an-Nil al-azraq

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an-Nil al-azraq
Libyen Zentralafrikanische Republik Tschad Ägypten de-facto Ägypten - vom Sudan beansprucht de-facto Ägypten - weder von Sudan noch von Ägypten beansprucht Südsudan Eritrea Äthiopien de-facto Sudan (vom Sudan als Teil von Dschanub Kurdufan beansprucht - vom Südsudan beansprucht) Gharb Darfur Dschanub Darfur Dschanub Kurdufan An-Nil al-azraq Sannar (Bundesstaat) Al-Dschazira (Bundesstaat) Al-Qadarif (Bundesstaat) An-Nil al-abyad Al-Chartum Kassala Nahr an-Nil al-Bahr al-ahmar Schamal Kurdufan Asch-Schamaliyya Schamal Darfur Wasat Darfur Scharq DarfurBlue Nile in Sudan.svg
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Basic data
Capital : ad Damazine
Area : 45,844 km²
Residents : 832,112 (2008 census)
Population density : 18.1 inhabitants per km²
ISO 3166-2 : SD-NB

politics
Governor : Yahya Mohamed Khair

An-Nil al-azraq ( Arabic النيل الأزرق, engl. Blue Nile , German  Blue Nile ), from 1991 to 1994 al-Wusta (الوسطى, Arabic for "central"), is a federal state in Sudan .

It has an area of ​​45,844 km² and, according to the 2008 census, around 800,000 inhabitants. Its capital is ad-Damazin .

geography

An-Nil al-azraq is traversed from the southeast to the north by the Blue Nile , the name giver for the state. In the east, the state borders on Benishangul-Gumuz in Ethiopia and in the southwest on South Sudan .

At ar-Rusayris is the Roseires Dam , which dams the Blue Nile.

population

In the south of the state live tribes that have not yet been Arabized. These are the peoples of the Uduk , Berta , Maban , Koma , Gwama and Ganza , with Oromo living in between , the majority of whom are otherwise based in Ethiopia. For centuries these peoples were exposed to the slave trade by Arabized Sudanese or peoples like the Shilluk .

During the war of independence of the people of South Sudan , they were involved in this conflict without playing a specific role for either side.

history

The region, which has belonged to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan since 1899 , formed the province of al-Azraq from 1919. During the Second World War , the border towns of Kurmuk and Qeisan were occupied by Italian troops as part of the East Africa campaign in 1940-1941 . The province of an-Nil al-azraq continued to exist after the independence of the Republic of Sudan (1956) and initially also included the area of ​​the present-day states of Al-Jazira , an-Nil al-abyad and Sannar . In 1974 the area was split off from al-Jazeera and an-Nil al-abyad. In 1991, the province of an-Nil al-Azraq was converted into a state and the borders from 1919 to 1974 were re-established. A renaming from an-Nil al-azraq to al-Wusta (الوسطى, German  central ). On February 14, 1994, the states of al-Jazira, an-Nil al-abyad and Sannar were split off again and the renaming was reversed.

During the second civil war in South Sudan (1983-2005) an-Nil al-azraq was one of the areas in northern Sudan where the South Sudanese SPLA rebels were supported by parts of the population. Twice, in 1987 and 1989, the SPLM was able to briefly take the city of Kurmuk . The first conquest led to a large-scale campaign by the Sudanese government, which portrayed the loss of Kurmuk as a threatening advance of the SPLM into "the Arab heartland".

In the 2010 national elections, held as a result of the 2005 peace agreement , an-Nil al-azraq was the only state in northern Sudan where an SPLM candidate - Malik Agar - won the gubernatorial election.

When South Sudan became independent in July 2011, an-Nil al-azraq stayed with Sudan. The future of the state or parts of the state with a non-Arab population are still to be negotiated. As in the state of Dschanub Kurdufan , the “referendum” provided for in the Peace Agreement has not yet been carried out. In May 2011, the Sudanese government issued an ultimatum to the SPLM fighters in both states to be disarmed or to withdraw to South Sudan.

While fighting broke out in Janub Kurdufan as early as June, the situation in an-Nil al-azraq initially remained peaceful. On September 1, however, fighting broke out between SPLM supporters and the government army in an-Nil al-azraq. The Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir declared a state of emergency and dismissed Malik Agar as governor. Major General Yahya Mohammed Khair was appointed governor in his place . When the army attacked ad-Damazin, the city's drinking water reservoir was destroyed. According to the United Nations, tens of thousands have fled the provincial capital.

literature

  • Victor Fernandez: Four thousand years in the Blue Nile: Paths to inequality and ways of resistance , in: Complutum 14, 2003, pp. 409-425.
  • Wendy James: War and Survival in Sudan's Frontierlands: Voices from the Blue Nile , Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-0199298679 (see also the associated website )
  • Joachim Theis: After the raid. Ethnography and history of the coma , Trickster Verlag, Munich 1995 ISBN 3-923804-52-0 , Volume 3 Sudanese marginalia

swell

  1. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bevoelkerungsstatistik.de
  2. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics / Southern Sudan Center for Census Statistics and Evaluation: 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census - 2008 ( Memento of the original from May 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 425 kB), Table: T02 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / southsudaninfo.net
  3. ↑ www.statoids.com: Historical overview of the Sudanese states
  4. ↑ Wendy James: Crossing Points: Journeys of Transformations on the Sudan-Ethiopian Border , in: Günther Schlee, Elizabeth Watson (Ed.): Changing Identifications and Alliances in Northeast Africa: Ethiopia and Kenya , 2009, ISBN 978-1-84545- 603-0 , p. 247
  5. ^ Ngor Arol Garang: SPLM lauds election of Malik Aggar as Blue Nile State Governor , in: Sudan Tribune, April 26, 2010
  6. ^ Thousands welcome SPLM governor in disputed area of ​​Sudan , in: Sudan Tribune, July 14, 2007
  7. ↑ SAF gives Sudan's SPLA ultimatum to withdraw from Blue Nile & South Kordofan , in: Sudan Tribune, May 30, 2011
  8. ↑ Jeffrey Gettleman, Josh Kron: Sudan Threatens to Occupy 2 More Disputed Regions , in: The New York Times, May 29, 2011
  9. ↑ Roman Deckert, Tobias Simon: Der neue Süd des Nordsudans , in: zenith - Zeitschrift für den Orient Online, July 18, 2011
  10. ^ Sudan's president declares emergency in Blue Nile, sacks governor , in: Sudan Tribune, September 3, 2011
  11. ↑ Khartoum grinds the opposition stronghold , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , September 5, 2011.