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{{Short description|Italian general}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| name = Ruggero Tracchia
| name = Ruggero Tracchia
| image = Ruggero tracchia 1.jpg
| image = Ruggero Tracchia.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Tracchia, 1938
| caption =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|6|11|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|6|11|df=y}}
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}}
}}


'''Ruggero Tracchia''' ([[Rome]], 11 June 1884 – 29 November 1955) was an [[Italy|Italian]] general during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] and [[World War II]]. He spent most of his career in [[Italian empire|Italy's African colonies]].
'''Ruggero Tracchia''' ([[Rome]], 11 June 1884 – 29 November 1955) was an Italian general during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] and [[World War II]]. He spent most of his career in [[Italian empire|Italy's African colonies]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
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===Early life and career===
===Early life and career===


After enlisting in the [[Royal Italian Army]] and becoming an officer, he was sent to [[Eritrea]] in 1909. In 1911-1912 he participated in the [[Italo-Turkish War]] with the rank of [[Lieutenant]], earning a [[Bronze Medal of Military Valor]] during the [[battle of Zanzur]]; after the end of the hostilities against the [[Ottoman Empire]] he remained in [[Libya]] and participated in the campaign against the [[Senussi]] rebels, being [[wounded in action]] and awarded a [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] in December 1913. In 1916 he participated in the [[Senussi campaign]], and later returned to Italy and fought on [[Monte Grappa]] in the final stages of [[World War I]], with the rank of [[Major]], earning another Silver and a Bronze Medal for his role in the fighting in January and June 1918. He continued his career after the war, and in 1930 he was appointed commander of the 30th Infantry Regiment "Pisa".<ref name="generals1">{{cite web|url=https://generals.dk/general/Tracchia/Ruggero/Italy.html |title=Biography of Lieutenant-General Ruggero Tracchia (1884 – 1955), Italy |publisher=Generals.dk |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1913%20vol_3/Img0213.jpg</ref><ref name="istitutonastroazzurro1915">http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1915%20vol_1/1915%20vol_1_00000038.JPG</ref><ref name="istitutonastroazzurro1915"/><ref>http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1920%20vol_3/e-1920%20vol_3_00000353.JPG</ref><ref name="autogenerated173">Federica Saini Fasanotti, Etiopia 1936-1940 le operazioni di polizia coloniale nelle fonti dell'esercito italiano, pp. 173 to 217</ref>
After enlisting in the [[Royal Italian Army]] and becoming an officer, he was sent to [[Eritrea]] in 1909. In 1911-1912 he participated in the [[Italo-Turkish War]] with the rank of [[Lieutenant]], earning a [[Bronze Medal of Military Valor]] during the [[battle of Zanzur]]; after the end of the hostilities against the [[Ottoman Empire]] he remained in [[Libya]] and participated in the campaign against the [[Senussi]] rebels, being [[wounded in action]] and awarded a [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] in December 1913. In 1916 he participated in the [[Senussi campaign]], and later returned to Italy and fought on [[Monte Grappa]] in the final stages of [[World War I]], with the rank of [[Major (rank)|Major]], earning another Silver and a Bronze Medal for his role in the fighting in January and June 1918. He continued his career after the war, and in 1930 he was appointed commander of the 30th Infantry Regiment "Pisa".<ref name="generals1">{{cite web |url=https://generals.dk/general/Tracchia/Ruggero/Italy.html |title=Biography of Lieutenant-General Ruggero Tracchia (1884 – 1955), Italy |publisher=Generals.dk |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813102616/https://generals.dk/general/Tracchia/Ruggero/Italy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1913 Medaglia di Bronzo)|url=http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1913%20vol_3/Img0213.jpg|website=Istituto del Nastro Azzurro|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194843/http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1913%20vol_3/Img0213.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="istitutonastroazzurro1915">{{Cite web|title=TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1915 Medaglia d'Argento)|url=http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1915%20vol_1/1915%20vol_1_00000038.JPG|website=Istituto del Nastro Azzurro|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194743/http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1915%20vol_1/1915%20vol_1_00000038.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1920 Medaglia d'Argento)|url=http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1920%20vol_3/e-1920%20vol_3_00000353.JPG|website=Istituto del Nastro Azzurro|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194839/http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1920%20vol_3/e-1920%20vol_3_00000353.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173">Federica Saini Fasanotti, Etiopia 1936-1940 le operazioni di polizia coloniale nelle fonti dell'esercito italiano, pp. 173 to 217</ref>


