Urochloa panicoides
| Urochloa panicoides | |
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| Species: | U. panicoides
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| Binomial name | |
| Urochloa panicoides (L.) P.Beauv. – Annual signal grass | |
Introduction
Urochloa panicoides (L.) P.Beauv. is a fodder grass originating in Southern Africa.
Synonymes
- Panicum borzianum Mattei fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa: 603.
- Panicum controversum Steud.
- Panicum helopus Trin. in Spreng. [1]
- Panicum helopus Trin. forma forma glabrescens K.Schum. fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa
- Panicum hirsutum Koen. ex Roxb.
- Panicum hochstetteranum A.Rich.
- Panicum javanicum Poir.
- Panicum oxycephalum Peter
- Panicum panicoides (P. Beauv.) Hitchc.
- Panicum setarioides Peter - (1928), non Steud. (1854).-- nom.nud.
- Urochloa helopus (Trin.) Stapf
- Urochloa marathensis Henr.
- Urochloa marathensis var. velutina Henr.
- Urochloa ruschii Pilg.
- Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53,
- Urochloa panicoides var. marathensis (Henr.) Bor.
- Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor
- Urochloa panicoides var. velutina (Henr.) Bor
- Urochloa pubescens Kunth
Description
- Habitat: annual; caespitose. Culms geniculately ascending, or decumbent; 10–100 cm long; without nodal roots, or rooting from lower nodes. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blade base amplexicaul. Leaf-blades linear, or lanceolate; 2–25 cm long; 5–18 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface glabrous, or pubescent. Leaf-blade margins tuberculate-ciliate; hairy at base.
- Inflorescence: Inflorescence composed of racemes. Racemes 2–7(–10); borne along a central axis; unilateral; 1–7 cm long. Central inflorescence axis 1–9 cm long. Rhachis narrowly winged; angular; glabrous on surface, or with scattered hairs. Spikelet packing abaxial; regular; 2 -rowed. Spikelets solitary, or in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile and pedicelled. Pedicels bearing a few hairs.
- Fertile spikelets: Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; dorsally compressed; compressed strongly; plano-convex; acute; (2.5–)3.5–4.5(–5.5) mm long; falling entire.
- Glumes: Glumes dissimilar; reaching apex of florets; thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume ovate; clasping; 0.5(–0.66) times length of spikelet; membranous; without keels; 3–5 -veined. Lower glume surface glabrous, or pubescent. Lower glume apex obtuse, or acute. Upper glume elliptic; 1 times length of spikelet; membranous; without s; 7–11 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins with cross-veins. Upper glume surface glabrous, or pubescent. Upper glume apex acuminate.
- Floret: Basal sterile florets male, or barren; with palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret similar to upper glume; elliptic; 1 times length of spikelet; membranous; 5–7 -veined; glabrous, or pubescent; eciliate on margins, or setose on margins; acuminate. Fertile lemma orbicular; dorsally compressed; 2 mm long; indurate; without keel. Lemma surface rugulose. Lemma margins involute. Lemma apex obtuse; mucronate. Principal lemma awn 0.3–1 mm long overall. Palea indurate.[2]
Urochloa setigera can be confused with forms of U. panicoides with pubescent, paired spikelets, especially when the base is missing. Urochloa panicoides has less abruptly cuspidate spikelets, a more coarsely rugose fertile floret, and a much longer mucro on the upper lemma.
Distribution
- Africa: Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Asia: Yemen, India, Pakistan, Thailand, China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
- Naturalized elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, and United States.
Native to southern Africa.
Ecology
Moist grasslands, lakesides up to an altitude of 140-2200 m.
Usage
A weed and a potential seed contaminant. Though often used as a fodder grass for both cattle and horses.
Diseases and Pests
This grass is susceptible to the maize streak monogeminivirus (also called bajra streak, cereal African streak virus, maize streak A virus). This virus is transmitted by the following Cicadellidae insect species: Cicadulina mbila, Cicadulina arachidis, Cicadulina , Cicadulina triangula, Cicadulina bimaculata, Cicadulina similis, Cicadulina latens, Cicadulina ghaurii, [[Cicadulina parazeae]. It is also susceptible to the Cereal chlorotic mottle nucleorhabdovirus. This too is transmitted by insects: Nesoclutha pallida, Cicadula bimaculata, Cicadulina bipunctata ssp. Bipunctella.
Punjabi dialect forms
The following Punjabi dialect forms are recorded in Punjab for this grass:
Indian languages
in India: barajalgauti, harat, basaunta, chaprai Ia. chat ta. gal¬phula. jal-ganti, jalganti. jhun. kaadu hilisamme kaadubilli-saatnal hullo. kakdel. kuwain, kowin. kuri, kuriya, motia. pandhar, poir.salla-woodoo, sallawudu, sam¬wan, semai.
Indo-Aryan languages
=Dravidian languages
Non-Indian languages
- Afrikaans: tuin-urochltta, tuinheesgras, heesgras, cenjarige sinjaalgras, kurimanna, tuingras.
- Chinese: 黍尾稃草 lei shu wei fu cao.
- English: annual signal grass, garden signal grass, garden grass, panic liverseed grass, liverseed grass, liver seed grass, liverseedgrass, herringbone grass, kuri-millet, poke.
- Australia: urochloa grass, garden urochloa, panic urochloa grass, urochloa.
- South Africa: garden urochloa.
- United States: liverseed grass.
- Alabama:, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Oregon, Vermont: liver seed grass; North Carolina: liverseed grass; South Carolina: liverseedgrass
- Zimbabwe: Kuri millet.
- Italian: pasto africano.
- Somali: farsho.
- Sotho: kgola, kgolane, bore-ba-ntjia.
- ^ Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 84. 1821.. 2:84. 1821. Duthie, Fodder Grasses 8. 1888.
- ^ Ref: Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 30 September 2007; 14:00 GMT]*