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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|genus = Allium
| genus = Allium
|species = {{hybrid}} proliferum
| species = {{hybrid}} proliferum
|name = Tree onion
| name = Tree onion
|image = Allium fistulosum bulbifera0.jpg
| image = Allium fistulosum bulbifera0.jpg
|image_caption = Onion stalks with ''bulblets'', or miniature onions grown at the top of the stalk.
| image_caption = Onion stalks with ''bulblets'', or miniature onions grown at the top of the stalk.
|authority = [[Conrad Moench|(Moench)]] [[Heinrich Schrader (botanist)|Schrad.]] ex [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
| authority = [[Conrad Moench|(Moench)]] [[Heinrich Schrader (botanist)|Schrad.]] ex [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=TPL>{{The Plant List}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=TPL>{{The Plant List}}</ref>
|synonyms = {{Species list
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Allium cepa'' var. ''proliferum|(Moench) Regel
|Allium cepa'' var. ''proliferum|(Moench) Regel
|Allium fistulosum'' var. ''viviparum|Makino
|Allium fistulosum'' var. ''viviparum|Makino
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}}
}}


'''Tree onion''', '''topsetting onions''', '''walking onions''', or '''Egyptian onions''', '''''[[Allium]]'' × ''proliferum''''', are similar to [[Onion|common onions (''A.&nbsp;cepa'')]], but with a cluster of bulblets where a normal onion would have flowers. Genomic evidence has conclusively shown that they are a hybrid of the common onion and the [[Allium fistulosum|Welsh onion (''A.&nbsp;fistulosum'')]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Friesen, N. & M. Klaas |year=1998 |title=Origin of some vegetatively propagated ''Allium'' crops studied with RAPD and GISH. |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |volume=45 |issue=6 | pages=511–523 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/t3520923j4311143/ |doi=10.1023/A:1008647700251 }}</ref> However, some sources may still treat the tree onion as ''A.&nbsp;cepa'' var. ''proliferum'' or ''A.&nbsp;cepa'' Proliferum Group.
The '''tree onion''' (''Allium'' × ''proliferum'') is a [[perennial]] plant similar to the [[Onion|common onion]] (''A.&nbsp;cepa''), but with a cluster of bulblets where a normal onion would have flowers. Tree onions are also known as '''topsetting onions''', '''walking onions''', or '''Egyptian onions'''. Genomic evidence has conclusively shown that they are a [[diploid]] hybrid of the [[shallot]] and the [[Welsh onion]] (''A.&nbsp;fistulosum'').<ref>{{cite journal |author=Friesen, N. & M. Klaas |year=1998 |title=Origin of some vegetatively propagated ''Allium'' crops studied with RAPD and GISH. |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |volume=45 |issue=6 | pages=511–523 |doi=10.1023/A:1008647700251 |s2cid=26205471 }}</ref><ref name="RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Wakegi Onion">{{cite journal|last1=Yamashita|first1=Kenichiro|last2=Tashiro|first2=Yosuke|title=RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Wakegi Onion.|journal=Engei Gakkai Zasshi|date=2001|volume=70|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.2503/jjshs.70.232|doi-access=free}} <!-- Note: ascalonicum is mis-spelled as ascaronicum here. --></ref><ref name="Brewster2008">{{cite book|author=James L. Brewster|title=Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums|url=https://archive.org/details/Onions_and_Other_Vegetable_Alliums_Crop_Production_Science_in_Horticulture_by_Ja|date=1 January 2008|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-622-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/Onions_and_Other_Vegetable_Alliums_Crop_Production_Science_in_Horticulture_by_Ja/page/n163 152]–3}}</ref> However, some sources may still treat the tree onion as ''A.&nbsp;cepa'' var. ''proliferum'' or ''A.&nbsp;cepa'' Proliferum Group.
⚫
Tree onion bulblets will sprout and grow while still on the original stalk. They may bend down under the weight of the new growth and take root some distance from the parent plant, giving rise to the name "walking onion." It has been postulated that the name "Egyptian onion" derived from [[Romani people]]<ref name="Ruttle">{{cite web |url=http://www.garden.org/articles/articles.php?q=show&id=1727&page=4 |title=Confessions of an Onion Addict |last=Ruttle |first=Jack |publisher=National Gardening Association |accessdate=17 February 2011}}</ref> bringing tree onions to Europe from the Indian subcontinent.