===Ethiopia===
===Ethiopia===


In 1935, with the rank of [[colonel]], he participated in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|conquest of Ethiopia]] at the head of the 2nd Eritrean Brigade, participating in the battles [[First Battle of Tembien|of Tembien]] and [[battle of Maychew|of Maychew]]; he distinguished himself in the fighting and was promoted to [[brigadier general]] for war merit in May 1936. After the occupation of [[Addis Ababa]], he was placed at the head of the commissariat of [[Debre Berhan]], and tasked with suppressing the resistance by the Abyssinian [[Ras (title)|''ras'']] who had not laid down their arms in the [[Scioa]]. Among them were [[Abebe Aregai]] and the Kassa brothers – [[Wondosson Kassa]], [[Aberra Kassa]], and [[Asfawossen Kassa]] – who from [[Selale]] supplied weapons to the guerrillas. The ''[[Arbegnoch]]'' operated near the road that connected Addis Ababa with the [[Gojjam]], threatening the flow of supplies to the capital; the intensification of the actions of Aregai's men led the Italian command in to planning Operation F, aimed at capturing [[Fiche, Ethiopia|Fiche]] in order to secure the roads to Addis Ababa, but by early December 1936 nothing had been done, therefore Tracchia decided to take the matter into his own hands and act with the troops he had at his disposal. On 9 December he occupied Mendida, which he found deserted; nevertheless, he set fire to the buildings and crops of Aregai's family and his supporters. Immediately afterwards he occupied Dannebo, where he was joined by a column led by Colonel Amedeo Tosti. On December 13 the Italian troops occupied the villages of Abdella and Dirma, where they clashed with the ''Arbegnoch''; 88 guerrillas were killed in action and twenty-three were executed after capture, and the two villages were razed. Altogether, from 9 to 15 December Tracchia's troops killed 126 ''Arbegnoch'' in battle and shot 72 more after capture, and captured a [[heavy machine gun]], nine light machine guns and 1,557 [[rifle]]s. Italian losses amounted to ten [[askari]].<ref name="generals1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/mvsn/mvsn_et35.htm |title=Regio Esercito - MVSN - Campagna d'Africa 1935-1936 |publisher=Regioesercito.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>https://www.linkethiopia.org/article/fierce-fighting/</ref><ref>http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1936%20vol_3/e-1936%20vol_3_00000032.JPG</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>
In 1935, with the rank of [[colonel]], he participated in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|conquest of Ethiopia]] at the head of the 2nd Eritrean Brigade, participating in the battles [[First Battle of Tembien|of Tembien]] and [[battle of Maychew|of Maychew]]; he distinguished himself in the fighting and was promoted to [[brigadier general]] for war merit in May 1936. After the occupation of [[Addis Ababa]], he was placed at the head of the commissariat of [[Debre Berhan]], and tasked with suppressing the resistance by the Abyssinian [[Ras (title)|''ras'']] who had not laid down their arms in the [[Scioa]]. Among them were [[Abebe Aregai]] and the Kassa brothers – [[Wondosson Kassa]], [[Aberra Kassa]], and [[Asfawossen Kassa]] – who from [[Selale]] supplied weapons to the guerrillas. The ''[[Arbegnoch]]'' operated near the road that connected Addis Ababa with the [[Gojjam]], threatening the flow of supplies to the capital; the intensification of the actions of Aregai's men led the Italian command in to planning Operation F, aimed at capturing [[Fiche, Ethiopia|Fiche]] in order to secure the roads to Addis Ababa, but by early December 1936 nothing had been done, therefore Tracchia decided to take the matter into his own hands and act with the troops he had at his disposal. On 9 December he occupied Mendida, which he found deserted; nevertheless, he set fire to the buildings and crops of Aregai's family and his supporters. Immediately afterwards he occupied Dannebo, where he was joined by a column led by Colonel Amedeo Tosti. On December 13 the Italian troops occupied the villages of Abdella and Dirma, where they clashed with the ''Arbegnoch''; 88 guerrillas were killed in action and twenty-three were executed after capture, and the two villages were razed. Altogether, from 9 to 15 December Tracchia's troops killed 126 ''Arbegnoch'' in battle and shot 72 more after capture, and captured a [[heavy machine gun]], nine light machine guns and 1,557 [[rifle]]s. Italian losses amounted to ten [[askari]].<ref name="generals1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/mvsn/mvsn_et35.htm |title=Regio Esercito - MVSN - Campagna d'Africa 1935-1936 |publisher=Regioesercito.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2021-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822141506/http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/mvsn/mvsn_et35.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Pankhurst History Library - 04. Fierce Fighting|url=https://www.linkethiopia.org/article/fierce-fighting/|website=Link Ethiopia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRACCHIA RUGERO (1936 Promozione per Merito di Guerra)|url=http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1936%20vol_3/e-1936%20vol_3_00000032.JPG|website=Istituto del Nastro Azzurro|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194841/http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1936%20vol_3/e-1936%20vol_3_00000032.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>


