Egyptian nationalism
The Egyptian nationalism ( Egyptian Arabic قوميه مصريه Qawmeya Masreya ) refers to a specific nationalism of the Egyptians and the Egyptian culture .
Egyptian nationalism is typically a patriotism that seeks the unity of all Egyptians regardless of ethnicity or religion. It has manifested itself since the 19th century in pharaonicism , which has viewed Egypt as a distinctive and independent political entity in the world since the era of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt . The Arabic language , which is spoken by the majority in Egypt today, is related to the Egyptian language , which died out in the 18th century. Mohamed Ali Pascha promoted rapprochement with Europe. The simultaneous discoveries of the relics of an ancient Egyptian civilization spurred Egyptian identity and nationalism. In the 1870s and 1880s, the Orabi movement called for an end to the despotism of the Mohamed Ali family and the curbing of increasing European influence in Egypt. Nationalist slogans such as “Egypt for Egyptians” were called out.
After the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, Egyptian nationalism called for an end to British colonial rule and culminated in 1919 with the revolution in Egypt - a response to the hardships the British imposed during World War I. After three years of protest and political unrest, Great Britain unilaterally proclaimed the independence of Egypt as a monarchy in 1922, with the British still leaving some areas under their supervision. During the period of the Kingdom of Egypt , Egyptian nationalists remained focused on ending the British presence in Egypt. Although Arab nationalism gained influence in the 1930s, those who wished to collaborate with other Arab or Muslim neighbors also retained strong ties to Egypt.
After the military coup in Egypt in 1952 , which overthrew the centuries-old monarchy and established a republic, Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power with a vision that blended Arab and Egyptian nationalism. Nasser saw Egypt as the leader of the Arab states and saw Egypt's role as promoting Arab solidarity against both the West and Israel . From 1958 to 1961 there was an Egyptian-Syrian Union called the United Arab Republic . Nasser's successors Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak again reduced the emphasis on Arab nationalism and again emphasized Egyptian nationalism, which is now based on Egypt's uniqueness within the Arab world. Sadat and Mobarak also solved Nasser's Arab-nationalist conflict with "the West" on the one hand and Israel on the other.
The 2011 revolution in Egypt , which forced Mobarak's resignation from power and resulted in multi-party elections, raised the question of the future of Egyptian nationalism. Specifically, the previous secular governments of Nasser, Sadat and Mobarak avoided direct religious conflicts between the Muslim majority and the Coptic Christian minority by emphasizing the secular Egyptian nationalist culture. Meanwhile, concerns arose as to whether this Egyptian nationalist culture could persist with the political changes brought about by the "Arab Spring". This became an important concern , especially after a series of violence ( Maspero massacre , Imbaba church attack) by Muslims against Christians .
See also
literature
- Alexander J. Motyl (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Volume 2, Academic Press, San Diego 2001, ISBN 0-12-227230-7 .
- Lin Noueihed, Alex Warren: The Battle for the Arab Spring. Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. Yale University Press, New Haven 2012, ISBN 978-0-300-19415-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Alexander J. Motyl (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Volume 2, Academic Press, San Diego 2001, ISBN 0-12-227230-7 , pp. 138f.
- ^ David P. Silverman: Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press, New York 1997. p. 234.
- ↑ a b c Lin Noueihed, Alex Warren: The Battle for the Arab Spring. Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 125-128.