Winter onion

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Winter onion
Allium fistulosum

Allium fistulosum

Systematics
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae)
Subfamily : Leek family (Allioideae)
Tribe : Allieae
Genre : Leek ( allium )
Type : Winter onion
Scientific name
Allium fistulosum
L.
Allium fistulosum

The winter onion ( Allium fistulosum , syn .: A. altaicum , A. ceratophyllum , Cepa sissilis , C. ventricosa ) is a species of the subfamily of the leek family (Allioideae). It is also spring or early onion , spring onion , spring onion , leek , onion Röhrl , onion tubes , tube leeks , Bow onion , Schlott onion , cut onion , Eternal onion , bunching onion , Winter Hecke , White Florentine , Grober chives , Jacob Leek , locust leeks , meat leek , hollow leeks or Schnattra called. The green leaves of the winter onion are called Schlotten , sometimes the whole winter onion is also called that.

Autumn sowing of the table onion ( Allium cepa ) is also referred to as winter onion , which forms a normal onion but is neither peeled nor easy to store.

description

Winter onions are perennial herbaceous plants and reach a height of 30 to 100 centimeters. The leaves are round and hollow, the stem puffed up and round in cross-section.

The flowers formed between June and August are white, the bracts are shorter than the flower stalks, the stamens protrude far beyond the inflorescence, the stamens are simple and imperforate. The single flower is 1 cm tall.

The winter onion blooms in summer. It seeds easily. The seed ripens in July to August, and sometimes in September. The seeds formed are 1 mm thick, 1 to 2 mm wide and 2 to 3 mm long. The thousand grain weight is 2.1 to 2.4 g.

The plant forms clumps and develops long cylindrical bulbs. The onion is white. Red and other colors are also known. It does not form an onion in the sense of the table onion. The shape is similar to that of leek. Towards autumn, the secondary onions, which are used for vegetative propagation, form almost simultaneously with the main onion. The plant is fully absorbed in autumn. In Asia there are very many types in culture that are more or less clump-forming. There are types with white and purple skin. Many types are known, especially in Asia and Africa. In Brazzaville and Kinshasa, for example, a clump-forming winter onion with very fine leaves is used that flowers and forms seeds. In contrast, the Japanese winter onion does not produce seeds when cultivated in the tropics. The winter onion does not occur wild in Germany.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.

Origin and history

Their origin is the Orient. Apparently there was a cultivation in China as early as 2000 BC, where no onion was grown until the development of modern varieties in the last decades. Winter onions grow wild in Siberia on the Altai and Lake Baikal, from where they came to Europe via Russia in the 17th century. In any case, it was introduced in England in 1629. Large quantities of winter onions were grown in the Munich area at the end of the 18th century. Immediately after the Second World War, cultivation in the crop rotation after potatoes was preferred.

Common names

Are other partly only regionally common names for the winter onion or were: dume Porrum , Fleiss leeks , hoe onion ( Magdeburg ), Jakob onion ( Ostfriesland ), locust leeks (East Frisia), fool , fool and Somzwiebel ( Transylvania ).

use

Cultivation and harvest

The winter onion is a common crop. It is cultivated particularly in tropical climates, because there the onion ( Allium cepa ) does not grow or does not grow so well. It is frost hardy, can be sown the previous year and overwintered in the two to three leaf stage. In Asia, the winter onion is usually grown as the second crop after rice. In Switzerland, cultivation in the crop rotation after potatoes was common around 1945. In the home garden, beans and peas are grown. By sowing in the greenhouse or in the polytunnel, the winter onion can serve as a transition between the forcing culture of chives, before the first chives, which are premature due to fleece, sprout outdoors. Winter onions develop faster than chives after winter. Not too nutritious, light to medium-heavy soils in a warm place are ideal. When grown in full sun, the plant develops a stronger aroma than when grown in the shade of trees or in a greenhouse. In Central Europe, sowing takes place from February to April. For the production of spring onions, several sets (sowing) are sown in order to always be able to harvest the optimal size. The optimal germination temperature is 15 to 25 ° C, and the optimum for growth is 15 to 20 ° C. The distance between plants should be 20 × 20 to 25 mm. The seeds are only lightly covered with soil. This corresponds to about 0.5 cm. The seeds germinate after 3 to 4 days, under unfavorable conditions and with less germination even after 14 days. For a Are 150 g or 0.25 g of seed are required per linear meter. For seedling cultivation in July, broad-cast sowing is used, whereby 10 g are required for 1 m². The seedlings are then planted in early September. 3 to 4 plants are planted together. The roots and leaves can be shortened a little. Winter onions are not very nutritious. If the cultivation begins in autumn, only phosphorus and potash should be fertilized. Then in the spring it is fertilized with nitrogen, divided into several doses to prevent leaching. Harvesting can begin around three months after sowing. The winter onion can also be grown as a permanent crop in the home garden. However, it should be replanted every two to three years, because otherwise the clumps will become too dense and thus the budding force and leaf thickness will be reduced. Winter onions are also used to produce spring onions. Then it is considered an annual culture. It is then sown every two weeks. As a spring onion, also called silver onion, it is harvested when it has a diameter of 15 to 35 mm. In the home garden, it can also be used as a border for flower beds because it does not overgrow and requires little maintenance. With spring onion production, yields of 200 to 500 dt / ha are possible - depending on the type and season in which it is grown.