Tracchia then continued his advance towards Fiche, finding several villages burned by the retreating forces of Aregai; those that had been left intact, if suspected of hiding weapons, were destroyed, and the men executed. On 21 December Aberra and Asfawossen Kassa surrendered to Tracchia, having been promised by [[Hailu Tekle Haymanot]] (on behalf of Viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]]) that they would not be harmed; but Tracchia had them shot on the same day in the main square of Fiche. Afterwards, Tracchia established a military garrison in Fiche, leaving Colonel [[Arduino Garelli]] there as [[resident minister]]; he received the submission of the local clergy, ordered the reopening of the Amharic school, the establishment of a civilian [[hospital]], and had subsidies distributed to the clergy and civilians. Altogether, 221 Ethiopian guerrillas had been killed in action during the campaign, and 162 more executed; a [[tank]], a [[field gun]], sixty-one machine guns and 6,073 rifles were captured. Italian losses amounted to 101 killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/tag/rodolfo-graziani/ |title=rodolfo graziani |publisher=ExecutedToday.com |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=aOZKULYp5FAC&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=%22general+tracchia%22&source=bl&ots=rXyAFdpkbF&sig=ACfU3U3So3fo7D0oBtAgLooyzCKrjRe6kA&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq3K3Oi83zAhUSOuwKHYqFDrwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=%22general%20tracchia%22&f=false |title=Haile Selassie's War - Anthony Mockler - Google Libri |publisher=Books.google.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248ddd/1580829011314/ORTFI05.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=15TfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=%22general+ruggero+tracchia%22&source=bl&ots=fZgGuL5D_Z&sig=ACfU3U2KhLZwIDRsSpVUMFLbnm9SJjNvFQ&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1mJbAjc3zAhVRP-wKHeQyAkoQ6AF6BAgbEAM#v=onepage&q=%22general%20ruggero%20tracchia%22&f=false |title=Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The International Committee of the Red ... - Rainer Baudendistel - Google Libri |publisher=Books.google.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA543&lpg=PA543&dq=%22general+tracchia%22&source=bl&ots=1B8m2mtrYp&sig=ACfU3U2E7_WPUCwusWNeJw72JCm2jOC_LA&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq3K3Oi83zAhUSOuwKHYqFDrwQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=%22general%20tracchia%22&f=false |title=Dictionary of African Biography - Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - Google Libri |publisher=Books.google.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>
Tracchia then continued his advance towards Fiche, finding several villages burned by the retreating forces of Aregai; those that had been left intact, if suspected of hiding weapons, were destroyed, and the men executed. On 21 December Aberra and Asfawossen Kassa surrendered to Tracchia, having been promised by [[Hailu Tekle Haymanot]] (on behalf of Viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]]) that they would not be harmed; but Tracchia had them shot on the same day in the main square of Fiche. Afterwards, Tracchia established a military garrison in Fiche, leaving Colonel [[Arduino Garelli]] there as [[resident minister]]; he received the submission of the local clergy, ordered the reopening of the Amharic school, the establishment of a civilian [[hospital]], and had subsidies distributed to the clergy and civilians. Altogether, 221 Ethiopian guerrillas had been killed in action during the campaign, and 162 more executed; a [[tank]], a [[field gun]], sixty-one machine guns and 6,073 rifles were captured. Italian losses amounted to 101 killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/tag/rodolfo-graziani/ |title=rodolfo graziani |publisher=ExecutedToday.com |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194743/http://www.executedtoday.com/tag/rodolfo-graziani/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZKULYp5FAC&q=%22general+tracchia%22&pg=PA170 |title=Haile Selassie's War - Anthony Mockler - Google Libri |isbn=9781902669533 |accessdate=2021-10-15|last1=Mockler |first1=Anthony |year=2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Local History of Ethiopia {{!}} Fia - Fyanja|url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248ddd/1580829011314/ORTFI05.pdf|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194840/https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248ddd/1580829011314/ORTFI05.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15TfCwAAQBAJ&q=%22general+ruggero+tracchia%22&pg=PA244 |title=Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The International Committee of the Red ... - Rainer Baudendistel - Google Libri |date= May 2006|isbn=9781782388722 |accessdate=2021-10-15|last1=Baudendistel |first1=Rainer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=%22general+tracchia%22&pg=PA543 |title=Dictionary of African Biography - Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - Google Libri |date= 2 February 2012|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |accessdate=2021-10-15|last1=Akyeampong |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>


