleged [[half-brother]] of [[Michael the Brave|Mihai Viteazul]]. A [[Multilingual|polyglot]] and a minor figure as a poet, Petru is noted for having written his [[Poetry|verses]] in [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]].


== In Europe ==
== In Europe ==

Petru spent his early years constantly traveling, trying to win support in his bid for the Wallachian throne. The fact that, as of 1579, he received unconditional support in [[Valois Dynasty|France]], coupled with the [[jewellery]]-wearing that attracted his [[moniker]] have led to speculations that Cercel belonged to the group of [[Les Mignons|mignons]] of [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]. It is even stated that Henry interceded with the [[Ottoman Empire|Porte]] to award Petru the crown because of his affection for him.
Petru spent his early years constantly traveling, trying to win support in his bid for the Wallachian throne. The fact that, as of 1579, he received unconditional support in [[Valois Dynasty|France]], coupled with the [[jewellery]]-wearing that attracted his [[moniker]] have led to speculations that Cercel belonged to the group of [[Les Mignons|mignons]] of [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]. It is even stated that Henry interceded with the [[Ottoman Empire|Porte]] to award Petru the crown because of his affection for him.


Petru traveled to [[Istanbul]] in 1581, as constant backing by the French [[ambassador]] had influenced the Porte to look into matters; he arrived there in May, after being welcomed and spending time in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]]. His stay in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] capital was marked by a competition in [[bribery|bribing]] and intrigue, carried out against [[Ecaterina Salvaresso]], mother to the child-voivode Mihnea (who was to be known as [[Mihnea Turcitul]]). Petru was to emerge the winner, with Mihnea and Ecaterina heading for a brief [[exile]] in [[Tripoli]].
Petru traveled to [[Istanbul]] in 1581, as constant backing by the French [[ambassador]] had influenced the Porte to look into matters; he arrived there in May, after being welcomed and spending time in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]]. His stay in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] capital was marked by a competition in [[bribery|bribing]] and intrigue, carried out against [[Ecaterina Salvaresso]], mother to the child-voivode Mihnea (who was to be known as [[Mihnea Turcitul]]). Petru was to emerge the winner, with Mihnea and Ecaterina heading for a brief [[exile]] in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].

==Members of the Drăculești line==
Members of the [[House of Drăculești]] who held the throne of Wallachia include the following:

{| border=0
|-
!style=background:#ababab;| Ruler
!style=background:#dfdead;| Remark
|-
| [[Vlad II Dracul]] || 1436–1442, 1443–1447; son of [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea cel Bătrân]]
|-
| [[Mircea II of Wallachia|Mircea II]] || 1442; son of Vlad II
|-
| [[Vlad III the Impaler|Vlad III Drăculea]] || 1448, 1456–1462, 1476; son of Vlad II
|-
| [[Radu cel Frumos]] || 1462–1473, 1474; son of Vlad II
|-
| [[Vlad Călugărul]] || 1481, 1482–1495; son of Vlad II
|-
| [[Radu cel Mare]] || 1495–1508; son of Vlad Călugărul
|-
| [[Mihnea cel Rău]] || 1508–1509; son of Vlad III
|-
| [[Mircea III Dracul]] || 1510; son of Mihnea cel Rău
|-
| [[Vlad cel Tânăr]] || 1510–1512; son of Vlad Călugărul
|-
| [[Radu de la Afumați]] || 1522–1523, 1524, 1524–1525, 1525–1529; son of Radu cel Mare
|-
| [[Radu Bădica]] || 1523–1524; son of Radu cel Mare
|-
| [[Vlad Înecatul]] || 1530–1532; son of Vlad cel Tânăr
|-
| [[Vlad Vintilă de la Slatina]] || 1532–1534, 1534–1535; son of Radu cel Mare
|-
| [[Radu Paisie]] || 1534, 1535–1545; son of Radu cel Mare
|-
| [[Mircea Ciobanul]] || 1545–1552, 1553–1554, 1558–1559; son of Radu cel Mare
|-
| [[Pătrașcu cel Bun]] || 1554–1558; son of Radu Paisie
|-
| [[Petru cel Tânăr]] || 1559–1568; son of Mircea Ciobanul
|-
| [[Alexandru II Mircea]] || 1568–1574, 1574–1577; son of Mircea III Dracul
|-
| [[Vintilă]] || 1574; son of Pătrașcu cel Bun
|-
| [[Mihnea Turcitul]] || 1577–1583, 1585–1591; son of Alexandru II Mircea
|-
| Petru Cercel || 1583–1585; son of Pătrașcu cel Bun
|-
| [[Mihai Viteazul]] || 1593–1600; son of Pătrașcu cel Bun
|-
|}