Mixed culture

Winter onions can be sown well mixed with radishes in the home garden. The radishes are ripe for harvest about one to two months in advance, and this saves space. But it should be fertilized a little more.

Multiplication

The winter onion is propagated generatively via seeds. For this purpose, plants are sown and grown in spring like for vegetable production. Slowly growing at first, they then form clumps in autumn and overwinter. After overwintering, the plant will flower in summer. 40 days after full bloom, the ripe seed heads are cut off with a little stalk and then dried. This prevents the seeds from falling out during harvest. Post-drying takes another 20 days. The plants can be used for seed propagation for several years in a row. In the home garden, winter onions can also be propagated by dividing the clumps, as with chives. The last described, vegetative propagation occurs from August. When dividing the clumps, 2 to 3 shoots are planted as a new clump. These plants can be fully harvested again as early as next year. There are also crosses of onions (Allium cepa) and winter onions (Allium fistulosum), which are very vigorous. Propagation via meristem culture from callus tissue is also possible.

Diseases and pests

Most of the diseases that occur in other bulbous plants occur in winter hedges. So these are: downy mildew ( Peronospora destructor ), purple spots ( Alternaria porri ), flour disease ( Sclerotium cepivorum ), winter onion yellow stripe virus (Welsh Onion yellow Stripe Virus). Onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci ), leek moth and onion leaf miner are the main pests . The winter onion is more sensitive to downy mildew than other types of onion when the conditions are continuously moist and warm. The shallot fly ( Anthomya platura ) also occurs. During very strong, prolonged frosts, the tips of the leaves can turn yellow or die off, especially if there is a dry wind in winter. Sometimes rust ( Puccinia porri ) also develops on the leaves.

The winter onion is resistant to the fungus Urocystis cepulae . Resistance to leaf botrytis ( Botrytis squamosa ), pink root rot ( Pyrenocheta terrestris ), onion neck rot ( Botrytis spp.) And OYDV ( Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus ) are also known. Partial resistances exist to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Even if the winter onion is less sensitive to diseases, a cultivation break of 4 to 5 years should be observed in the crop rotation.

use

Spring onions as food

kitchen

The use of the winter onion is similar to that of the table onion, but the taste (except for the leaves) is less strong. The leaves, on the other hand, taste much stronger than onions or chives. Winter onions are eaten freshly cut as a spice or cooked. The leaves can also be used as a substitute for chives, for example in salads or soups. The seeds can also be used as a spice in the kitchen. They are harvested from the seed pods around July. They should be stored as whole seeds in a cool and dark place, for example in a spice mill, as the aroma is very volatile.

canned goods

Silver onions are made equally from winter onions and from table onions.

ingredients

In terms of ingredients and nutritional value, the winter onion can be equated with the table onion.

