Shinarump Conglomerate
| Shinarump Conglomerate | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: early Late Triassic | |
 Massive, fallen Shinarump Conglomerate block (erosion-resistant) at start of trail (viewed up-trail) down to White House Ruin, Canyon De Chelly National Monument (Note: pictured beside smooth-sided cliffs of the underlying De Chelly Sandstone) | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Chinle Formation |
| Underlies | Petrified Forest Member and other sub-units, Chinle Formation |
| Overlies | Moenkopi Formation units-(250-225 Ma), after erosion unconformity Temple Mountain Member-(lowest Chinle Formation), Moenkopi Formation-(Monument Valley, Arizona-Utah), De Chelly Sandstone-(50 ma erosion unconformity-Canyon De Chelly National Monument) |
| Thickness | 200 feet (61 m) maximum variable |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone |
| Location | |
| Region | Colorado Plateau |
| Extent | NNW-southeast perimeter Black Mesa (Arizona) NE & E-Defiance Plateau-(Uplift) S-north perimeter foothills White Mountains W & NW-Painted Desert |
The early Late Triassic conglomerate called the Shinarump Conglomerate, formally the Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation, is a highly resistant coarse-grained sandstone and pebble conglomerate,[1] sometimes forming a caprock because of its hardness, cementation, and erosion resistance. The Shinarump is found throughout the Colorado Plateau with significant exposures as the canyon rimrock in the vicinity of Canyon De Chelly National Monument, at the north-northeast of the Defiance Plateau/Defiance Uplift. At Canyon De Chelly the Shinarump Conglomerate was laid down upon De Chelly Sandstone-(280 Ma, an erosion unconformity of 50 my), in a region at the west foothill region of the mostly north-south trending Chuska Mountains of northeast Arizona – northwest New Mexico.
Just northwest of Canyon De Chelly, the Shinarump also forms a caprock in Monument Valley across the border region of northern Arizona – and southern Utah. The Shinarump Conglomerate there is laid upon units of the Moenkopi Formation and remain as resistant caprocks preserving the vertical cliffs of De Chelly Sandstone and other units of the Monument Upwarp/Monument Uplift. The associated Black Mesa (Arizona)-Defiance Uplift extends southeast from Monument Valley into the western border region of New Mexico. The relatively steep east dip of geology units results in increasingly younger geologic units eastwards into New Mexico.
Monument Valley and Canyon De Chelly caprock
4)-(horizontal)-Moenkopi Formation,
3)-vertical cliffs of De Chelly Sandstone, and
2)-skirts/erosion slopes of Organ Rock Formation-(horizontally bedded)
The angular unconformity below is upon the
1)-low angle dipping Cedar Mesa Sandstone, commonly of southeast Utah
In Monument Valley, of Arizona and south Utah, only larger landforms still contain the protective caprock of the Shinarump Conglomerate. The vertical cliffs of highly resistant De Chelly Sandstone protect the highly erodable Organ Rock Formation that forms 'erosion skirts' at the base of the vertical monuments in Monument Valley. For larger mesas, or larger connected land forms, where the more erodable overlying Moenkopi Formation, has not been lost, (with the caprock Shinarump also being undermined), larger sections of Shinarump are thus preserved. Perimeter mesas in the Monument Valley region have the caprock protecting the upper surface, plants, and alluvium from easy erosion of the landform surface.
At Canyon de Chelly, the trail to White House Ruin,[2] descends through the Shinarump Conglomerate, but also has a tributary slot canyon landform with large accumulations of the Shinarump erosional debris on the slot-canyon floor. The trail then descends through the cross–bedded cliffs (fossil sand dunes) of the De Chelly Sandstone.
Geologic history
The river systems which deposited the Shinarump Conglomerate were slow, meandering rivers with oxbow lakes.
The partial geologic sequence is as follows, up to the latest Petrified Forest Member:[3]
- Petrified Forest Member, Late Triassic, 215 Ma
- Shinarump Conglomerate, 225 Ma
- Holbrook Member, Moenkopi, Middle Triassic, 240 Ma
- Virgin Limestone Member, Moenkopi, (245-240 Ma)
- Timpoweap and Sinbad members of the Moenkopi Formation, Early Triassic, 245 Ma
By the end of the Early and Middle Triassic the 'Triassic Seas' of the western ocean edge of the North American continent were retreating northwest with deposition of the Shinarump (225 Ma) and Petrified Forest Member (215 Ma). Highlands existed in southern Arizona and New Mexico, and in central and eastern regions of Nevada. These source areas provided the volcanic units of the Petrified Forest Member. The varied composition and oxidation of the included volcanic material provide the colorful units of the Chinle Formation of the Painted Desert, and specifically the units in Petrified Forest National Park at the southeast of the Painted Desert. The desert extends in an arc-shape, paralleling the northwest–by–southeast lineage of the Mogollon Rim, but turns due-north, east of Flagstaff, Arizona, on the east border of the San Francisco volcanic field region, as the Little Colorado River turns north, then northwest to enter the Grand Canyon region.
This arc-shaped Painted Desert region surrounds the south and west border of Black Mesa, the Monument Valley to the north, and the Defiance Plateau to the southeast. The southeast also has a perimeter of the Puerco River which flows southwestwards out of New Mexico and merges into the Little Colorado River. The caprock remainders of the Shinarump Conglomerate lie to north-northeast of the Defiance Uplift-Monument Upwarp.
References
- ^ Blakey, and Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, subsection, Great River Systems of the Moenkopi and Chinle: Triassic Deposition, pp. 58-66, p. 64
- ^ Lucchitta, 2001. Hiking Arizona's Geology, Hike 10, White House Ruin Trail, pp. 111-113.
- ^ Blakey, and Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, Chapter Five: Desert Rivers and Great Dunes, Triassic and Jurassic: 251 to 145 Million Years Ago,, pp. 56-86, (Moenkopi to Chinle Formation partial), pp. 58-66.
- Blakey, and Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, Ron Blakey, Wayne Ranney, c 2008, Grand Canyon Association (publisher), 176 pages, with Appendix, Glossary, Index. Contains approximately 75 shaded topographic maps, for geology, etc., with 54 (23 pairs, (46)) for Colorado Plateau specifically; others are global, or North American.
- Chronic, Halka, 1983. Roadside Geology of Arizona, c. 1983, 23rd printing, Mountain Press Publishing Co. 322 pages. Hike 10, White House Ruin Trail, pp. 111–113. (softcover, ISBN 978-0-87842-147-3)