Phoma: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Addbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,838,809 edits
m Bot: Migrating 3 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q2066891
 
(40 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Phoma spores 160X.png
| image = Phoma spores 160X.png
| image_caption = ''Phoma exigua'' spores
| image_caption = ''Phoma exigua'' spores
| image_width = 320px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Ascomycota]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Dothideomycetes]]
| classis = [[Dothideomycetes]]
| subclassis = [[Pleosporomycetidae]]
| subclassis = [[Pleosporomycetidae]]
| ordo = [[Pleosporales]]
| ordo = [[Pleosporales]]
| familia = [[Incertae sedis]]
| familia = [[Didymellaceae]]
| genus = '''''Phoma'''''
| genus = '''''Phoma'''''
| genus_authority = ([[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Saccardo]], 1880)<ref Name="ITIS">{{cite web
| genus_authority = ([[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Saccardo]], 1880)<ref Name="ITIS">{{cite web
| title =Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| title =Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| work =
| publisher =www.itis.gov
| publisher =www.itis.gov
⚫
| url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt
| date =
⚫
| access-date = 2008-01-12 }}</ref>
⚫
| url = http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt
| type_species = ''[[Phoma herbarum]]''
| format =web
| doi =
⚫
| accessdate = 2008-01-12 }}</ref>
}}
}}
'''''Phoma''''' is a [[genus]] of common coelomycetous soil [[fungi]]. It contains many [[plant pathogen]]ic species. About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=524|isbn=0-85199-826-7}}</ref> which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally [[saprobic]] or weakly [[parasitic]], mainly from [[temperate]] regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.<ref>Van der Aa HA, Noordeloos ME, de Gruyter J. (1990). Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes. ''Studies in Mycology'' '''32''': 3–19.</ref>


'''''Phoma''''' is a [[genus]] of common coelomycetous soil [[fungus|fungi]]. It contains many [[plant pathogen]]ic species.
⚫
[[Spores]] are colorless and [[unicellular]]. The [[pycnidia]] are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]] as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus ''[[Macrophoma]]''. The most important species include ''[[Phoma beta]]'' which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, ''[[Phoma batata]]'' that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and ''[[Phoma solani]]''. <ref Name="Harshberger">{{cite book

== Description ==
⚫
[[Spores]] are colorless and [[unicellular]]. The [[pycnidia]] are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]] as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus ''[[Macrophoma]]''. The most important species include ''[[Phoma beta]]'' which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, ''[[Phoma batata]]'' that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and ''[[Phoma solani]]''.<ref Name="Harshberger">{{cite book
| last =Harshberger
| last =Harshberger
| first =John William
| first =John William
| title =A Text-book of Mycology and Plant Pathology
| title =A Text-book of Mycology and Plant Pathology
| publisher =P. Blakiston's son & co
| publisher =P. Blakiston's son & co.
| date =1917
| date =1917
| location =Original from the University of Michigan
| location =Original from the University of Michigan
| pages = page 261–262
| pages = 261–262
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=N9ZLAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA421&dq=Phoma&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PRA1-PA262,M1
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=N9ZLAAAAMAAJ&dq=Phoma&pg=RA1-PA421
| doi =
| id = January 12, 2008 }}</ref>
| id = January 12, 2008 }}</ref>


== Species==
== Taxonomy ==
About 140 ''Phoma'' taxa have been defined and recognized<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford
|year=2008|page=524|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref> which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally [[saprobic]] or weakly [[parasitic]], mainly from [[temperate]] regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Van der Aa | first1 = HA | last2 = Noordeloos | first2 = ME | last3 = de Gruyter | first3 = J | year = 1990 | title = Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes | journal = Studies in Mycology | volume = 32 | pages = 3–19 }}</ref> However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Aveskamp|first1=M.M.|last2=Gruyter|first2=J. de|last3=Woudenberg|first3=J.H.C.|last4=Verkley|first4=G.J.M.|last5=Crous|first5=P.W.|title=Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=65|pages=1–60|doi=10.3114/sim.2010.65.01|pmid=20502538|year=2010|pmc=2836210}}</ref>

Traditionally nine sections (''Phoma'', ''Heterospora'', ''Macrospora'', ''Paraphoma'', ''Peyronellaea'', ''Phyllostictoides'', ''Pilosa'', ''Plenodomus'' and ''Sclerophomella'') as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (''Pilosa'') to 70 (''Phoma''). Section Phoma itself was considered [[incertae sedis]].<ref name=":0" />

However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore, taxa identified as ''Phoma'' have been identified across several different families within [[Pleosporales]], but most within [[Didymellaceae]] (type genus ''[[Didymella]]''). Furthermore, the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.<ref name=":0" />

Consequently, there is little justification for retaining the sections, a number of which such as ''[[Peyronellaea]]'' are now elevated to genus rank, within Didymellaceae.<ref name=":0" />