On 4 January 1937 Tracchia advanced from Fiche towards the [[Blue Nile]], in order to subdue the entire region; resistance leaders such as Ilma Woldeyesus and Hailé Selassié Zerrofu were captured and shot. On 8 March Tracchia was replaced by [[Blackshirt]] Colonel Ferruccio Gatti as commander of the Debre Berhan garrison, taking over that of the garrison of Gur Sellassiè. Following the [[Yekatit 12#Attack on Graziani|attempt on Viceroy Graziani’s life in Addis Ababa on 19 February 1937]], Tracchia received the order to carry out a reprisal against the [[Debre Libanos|monastery of Debre Libanos]], but the action was postponed till May and ended up being carried out by General [[Pietro Maletti]] instead. Tracchia was awarded a further two Silver Medals of Military Valor for his role in the conquest of Ethiopia.<ref name="cadmus1">https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/72739/Witkowski_2021_HEC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ahmed Hassen Omer |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2000_num_16_1_970 |title=The Italian Impact on Ethnic Relations : a Case Study of a Regional Policy in Northern Shoa (Ethiopia), 1936-1941 - Persée |publisher=Persee.fr |date=2009-03-31 |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref name="istitutonastroazzurro1938">http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1938%20vol_4/e-1938%20vol_4_00000052.JPG</ref><ref name="istitutonastroazzurro1938"/><ref name="autogenerated173"/>
On 4 January 1937 Tracchia advanced from Fiche towards the [[Blue Nile]], in order to subdue the entire region; resistance leaders such as Ilma Woldeyesus and Hailé Selassié Zerrofu were captured and shot. On 8 March Tracchia was replaced by [[Blackshirt]] Colonel Ferruccio Gatti as commander of the Debre Berhan garrison, taking over that of the garrison of Gur Sellassiè. Following the [[Yekatit 12#Attack on Graziani|attempt on Viceroy Graziani’s life in Addis Ababa on 19 February 1937]], Tracchia received the order to carry out a reprisal against the [[Debre Libanos|monastery of Debre Libanos]], but the action was postponed till May and ended up being carried out by General [[Pietro Maletti]] instead. Tracchia was awarded a further two Silver Medals of Military Valor for his role in the conquest of Ethiopia.<ref name="cadmus1">{{Cite book|last=Witkowski|first=Victoria|date=24 September 2021|title=Remembering Fascism and Empire: The Public Representation and Myth of Rodolfo Graziani in 20th-Century Italy|url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/72739/Witkowski_2021_HEC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194743/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/72739/Witkowski_2021_HEC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ahmed Hassen Omer |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2000_num_16_1_970 |title=The Italian Impact on Ethnic Relations : a Case Study of a Regional Policy in Northern Shoa (Ethiopia), 1936-1941 - Persée |publisher=Persee.fr |date=2009-03-31 |doi=10.3406/ethio.2000.970 |accessdate=2021-10-15 |journal= |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194743/https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2000_num_16_1_970 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="istitutonastroazzurro1938">{{Cite web|title=TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1938 Medaglia d'Argento)|url=http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1938%20vol_4/e-1938%20vol_4_00000052.JPG|website=Istituto del Nastro Azzurro|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194743/http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/docs/e-1938%20vol_4/e-1938%20vol_4_00000052.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>