storage

Chilled winter onions, harvested as spring onions, can be kept in the cooling compartment and wrapped in foil for 1 to 2 weeks.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ KF Dobel, Synonymic dictionary of the plants occurring in pharmacy and in trade , 1830, pp. 11-12.
  2. ↑ J. Becker-Dillingen, handbook of the entire vegetable growing, including the kitchen herbs. , 6th edition, P. Parey, 1956, p. 686.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g J. Becker-Dillingen, Handbook of the entire vegetable cultivation , 5. Edition, Verlag Paul Parey, 1950, pp. 802-804.
  4. ↑ a b c d Combles, The well-ordered kitchen garden , edition 2, Verlag BF Voigt, 1841, p. 298
  5. ↑ a b c d e f A. Leroy: Culture des Alliacées Potagères - Chapitre VI - La Ciboule. , Librarie Hachette, 1941, pp. 57-62.
  6. ↑ a b c d e H. Settegast et al .: Illustrated Handbook of Horticulture. , Verlag JJ Arnd, Leipzig, 1909, p. 386.
  7. ^ A b c d e E. Stapperts: Cours Pratique de Culture maraichère. , Printed by: Soc. on. M. Weissenbruch, Belgium, 1923, pp. 555-556.
  8. ↑ a b c M. Busch-Stockfisch, food dictionary. , Behr's Verlag DE, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 , 2005, pp. 2067-2068.
  9. ↑ a b c L. Müller: Vegetables - specialist library of the gardener. , Second volume, Verlagsgesellschaft mbH H. Rillinger, Nordhausen am Harz, 1937 ?, p. 386.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h H.L. Vilmorin: Ciboule , In: Les Plantes Potagères; Descroption et culture des Proncipaux Légumes des climats tempéré. , Troisième Édition, 1904, p. 177.
  11. ↑ a b c K. Reichelt and N. Nicolaisen: The practice of vegetable cultivation. , Paul Parey publishing house, 1931, pp. 235–236.
  12. ↑ a b c d e P. Miller, F. Hermann and H. Lueder: Complete instructions for the maintenance of all known kitchen garden plants in Europe. , Verlag CG Donatius, 1780, pp. 881-882.
  13. ^ A b Charles-Marie Messian, Le Potager Tropical , 3ème édition refondue, Édition CILF, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-85319-273-3 , p. 390.
  14. ^ Tropicos. [1]
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i G. Vogel et al .: Handbook of special vegetable cultivation - 94 Winter onion, 1996, Ulmer Verlag, ISBN 3-8001-5285-1 , pp. 731-736.
  16. ↑ HC Thompsen: Jerusalem Artichoke , In: Vegetable Crops. , Fourth edition, McBraw-Hill Book Company Inc., London, 1949, pp. 373-374.
  17. ↑ a b c d O. Rhiner et al .: The Swiss vegetable cultivation. , Printed by: Huber & Co. AG, Frauenfeld, 1945, pp. 151-152.
  18. ^ Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants , published by Philipp Cohen Hannover 1882, page 18.
  19. ↑ JJ Ochse et al., Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies (edible tubers, bulbs rhizomes and spices included): Survey of the indigencus and foreign plants serving as pot-herbs and side-dishes , Archipel drukkerij, 1931, p. 446– 449.
  20. ↑ a b H.D. Rabinowitch and JL Brewster: Onions and Allied Crops - Biochemistry Food Science Minor Crops , Volume 3, CRC Press, 1989, pp. 159-176.
  21. ↑ a b c H. Truet, Traité pratique de Culture Potagère pour l'Afrique du Nord , La Maison des Livres, Algiers, 1941, pp. 88-90.
  22. ↑ ZP Linz and QL Cui, Regeneration of plants from callus of Alliumfistulosum. , Acta Botanica Sinica No. 24-6, 1982, pp. 586-587.
  23. ^ A b G. JH Grubben, OA Denton, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (Program) , PORTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen, 2004, ISBN 90-5782-147-8 , pp. 52-56.
  24. ↑ American Phytopathological Society: Phythopathology , American Phytopathological Society, Issue 23, 1933, pp. 109-110.
  25. ^ W. Franke, Nutzpflanzenkunde, 1997, Thieme Verlag, ISBN 3-13-530406-X , p. 390
  26. ↑ JJ Rein, Japan: after traveling and studying on behalf of the royal Prussian government. , Edition 2, Verlag W. Engelmann, 1886, p. 90.
  27. ↑ BR broadcast Querbeet from March 18, 2013.
  28. ↑ P. Nehring, H. Krause and H. Serger, canning technology pocket book of the fruit and vegetable processing industry. , Issue 13, Serger & Hempel, 1958, p. 363.

Web links

Commons : Allium fistulosum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files