<gallery>
File:MirceatheElder.jpg|{{center|[[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]]}}
File:Vlad Dracul.jpg|{{center|Vlad Dracul}}
File:Vlad Tepes 002.jpg|{{center|Vlad III the Impaler}}
File:MihaiViteazul.jpg|{{center|[[Mihai Viteazul|Michael the Brave]]}}
</gallery>


== Reign ==
== Reign ==
[[File:PetruCercelCoA15831585.png|thumb|left|200px|Coat of arms of Petru Cercel]]
[[File:PetruCercelCoA15831585.png|thumb|left|200px|Coat of arms of Petru Cercel]]
After a short stay in [[Adrianopole]], the new Prince entered [[Bucharest]] on 19 August 1583, accompanied by a [[retinue]] of foreigners. Apparently, he aimed to replace some of the [[boyars]] with his own protegees: he ordered the killings of several [[Sfatul boieresc|Sfat]] members. At the same time, Petru increased taxes - this was motivated not only by his own large debt, but also by the fact that the throne was awarded to him on the condition not to cease payments owed by Mihnea (as Petru had waited to be awarded the throne, all debts had accumulated interest); on the side, the Prince also amassed a large personal fortune - more than half a million [[scudi]] by 1583.
After a short stay in [[Adrianopole]], the new Prince entered [[Bucharest]] on 19 August 1583, accompanied by a [[retinue]] of foreigners. Apparently, he aimed to replace some of the [[boyars]] with his own protegees: he ordered the killings of several [[Sfatul boieresc|Sfat]] members. At the same time, Petru increased taxes – this was motivated not only by his own large debt, but also by the fact that the throne was awarded to him on the condition not to cease payments owed by Mihnea (as Petru had waited to be awarded the throne, all debts had accumulated interest); on the side, the Prince also amassed a large personal fortune – more than half a million [[scudi]] by 1583.


He expanded and improved the Court in [[Târgoviște]] (largely ruined today), notably by adding (1584) the '''Casa Domnească''' (''Princely House''), a [[Renaissance]]-inspired small [[palace]], by building a new wall and Princely church, and by introducing plumbing. Petru Cercel established a [[bronze]] [[cannon]] [[foundry]] in the city.
He expanded and improved the Court in [[Târgoviște]] (largely ruined today), notably by adding (1584) the '''Casa Domnească''' (''Princely House''), a [[Renaissance]]-inspired small [[palace]], by building a new wall and Princely church, and by introducing plumbing. Petru Cercel established a [[Târgoviște Army Arsenal#Petru Cercel's cannon foundry|bronze cannon foundry]] in the city.


== Downfall ==
== Downfall ==

The maneuvers of Mihnea and the hostility of certain Turkish [[bey]]s attracted Petru Cercel's fall from grace. He managed to gather his fortune and flee the country on 6 April 1585, avoiding being taken into custody by the Ottoman [[kapucu]]. He arrived in [[Transylvania]] only to be arrested in [[Mediaș]] on [[Sigismund Báthory]]'s orders after being deserted by his men. His belongings were confiscated and he was sent to prison in [[Maramureș region|Maramureș]].
The maneuvers of Mihnea and the hostility of certain Turkish [[bey]]s attracted Petru Cercel's fall from grace. He managed to gather his fortune and flee the country on 6 April 1585, avoiding being taken into custody by the Ottoman [[kapucu]]. He arrived in [[Transylvania]] only to be arrested in [[Mediaș]] on [[Sigismund Báthory]]'s orders after being deserted by his men. His belongings were confiscated and he was sent to prison in [[Maramureș region|Maramureș]].


In 1587, Petru managed to escape by sliding down a rope out the open window. He traveled to [[Warsaw]] and then to [[Vienna]], reaching Rome (where he enlisted [[Pope Gregory XIV]]'s support for his cause); Henry III reassured him of his protection, and Petru headed for Istanbul - arriving in the city in July 1589. He tried to profit from Mihnea's second fall from grace (and exile), but he proved to be a feeble opponent: as Mihnea regained the throne, Petru was imprisoned at [[Yedikule]]. Mihnea advanced large sums to have him killed by the Ottomans, in order to eliminate the threat. In March 1590, Petru Cercel was embarked on a ship, under the pretext of sailing to exile in [[Rhodes]], and was decapitated on the spot.
In 1587, Petru managed to escape by sliding down a rope out the open window. He traveled to [[Warsaw]] and then to [[Vienna]], reaching Rome (where he enlisted [[Pope Gregory XIV]]'s support for his cause); Henry III reassured him of his protection, and Petru headed for Istanbul – arriving in the city in July 1589. He tried to profit from Mihnea's second fall from grace (and exile), but he proved to be a feeble opponent: as Mihnea regained the throne, Petru was imprisoned at [[Yedikule]]. Mihnea advanced large sums to have him killed by the Ottomans, in order to eliminate the threat. In March 1590, Petru Cercel was embarked on a ship, under the pretext of sailing to exile in [[Rhodes]], and was decapitated on the spot.