===World War II and later years===
===World War II and later years===
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After returning to Italy, Tracchia was at disposal of the [[Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)|Ministry of the Colonies]] before becoming deputy commander of the [[102nd Motorized Division "Trento"|32nd Motorized Division Trento]]. He was then attached to the [[Bolzano]] Army Corps from August to September 1938, to the [[Rome]] Army Corps from September 1938 to February 1939, and to the [[Turin]] Army Corps from February to May 1939.<ref name="generals1"/>
After returning to Italy, Tracchia was at disposal of the [[Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)|Ministry of the Colonies]] before becoming deputy commander of the [[102nd Motorized Division "Trento"|32nd Motorized Division Trento]]. He was then attached to the [[Bolzano]] Army Corps from August to September 1938, to the [[Rome]] Army Corps from September 1938 to February 1939, and to the [[Turin]] Army Corps from February to May 1939.<ref name="generals1"/>


On 5 May 1939 Tracchia assumed command of the [[59th Infantry Division Cagliari]], stationed in [[Vercelli]], which he maintained until 28 May 1940 (having been promoted to [[Major General]] in August 1939), when he was given command of the [[62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"]], stationed in [[Libya]]. In September 1940 he participated with his division in the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]], then taking up position south of [[Sollum]]; following the start of the [[Operation Compass|British counteroffensive]] in December 1940, the Marmarica Division was withdrawn to [[Bardia]]. On 3 January 1941 Commonwealth troops [[Battle of Bardia|launched their assault on Bardia]], which fell after two days of fighting. On 4 January Tracchia and General Alessandro De Guidi, commander of the [[63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" ]], rejected a surrender offer by a British delegation, aimed at avoiding further bloodshed, but on the following day they were taken prisoner at their headquarters. Tracchia was transferred to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]] in [[Egypt]] and later to [[India]], remaining in British captivity until 1944, when he was released following the signing of the [[Armistice of Cassibile]].<ref>Andrea Santangelo, Operazione Compass. La Caporetto del deserto, p. 88</ref><ref name="generals1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=uX7K1d49T84C&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=%22general+tracchia%22&source=bl&ots=Vi5X67ryPQ&sig=ACfU3U0FK1SP1e5Vfqd6wvjaPCHRG3dYLw&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq3K3Oi83zAhUSOuwKHYqFDrwQ6AF6BAgkEAM#v=onepage&q=%22general%20tracchia%22&f=false |title=Bardia: Myth, Reality and the Heirs of Anzac - Craig Stockings - Google Libri |publisher=Books.google.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>https://americanphilateliccongress.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PHJ143.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=96hvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129&lpg=PT129&dq=%22general+ruggero+tracchia%22&source=bl&ots=nL9iZdFoGY&sig=ACfU3U2nzb8_nIP9OFZ13P8Dy1yi63GL9w&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1mJbAjc3zAhVRP-wKHeQyAkoQ6AF6BAgfEAM#v=onepage&q=%22general%20ruggero%20tracchia%22&f=false |title=Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army In The Opening Campaign In The Western ... - Major Howard R. Christie - Google Libri |publisher=Books.google.it |date=1940-12-09 |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storia900bivc.it/pagine/strumenti/crono/cronovc.html |title=Cronologia della provincia di Vercelli 1938-1942 |publisher=Storia900bivc.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>
On 5 May 1939 Tracchia assumed command of the [[59th Infantry Division Cagliari]], stationed in [[Vercelli]], which he maintained until 28 May 1940 (having been promoted to [[Major General]] in August 1939), when he was given command of the [[62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"]], stationed in [[Libya]]. In September 1940 he participated with his division in the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]], then taking up position south of [[Sollum]]; following the start of the [[Operation Compass|British counteroffensive]] in December 1940, the Marmarica Division was withdrawn to [[Bardia]]. On 3 January 1941 Commonwealth troops [[Battle of Bardia|launched their assault on Bardia]], which fell after two days of fighting. On 4 January Tracchia and General Alessandro De Guidi, commander of the [[63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" ]], rejected a surrender offer by a British delegation, aimed at avoiding further bloodshed, but on the following day they were taken prisoner at their headquarters. Tracchia was transferred to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]] in [[Egypt]] and later to [[India]], remaining in British captivity until 1944, when he was released following the signing of the [[Armistice of Cassibile]].<ref>Andrea Santangelo, Operazione Compass. La Caporetto del deserto, p. 88</ref><ref name="generals1"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX7K1d49T84C&q=%22general+tracchia%22&pg=PA256 |title=Bardia: Myth, Reality and the Heirs of Anzac - Craig Stockings - Google Libri |isbn=9781921410253 |accessdate=2021-10-15|last1=Stockings |first1=Craig |year=2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pirozzi|first=Gregorio|date=June 2009|title=The HOLY SEE and WWII COMMUNICATIONS|url=https://americanphilateliccongress.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PHJ143.pdf|journal=Postal History Journal|volume=143|pages=17|issn=0032-5341|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194748/https://americanphilateliccongress.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PHJ143.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96hvCwAAQBAJ&q=%22general+ruggero+tracchia%22&pg=PT129 |title=Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army In The Opening Campaign In The Western ... - Major Howard R. Christie - Google Libri |date=1940-12-09 |isbn=9781786250346 |accessdate=2021-10-15|last1=Christie |first1=Major Howard R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.storia900bivc.it/pagine/strumenti/crono/cronovc.html |title=Cronologia della provincia di Vercelli 1938-1942 |publisher=Storia900bivc.it |date= |accessdate=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194743/http://www.storia900bivc.it/pagine/strumenti/crono/cronovc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>