⚫
Tree onion bulblets will sprout and grow while still on the original stalk. The bulblets are usually marble-sized, between 0.5&nbsp;cm to 3&nbsp;cm in diameter. They may bend down under the weight of the new growth and take root some distance from the parent plant, giving rise to the name "walking onion". It has been postulated that the name "Egyptian onion" derived from [[Romani people]]<ref name="Ruttle">{{cite web |url=http://www.garden.org/articles/articles.php?q=show&id=1727&page=4 |title=Confessions of an Onion Addict |last=Ruttle |first=Jack |publisher=National Gardening Association |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> bringing tree onions to Europe from the Indian subcontinent.
⚫
The tree onion is a species of [[perennial]] [[onion]]. It is a [[diploid]] hybrid between the [[bunching onion]] and the [[shallot]].<ref name="RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Wakegi Onion">{{cite journal|last1=Yamashita|first1=Kenichiro|last2=Tashiro|first2=Yosuke|title=RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Wakegi Onion.|journal=Engei Gakkai zasshi|date=2001|volume=70|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.2503/jjshs.70.232}}</ref><ref name="Brewster2008">{{cite book|author=James L. Brewster|title=Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW_TiZ1jHCkC&pg=PA152|date=1 January 2008|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-622-8|pages=152–3}}</ref> Also known as turfed stone leek, it may be cultivated commercially and for foliage.<ref name="RabinowitchCurrah2002">{{cite book|author1=Haim D. Rabinowitch|author2=Lesley Currah|title=Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGmBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|year=2002|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-0-85199-510-6|pages=87–8}}</ref><ref name="RubatzkyYamaguchi2012">{{cite book|author1=Vincent E. Rubatzky|author2=Mas Yamaguchi|title=World Vegetables: Principles, Production, and Nutritive Values|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2I_uBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-6015-9|pages=307–8}}</ref> It is described as a shallot which can be grown in tropical conditions.<ref name="Prohens-TomásNuez2007">{{cite book|author1=Jaime Prohens-Tomás|author2=Fernando Nuez|title=Vegetables II: Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD_OLc3lYDMC&pg=PA124|date=6 December 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-74110-9|pages=124, 152}}</ref>
The phenomenon of forming bulblets ([[bulbil]]s) instead of flowers is also seen in top-setting [[garlic]] and other alliums, which sometimes may also be referred to as top onions or tree onions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://piedmontmastergardeners.org/article/allium-a-whimsical-accent-for-the-ornamental-garden/|quote=A few alliums, such as A. roseum and A. sphaerocephalon produce aerial bulbils in the flower head.|title=Allium &#124; Piedmont Master Gardeners }}</ref>


⚫
Also known as turfed stone leek, it may be cultivated commercially and for foliage.<ref name="RabinowitchCurrah2002">{{cite book|author1=Haim D. Rabinowitch|author2=Lesley Currah|title=Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGmBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|year=2002|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-0-85199-510-6|pages=87–8}}</ref><ref name="RubatzkyYamaguchi2012">{{cite book|author1=Vincent E. Rubatzky|author2=Mas Yamaguchi|title=World Vegetables: Principles, Production, and Nutritive Values|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2I_uBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-6015-9|pages=307–8}}</ref> It is described as a shallot which can be grown in tropical conditions.<ref name="Prohens-TomásNuez2007">{{cite book|author1=Jaime Prohens-Tomás|author2=Fernando Nuez|title=Vegetables II: Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD_OLc3lYDMC&pg=PA124|date=6 December 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-74110-9|pages=124, 152}}</ref>
The phenomenon of forming bulblets instead of flowers is also seen in [[garlic]] and other alliums, which sometimes may also be referred to as top onions or tree onions. The bulblets are usually marble-sized, between 0.5&nbsp;cm to 3&nbsp;cm in diameter.