== Note ==
== Note ==

All dates are given in New Style format (see [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe]]).
All dates are given in New Style format (see [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{it icon}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/serban_marin/luca2.html&date=2009-10-25+21:19:18 Cristian Luca, ''Influssi occidentali sull’atteggiamento politico di alcuni principi dei Paesi Romeni nei secoli XVI e XVII'']
*{{in lang|it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090829102110/http://geocities.com/serban_marin/luca2.html Cristian Luca, ''Influssi occidentali sull’atteggiamento politico di alcuni principi dei Paesi Romeni nei secoli XVI e XVII'']
*{{fr icon}} [[Nicolae Iorga]], [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/El%C3%A9ments_de_la_civilisation_roumaine_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_moderne ''Histoire des Roumains et de leur civilisation. Éléments de la civilisation roumaine à l'époque moderne'']
*{{in lang|fr}} [[Nicolae Iorga]], [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/El%C3%A9ments_de_la_civilisation_roumaine_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_moderne ''Histoire des Roumains et de leur civilisation. Éléments de la civilisation roumaine à l'époque moderne'']
*{{Ro icon}} [http://www.patzinakia.ro/wallachiamediaevalis/targoviste-index.htm A presentation of the Medieval Princely Court of Târgoviște]
*{{in lang|ro}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001121422/http://www.patzinakia.ro/wallachiamediaevalis/targoviste-index.htm A presentation of the Medieval Princely Court of Târgoviște]


{{S-start}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Drăculești]]||||1590||}}
{{s-reg}}
|-
{{Succession box|
{{Succession box|
before=[[Mihnea Turcitul]]|
before=[[Mihnea Turcitul]]|
title=[[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince of Wallachia]]|
| title = [[List of Wallachian rulers|Voivode of Wallachia]]
years=1583–1585|
| years = 1583–1585
after=[[Mihnea Turcitul]]
| after = [[Mihnea Turcitul]]
}}
}}
{{S-end}}
{{S-end}}


{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cercel, Petru}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cercel, Petru}}
⚫
[[Category:Executed royalty]]
⚫
[[Category:Medieval and Early Modern Romanian writers]]
⚫
[[Category:Executed Romanian people]]
[[Category:Rulers of Wallachia]]
[[Category:1590 deaths]]
[[Category:1590 deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:16th-century Romanian people]]
[[Category:16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire]]
⚫
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Europe]]
⚫
[[Category:Early Modern Romanian writers]]
⚫
[[Category:Executed Romanian people]]
⚫
[[Category:Executed royalty]]
[[Category:House of Drăculești]]
[[Category:House of Drăculești]]
[[Category:People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation]]
[[Category:People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation]]
[[Category:LGBT royalty]]
[[Category:Princes of Wallachia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Romania]]

Latest revision as of 05:05, 12 January 2024

Petru II Cercel
Voivode of Wallachia
Petru Cercel at the Căluiu Monastery
Voivode of Wallachia
Reign29 August 1583 – 16 April 1585
PredecessorMihnea Turcitul
SuccessorMihnea Turcitul
DiedMarch 1590
HouseDrăculești
FatherPătrașcu cel Bun

Petru II Cercel (Peter Earring or Earring Peter; c. 1545 – March 1590) was a Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1583 to 1585, legitimate son to Pătrașcu cel Bun and alleged half-brother of Mihai Viteazul. A polyglot and a minor figure as a poet, Petru is noted for having written his verses in Tuscan.

In Europe[edit]

Petru spent his early years constantly traveling, trying to win support in his bid for the Wallachian throne. The fact that, as of 1579, he received unconditional support in France, coupled with the jewellery-wearing that attracted his moniker have led to speculations that Cercel belonged to the group of mignons of Henry III. It is even stated that Henry interceded with the Porte to award Petru the crown because of his affection for him.