==Selected species==
Species include:
Species include:
*''[[Phoma candelariellae]]'' {{small|Z.Kocakaya & Halıcı (2016)}} – [[lichenicolous fungus|lichenicolous]] on ''[[Candelariella aurella]]''<ref name="Kocakaya et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kocakaya |first1=Zekiye |last2=Halici |first2=Mehmet Gökhan |last3=Kocakaya |first3=Mustafa |title=''Phoma candelariellae'' sp. nov., a lichenicolous fungus from Turkey |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=130 |issue=4 |year=2016 |doi=10.5248/130.1185 | pages=1185–1189|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Phoma caricae-papayae]]''
* ''[[Phoma caricae-papayae]]''
⚫
* ''[[Phoma clematidina]]''
* ''[[Phoma costaricensis]]''
* ''[[Phoma costaricensis]]''
* ''[[Phoma cucurbitacearum]]''
* ''[[Phoma cucurbitacearum]]''
Line 51: Line 59:
* ''[[Phoma herbarum]]''
* ''[[Phoma herbarum]]''
* ''[[Phoma insidiosa]]''
* ''[[Phoma insidiosa]]''
* ''[[Phoma medicaginis]]''
* ''[[Phoma microspora]]''
* ''[[Phoma microspora]]''
⚫
* ''[[Phoma narcissi]]''
* ''[[Phoma nebulosa]]''
* ''[[Phoma nebulosa]]''
* ''[[Phoma oncidii-sphacelati]]''
* ''[[Phoma oncidii-sphacelati]]''
* ''[[Phoma pinodella]]''
* ''[[Phoma scabra]]''
* ''[[Phoma scabra]]''
* ''[[Phoma sclerotioides]]''
* ''[[Phoma sclerotioides]]''
Line 62: Line 69:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Boerema, G. H.; de Gruyter, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Hamers, M. E. C. 2004. ''Phoma'' Identification Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-specific Taxa in Culture. CABI.
* Boerema, G. H.; de Gruyter, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Hamers, M. E. C. 2004. ''Phoma'' Identification Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-specific Taxa in Culture. CABI.
*{{cite journal|last1=Aveskamp|first1=M.M.|last2=de Gruyter|first2=J.|last3=Woudenberg|first3=J.H.C.|last4=Verkley|first4=G.J.M.|last5=Crous|first5=P.W.|title=Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise ''Phoma'' and related pleosporalean genera|journal=Studies in Mycology|date=2010|volume=65|pages=1–60|doi=10.3114/sim.2010.65.01|pmid=20502538|pmc=2836210}}<!--|accessdate=21 November 2014-->
*{{cite journal|last1=de Gruyter|first1=J.|last2=Woudenberg|first2=J.H.C.|last3=Aveskamp|first3=M.M.|last4=Verkley|first4=G.J.M.|last5=Groenewald|first5=J.Z.|last6=Crous|first6=P.W.|title=Redisposition of phoma-like anamorphs in Pleosporales|journal=Studies in Mycology|date=June 2013|volume=75|issue=1|pages=1–36|doi=10.3114/sim0004|pmid=24014897|pmc=3713885}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2066891}}
== External links ==
{{Authority control}}
* ''[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=9358 Phoma]'' at [[Index Fungorum]]

⚫
[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]
⚫
[[Category:Pleosporales]]



⚫
[[Category:Phoma| ]]
{{Pleosporales stub}}
[[Category:Dothideomycetes genera]]
{{plant-disease-stub}}
⚫
[[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Lichenicolous fungi]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1880]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo]]

Latest revision as of 22:52, 14 October 2023

Phoma
Phoma exigua spores
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Subclass:
Pleosporomycetidae
Order:
Pleosporales
Family:
Didymellaceae
Genus:
Phoma

(Saccardo, 1880)[1]
Type species
Phoma herbarum

Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.

Description[edit]

Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. Phoma is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15 µm as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus Macrophoma. The most important species include Phoma beta which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, Phoma batata that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and Phoma solani.[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized[3] which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.[4] However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera.[5]

Traditionally nine sections (Phoma, Heterospora, Macrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phyllostictoides, Pilosa, Plenodomus and Sclerophomella) as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (Pilosa) to 70 (Phoma). Section Phoma itself was considered incertae sedis.[5]

However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore, taxa identified as Phoma have been identified across several different families within Pleosporales, but most within Didymellaceae (type genus Didymella). Furthermore, the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.[5]

Consequently, there is little justification for retaining the sections, a number of which such as Peyronellaea are now elevated to genus rank, within Didymellaceae.[5]

Selected species[edit]

Species include:

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Integrated Taxonomic Information System". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
  2. ^ Harshberger, John William (1917). A Text-book of Mycology and Plant Pathology. Original from the University of Michigan: P. Blakiston's son & co. pp. 261–262. January 12, 2008.
  3. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  4. ^ Van der Aa, HA; Noordeloos, ME; de Gruyter, J (1990). "Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 32: 3–19.
  5. ^ a b c d Aveskamp, M.M.; Gruyter, J. de; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Crous, P.W. (2010). "Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera". Studies in Mycology. 65: 1–60. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01. PMC 2836210. PMID 20502538.
  6. ^ Kocakaya, Zekiye; Halici, Mehmet Gökhan; Kocakaya, Mustafa (2016). "Phoma candelariellae sp. nov., a lichenicolous fungus from Turkey". Mycotaxon. 130 (4): 1185–1189. doi:10.5248/130.1185.

Bibliography[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoma&oldid=1180168738"