In 1950 he was accused of [[war crimes]] by the [[Ethiopian government]], but was never prosecuted. He died in [[Rome]] in 1955.<ref name="generals1"/><ref name="cadmus1"/><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931229</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>
In 1950 he was accused of [[war crimes]] by the [[Ethiopian government]], but was never prosecuted. He died in [[Rome]] in 1955.<ref name="generals1"/><ref name="cadmus1"/><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 41931229|last1 = Pankhurst|first1 = Richard|title = Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia: A History of Their Discussion, from the League of Nations to the United Nations (1936-1949)|journal = Northeast African Studies|year = 1999|volume = 6|issue = 1/2|pages = 83–140|doi = 10.1353/nas.2002.0004|s2cid = 143812686|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated173"/>


==References==
==References==
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{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Italian military personnel of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
[[Category:Italian military personnel of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
[[Category:Italian generals]]
[[Category:Italian generals]]
[[Category:Italian war criminals]]
[[Category:Italian war crimes in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor]]

[[it:Ruggero Tracchia]]
[[sl:Ruggero Tracchia]]

Revision as of 07:47, 24 January 2024

Ruggero Tracchia
Born(1884-06-11)11 June 1884
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Died29 November 1955(1955-11-29) (aged 71)
Rome, Italy
Allegiance Kingdom of Italy
Service/branch Royal Italian Army
RankMajor General
Commands held2nd Eritrean Brigade
59th Infantry Division Cagliari
62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"
Battles/wars
Awards

Ruggero Tracchia (Rome, 11 June 1884 – 29 November 1955) was an Italian general during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and World War II. He spent most of his career in Italy's African colonies.