Petru traveled to Istanbul in 1581, as constant backing by the French ambassador had influenced the Porte to look into matters; he arrived there in May, after being welcomed and spending time in Venice and Ragusa. His stay in the Ottoman capital was marked by a competition in bribing and intrigue, carried out against Ecaterina Salvaresso, mother to the child-voivode Mihnea (who was to be known as Mihnea Turcitul). Petru was to emerge the winner, with Mihnea and Ecaterina heading for a brief exile in Tripoli.

Members of the Drăculești line[edit]

Members of the House of Drăculești who held the throne of Wallachia include the following:

Ruler Remark
Vlad II Dracul 1436–1442, 1443–1447; son of Mircea cel Bătrân
Mircea II 1442; son of Vlad II
Vlad III Drăculea 1448, 1456–1462, 1476; son of Vlad II
Radu cel Frumos 1462–1473, 1474; son of Vlad II
Vlad Călugărul 1481, 1482–1495; son of Vlad II
Radu cel Mare 1495–1508; son of Vlad Călugărul
Mihnea cel Rău 1508–1509; son of Vlad III
Mircea III Dracul 1510; son of Mihnea cel Rău
Vlad cel Tânăr 1510–1512; son of Vlad Călugărul
Radu de la Afumați 1522–1523, 1524, 1524–1525, 1525–1529; son of Radu cel Mare
Radu Bădica 1523–1524; son of Radu cel Mare
Vlad Înecatul 1530–1532; son of Vlad cel Tânăr
Vlad Vintilă de la Slatina 1532–1534, 1534–1535; son of Radu cel Mare
Radu Paisie 1534, 1535–1545; son of Radu cel Mare
Mircea Ciobanul 1545–1552, 1553–1554, 1558–1559; son of Radu cel Mare
Pătrașcu cel Bun 1554–1558; son of Radu Paisie
Petru cel Tânăr 1559–1568; son of Mircea Ciobanul
Alexandru II Mircea 1568–1574, 1574–1577; son of Mircea III Dracul
Vintilă 1574; son of Pătrașcu cel Bun
Mihnea Turcitul 1577–1583, 1585–1591; son of Alexandru II Mircea
Petru Cercel 1583–1585; son of Pătrașcu cel Bun
Mihai Viteazul 1593–1600; son of Pătrașcu cel Bun

Reign[edit]

Coat of arms of Petru Cercel

After a short stay in Adrianopole, the new Prince entered Bucharest on 19 August 1583, accompanied by a retinue of foreigners. Apparently, he aimed to replace some of the boyars with his own protegees: he ordered the killings of several Sfat members. At the same time, Petru increased taxes – this was motivated not only by his own large debt, but also by the fact that the throne was awarded to him on the condition not to cease payments owed by Mihnea (as Petru had waited to be awarded the throne, all debts had accumulated interest); on the side, the Prince also amassed a large personal fortune – more than half a million scudi by 1583.

He expanded and improved the Court in Târgoviște (largely ruined today), notably by adding (1584) the Casa Domnească (Princely House), a Renaissance-inspired small palace, by building a new wall and Princely church, and by introducing plumbing. Petru Cercel established a bronze cannon foundry in the city.

Downfall[edit]

The maneuvers of Mihnea and the hostility of certain Turkish beys attracted Petru Cercel's fall from grace. He managed to gather his fortune and flee the country on 6 April 1585, avoiding being taken into custody by the Ottoman kapucu. He arrived in Transylvania only to be arrested in Mediaș on Sigismund Báthory's orders after being deserted by his men. His belongings were confiscated and he was sent to prison in Maramureș.

In 1587, Petru managed to escape by sliding down a rope out the open window. He traveled to Warsaw and then to Vienna, reaching Rome (where he enlisted Pope Gregory XIV's support for his cause); Henry III reassured him of his protection, and Petru headed for Istanbul – arriving in the city in July 1589. He tried to profit from Mihnea's second fall from grace (and exile), but he proved to be a feeble opponent: as Mihnea regained the throne, Petru was imprisoned at Yedikule. Mihnea advanced large sums to have him killed by the Ottomans, in order to eliminate the threat. In March 1590, Petru Cercel was embarked on a ship, under the pretext of sailing to exile in Rhodes, and was decapitated on the spot.

Note[edit]

All dates are given in New Style format (see Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe).

External links[edit]

Petru Cercel
 Died: 1590
Regnal titles
Preceded by Voivode of Wallachia
1583–1585 		Succeeded by

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petru_Cercel&oldid=1195070089"