Many tree onions are very strong flavoured, although some cultivars are relatively mild and sweet.<ref name="Ruttle" /> The underground bulbs are particularly tough-skinned and pungent,<ref name="Chandoha">{{cite web |url=http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/schenectady/Master%20Gardener%20Website/projectdocs/factsheets/vegetables/Egyptian%20Onions.pdf |title=Egyptian Onions are the Easiest |last=Chandoha |first=Walter |publisher=Cornell University Cooperative Extension |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> and can be quite elongate, like [[leek]]s,<ref name="Chandoha" /> or in some types may form bulbs up to 5&nbsp;cm across.<ref name="Ruttle" /> Young plants may be used as [[scallion]]s in the spring, and the bulblets may be used in cooking similarly to regular onions, or preserved by [[pickling]].<ref name="Chandoha" />
Many tree onions are very strong flavoured, although some cultivars are relatively mild and sweet.<ref name="Ruttle" /> The underground bulbs are particularly tough-skinned and pungent,<ref name="Chandoha">{{cite web |url=http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/schenectady/Master%20Gardener%20Website/projectdocs/factsheets/vegetables/Egyptian%20Onions.pdf |title=Egyptian Onions are the Easiest |last=Chandoha |first=Walter |publisher=Cornell University Cooperative Extension |access-date=26 April 2011}}</ref> and can be quite elongate, like [[leek]]s,<ref name="Chandoha" /> or in some types may form bulbs up to 5&nbsp;cm across.<ref name="Ruttle" /> Young plants may be used as [[scallion]]s in the spring, and the bulblets may be used in cooking similarly to regular onions, or preserved by [[pickling]].<ref name="Chandoha" />


== Culinary use ==
== Culinary use ==
=== Japan ===
The plant is known as {{Nihongo||ワケギ|wakegi|extra2="split scallion"}} in Japan. Considered a specialty of the [[Hiroshima Prefecture]], it is used in local cooking similar to other scallions.<ref name="yasai1">{{cite web |date= |title=わけぎの需給動向 |url=https://vegetable.alic.go.jp/yasaijoho/yasai/1804_yasai1.html |accessdate=11 March 2022 |publisher=独立行政法人農畜産業振興機構}}</ref>

=== Korea ===
=== Korea ===
{{see also|Allium fistulosum#Korea}}
{{see also|Allium fistulosum#Korea}}
In Korea, ''Allium'' × ''proliferum'' along with ''[[Allium fistulosum|A. fistulosum]]'' is called '''''pa''''' ({{lang|ko|파}}, "scallion"), while common [[onion]]s are called ''yangpa'' ({{lang|ko|양파}}, "Western scallion"). While ''A.'' × ''proliferum'' is called '''''jjokpa''''' ({{lang|ko|쪽파}}), ''A. fistulosum'' is called either ''[[daepa]]'' ({{lang|ko|대파}}, "big scallion") or ''[[silpa]]'' ({{lang|ko|실파}}, "thread scallion") depending on the size. Unlike ''daepa'' and ''silpa'', which are usually used as a spice, herb, or garnish, ''jjokpa'' is often used as the main ingredient of various scallion dishes in [[Korean cuisine]]. Common dishes made with ''jjokpa'' include ''[[pajeon]]'' (scallion pancakes) and ''[[pa-kimchi]]'' (scallion kimchi).
In Korea, ''Allium'' × ''proliferum'' along with ''[[Allium fistulosum|A. fistulosum]]'' is called '''''pa''''' ({{lang|ko|파}}, "scallion"), while common [[onion]]s are called ''yangpa'' ({{lang|ko|양파}}, "Western scallion"). While ''A.'' × ''proliferum'' is called '''''jjokpa''''' ({{lang|ko|쪽파}}, "separated scallion"), ''A. fistulosum'' is called either ''[[daepa]]'' ({{lang|ko|대파}}, "big scallion") or ''[[silpa]]'' ({{lang|ko|실파}}, "thread scallion") depending on the size. Unlike ''daepa'' and ''silpa'', which are usually used as a spice, herb, or garnish, ''jjokpa'' is often used as the main ingredient of various scallion dishes in [[Korean cuisine]]. Common dishes made with ''jjokpa'' include ''[[pajeon]]'' (scallion pancakes) and ''[[pa-kimchi]]'' (scallion kimchi).{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}


<gallery>
<gallery>
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{{taxonbar|from=Q41794154}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q41794154}}

[[Category:Allium|proliferum]]
[[Category:Allium|proliferum]]
[[Category:Interspecific plant hybrids]]
[[Category:Interspecific plant hybrids]]
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[[Category:Onions]]
[[Category:Onions]]
[[Category:Perennial vegetables]]
[[Category:Perennial vegetables]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1794]]


{{Asparagales-stub}}

Revision as of 17:57, 18 April 2024

Tree onion
Onion stalks with bulblets, or miniature onions grown at the top of the stalk.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Genus: Allium
Species:
A. × proliferum
Binomial name
Allium × proliferum
Synonyms[1]
  • Allium cepa var. proliferum (Moench) Regel
  • Allium fistulosum var. viviparum Makino
  • Allium fistulosum f. viviparum (Makino) M.Hiroe
  • Allium multitabulatum S. Cicina
  • Allium multitabulatum S. Cicina
  • Allium × wakegi Araki
  • Cepa × prolifera Moench