Biography

Early life and career

After enlisting in the Royal Italian Army and becoming an officer, he was sent to Eritrea in 1909. In 1911-1912 he participated in the Italo-Turkish War with the rank of Lieutenant, earning a Bronze Medal of Military Valor during the battle of Zanzur; after the end of the hostilities against the Ottoman Empire he remained in Libya and participated in the campaign against the Senussi rebels, being wounded in action and awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valor in December 1913. In 1916 he participated in the Senussi campaign, and later returned to Italy and fought on Monte Grappa in the final stages of World War I, with the rank of Major, earning another Silver and a Bronze Medal for his role in the fighting in January and June 1918. He continued his career after the war, and in 1930 he was appointed commander of the 30th Infantry Regiment "Pisa".[1][2][3][4][5]

Ethiopia

In 1935, with the rank of colonel, he participated in the conquest of Ethiopia at the head of the 2nd Eritrean Brigade, participating in the battles of Tembien and of Maychew; he distinguished himself in the fighting and was promoted to brigadier general for war merit in May 1936. After the occupation of Addis Ababa, he was placed at the head of the commissariat of Debre Berhan, and tasked with suppressing the resistance by the Abyssinian ras who had not laid down their arms in the Scioa. Among them were Abebe Aregai and the Kassa brothers – Wondosson Kassa, Aberra Kassa, and Asfawossen Kassa – who from Selale supplied weapons to the guerrillas. The Arbegnoch operated near the road that connected Addis Ababa with the Gojjam, threatening the flow of supplies to the capital; the intensification of the actions of Aregai's men led the Italian command in to planning Operation F, aimed at capturing Fiche in order to secure the roads to Addis Ababa, but by early December 1936 nothing had been done, therefore Tracchia decided to take the matter into his own hands and act with the troops he had at his disposal. On 9 December he occupied Mendida, which he found deserted; nevertheless, he set fire to the buildings and crops of Aregai's family and his supporters. Immediately afterwards he occupied Dannebo, where he was joined by a column led by Colonel Amedeo Tosti. On December 13 the Italian troops occupied the villages of Abdella and Dirma, where they clashed with the Arbegnoch; 88 guerrillas were killed in action and twenty-three were executed after capture, and the two villages were razed. Altogether, from 9 to 15 December Tracchia's troops killed 126 Arbegnoch in battle and shot 72 more after capture, and captured a heavy machine gun, nine light machine guns and 1,557 rifles. Italian losses amounted to ten askari.[1][6][7][8][5]

Tracchia then continued his advance towards Fiche, finding several villages burned by the retreating forces of Aregai; those that had been left intact, if suspected of hiding weapons, were destroyed, and the men executed. On 21 December Aberra and Asfawossen Kassa surrendered to Tracchia, having been promised by Hailu Tekle Haymanot (on behalf of Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani) that they would not be harmed; but Tracchia had them shot on the same day in the main square of Fiche. Afterwards, Tracchia established a military garrison in Fiche, leaving Colonel Arduino Garelli there as resident minister; he received the submission of the local clergy, ordered the reopening of the Amharic school, the establishment of a civilian hospital, and had subsidies distributed to the clergy and civilians. Altogether, 221 Ethiopian guerrillas had been killed in action during the campaign, and 162 more executed; a tank, a field gun, sixty-one machine guns and 6,073 rifles were captured. Italian losses amounted to 101 killed.[9][10][11][12][13][5]

On 4 January 1937 Tracchia advanced from Fiche towards the Blue Nile, in order to subdue the entire region; resistance leaders such as Ilma Woldeyesus and Hailé Selassié Zerrofu were captured and shot. On 8 March Tracchia was replaced by Blackshirt Colonel Ferruccio Gatti as commander of the Debre Berhan garrison, taking over that of the garrison of Gur Sellassiè. Following the attempt on Viceroy Graziani’s life in Addis Ababa on 19 February 1937, Tracchia received the order to carry out a reprisal against the monastery of Debre Libanos, but the action was postponed till May and ended up being carried out by General Pietro Maletti instead. Tracchia was awarded a further two Silver Medals of Military Valor for his role in the conquest of Ethiopia.[14][15][16][5]

World War II and later years

After returning to Italy, Tracchia was at disposal of the Ministry of the Colonies before becoming deputy commander of the 32nd Motorized Division Trento. He was then attached to the Bolzano Army Corps from August to September 1938, to the Rome Army Corps from September 1938 to February 1939, and to the Turin Army Corps from February to May 1939.[1]