The tree onion (Allium × proliferum) is a perennial plant similar to the common onion (A. cepa), but with a cluster of bulblets where a normal onion would have flowers. Tree onions are also known as topsetting onions, walking onions, or Egyptian onions. Genomic evidence has conclusively shown that they are a diploid hybrid of the shallot and the Welsh onion (A. fistulosum).[2][3][4] However, some sources may still treat the tree onion as A. cepa var. proliferum or A. cepa Proliferum Group.

Tree onion bulblets will sprout and grow while still on the original stalk. The bulblets are usually marble-sized, between 0.5 cm to 3 cm in diameter. They may bend down under the weight of the new growth and take root some distance from the parent plant, giving rise to the name "walking onion". It has been postulated that the name "Egyptian onion" derived from Romani people[5] bringing tree onions to Europe from the Indian subcontinent. The phenomenon of forming bulblets (bulbils) instead of flowers is also seen in top-setting garlic and other alliums, which sometimes may also be referred to as top onions or tree onions.[6]

Also known as turfed stone leek, it may be cultivated commercially and for foliage.[7][8] It is described as a shallot which can be grown in tropical conditions.[9]

Many tree onions are very strong flavoured, although some cultivars are relatively mild and sweet.[5] The underground bulbs are particularly tough-skinned and pungent,[10] and can be quite elongate, like leeks,[10] or in some types may form bulbs up to 5 cm across.[5] Young plants may be used as scallions in the spring, and the bulblets may be used in cooking similarly to regular onions, or preserved by pickling.[10]

Culinary use

Japan

The plant is known as wakegi (ワケギ) "split scallion" in Japan. Considered a specialty of the Hiroshima Prefecture, it is used in local cooking similar to other scallions.[11]

Korea

See also: Allium fistulosum § Korea

In Korea, Allium × proliferum along with A. fistulosum is called pa (파, "scallion"), while common onions are called yangpa (양파, "Western scallion"). While A. × proliferum is called jjokpa (쪽파, "separated scallion"), A. fistulosum is called either daepa (대파, "big scallion") or silpa (실파, "thread scallion") depending on the size. Unlike daepa and silpa, which are usually used as a spice, herb, or garnish, jjokpa is often used as the main ingredient of various scallion dishes in Korean cuisine. Common dishes made with jjokpa include pajeon (scallion pancakes) and pa-kimchi (scallion kimchi).[citation needed]

Gallery

  • Egyptian onions
    Egyptian onions
  • Tree onion
    Tree onion
  • Growing in a garden
    Growing in a garden

See also

References

  1. ^ "Allium ×proliferum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ Friesen, N. & M. Klaas (1998). "Origin of some vegetatively propagated Allium crops studied with RAPD and GISH". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 45 (6): 511–523. doi:10.1023/A:1008647700251. S2CID 26205471.
  3. ^ Yamashita, Kenichiro; Tashiro, Yosuke (2001). "RFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Wakegi Onion". Engei Gakkai Zasshi. 70 (2): 232–234. doi:10.2503/jjshs.70.232.
  4. ^ James L. Brewster (1 January 2008). Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums. CABI. pp. 152–3. ISBN 978-1-84593-622-8.
  5. ^ a b c Ruttle, Jack. "Confessions of an Onion Addict". National Gardening Association. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  6. ^ "Allium | Piedmont Master Gardeners". A few alliums, such as A. roseum and A. sphaerocephalon produce aerial bulbils in the flower head.
  7. ^ Haim D. Rabinowitch; Lesley Currah (2002). Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. CABI. pp. 87–8. ISBN 978-0-85199-510-6.
  8. ^ Vincent E. Rubatzky; Mas Yamaguchi (6 December 2012). World Vegetables: Principles, Production, and Nutritive Values. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 307–8. ISBN 978-1-4615-6015-9.
  9. ^ Jaime Prohens-Tomás; Fernando Nuez (6 December 2007). Vegetables II: Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 124, 152. ISBN 978-0-387-74110-9.
  10. ^ a b c Chandoha, Walter. "Egyptian Onions are the Easiest" (PDF). Cornell University Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  11. ^ "わけぎの需給動向". 独立行政法人農畜産業振興機構. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
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