On 5 May 1939 Tracchia assumed command of the 59th Infantry Division Cagliari, stationed in Vercelli, which he maintained until 28 May 1940 (having been promoted to Major General in August 1939), when he was given command of the 62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica", stationed in Libya. In September 1940 he participated with his division in the Italian invasion of Egypt, then taking up position south of Sollum; following the start of the British counteroffensive in December 1940, the Marmarica Division was withdrawn to Bardia. On 3 January 1941 Commonwealth troops launched their assault on Bardia, which fell after two days of fighting. On 4 January Tracchia and General Alessandro De Guidi, commander of the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" , rejected a surrender offer by a British delegation, aimed at avoiding further bloodshed, but on the following day they were taken prisoner at their headquarters. Tracchia was transferred to a prisoner-of-war camp in Egypt and later to India, remaining in British captivity until 1944, when he was released following the signing of the Armistice of Cassibile.[17][1][18][19][20][21][5]

In 1950 he was accused of war crimes by the Ethiopian government, but was never prosecuted. He died in Rome in 1955.[1][14][22][5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Biography of Lieutenant-General Ruggero Tracchia (1884 – 1955), Italy". Generals.dk. Archived from the original on 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  2. ^ "TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1913 Medaglia di Bronzo)". Istituto del Nastro Azzurro. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  3. ^ "TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1915 Medaglia d'Argento)". Istituto del Nastro Azzurro. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  4. ^ "TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1920 Medaglia d'Argento)". Istituto del Nastro Azzurro. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Federica Saini Fasanotti, Etiopia 1936-1940 le operazioni di polizia coloniale nelle fonti dell'esercito italiano, pp. 173 to 217
  6. ^ "Regio Esercito - MVSN - Campagna d'Africa 1935-1936". Regioesercito.it. Archived from the original on 2021-08-22. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  7. ^ "The Pankhurst History Library - 04. Fierce Fighting". Link Ethiopia.
  8. ^ "TRACCHIA RUGERO (1936 Promozione per Merito di Guerra)". Istituto del Nastro Azzurro. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  9. ^ "rodolfo graziani". ExecutedToday.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  10. ^ Mockler, Anthony (2003). Haile Selassie's War - Anthony Mockler - Google Libri. ISBN 9781902669533. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  11. ^ "Local History of Ethiopia | Fia - Fyanja" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  12. ^ Baudendistel, Rainer (May 2006). Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The International Committee of the Red ... - Rainer Baudendistel - Google Libri. ISBN 9781782388722. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  13. ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography - Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - Google Libri. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  14. ^ a b Witkowski, Victoria (24 September 2021). Remembering Fascism and Empire: The Public Representation and Myth of Rodolfo Graziani in 20th-Century Italy (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  15. ^ Ahmed Hassen Omer (2009-03-31). "The Italian Impact on Ethnic Relations : a Case Study of a Regional Policy in Northern Shoa (Ethiopia), 1936-1941 - Persée". Persee.fr. doi:10.3406/ethio.2000.970. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ "TRACCHIA RUGGERO (1938 Medaglia d'Argento)". Istituto del Nastro Azzurro. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  17. ^ Andrea Santangelo, Operazione Compass. La Caporetto del deserto, p. 88
  18. ^ Stockings, Craig (2009). Bardia: Myth, Reality and the Heirs of Anzac - Craig Stockings - Google Libri. ISBN 9781921410253. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  19. ^ Pirozzi, Gregorio (June 2009). "The HOLY SEE and WWII COMMUNICATIONS" (PDF). Postal History Journal. 143: 17. ISSN 0032-5341. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  20. ^ Christie, Major Howard R. (1940-12-09). Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army In The Opening Campaign In The Western ... - Major Howard R. Christie - Google Libri. ISBN 9781786250346. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  21. ^ "Cronologia della provincia di Vercelli 1938-1942". Storia900bivc.it. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  22. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1999). "Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia: A History of Their Discussion, from the League of Nations to the United Nations (1936-1949)". Northeast African Studies. 6 (1/2): 83–140. doi:10.1353/nas.2002.0004. JSTOR 41931229. S2CID 143812686.
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