Bishop (chess)
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The rotor ( Unicode : ♗ U + 2657 ♝ U + 265D) is a figure in the game of chess . Together with the knight , he is one of the light figures and officers. Runners cannot change their field color. Depending on the color of the field on which a runner is standing, one speaks of the runner being white-field or black- field .
At the beginning of a game there are two white and two black bishops on the board. Each party has one white-squared and one black-squared bishop. The white bishop (on black) is on the c1 square at the start of the game, the black (on white) on c8. The white king's bishop (on white) is on field f1 at the start of the game, the black (on black) on f8.
Moving opportunities and value
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A runner can move diagonally across any number of spaces.
Bishops move diagonally as far as they want across the board, although they are not allowed to move over other pieces . Due to the diagonal move, a runner can only reach fields of the same field color. This means a restriction of his ability to move and thus a weakness of the runner. Mainly for this reason, the runner is rated weaker than the tower. The value of a bishop with three pawn units is roughly the same as that of a knight, while the rook has a value about two pawn units higher. This difference in value is called quality .
A runner stands effectively when he has many opportunities to move. In open positions, the runner is usually superior to the jumper because of the greater range. Strong is a pair of bishops that is usually superior to a pair of knights or a runner and jumper. Bishops are long-stepped pieces that can move from one side of the board to another in one move if all spaces in between are free.
The runner in the three phases of the game
In the opening
In the initial phase of a game, the opening , one endeavors to develop the bishops as quickly as possible, i. that is, to put them in a strategically favorable position. Natural development areas for the white bishop are b5 and g5, where they often tie the opposing knight against the queen or king, or c4. From this square, the white bishop targets the square f7, which can become a weak point if Black develops carelessly. See e.g. B. Schäfermatt and Sea Cadet Matt . (The corresponding squares for the black bishops are b4, g4 and c5.) Often bishops are only developed after e2 / e7 or d2 / d7 in order to break the pegging of a knight. An alternative to positioning the runners near the center is fianceting ; H. setting up the runners on the flanks, which on the one hand represents a more defensive variant, but on the other hand is also geared towards controlling the center in the long term
In many openings the development of the black ladies runner is inhibited, e.g. B. in the French defense or in the rejected Queen's Gambit , in both cases by the pawn e6.
In the middle game
After the opening phase, in the middle game , bishops of different colors can be of advantage in attacking the opposing king together with queen and / or rook , because the attacker practically has one piece at an advantage (if the bishop attacks weak squares or pawns, the opposing bishop can not defend them). The fields in front of backward farmers represent an excellent position for runners; here they are difficult to attack and make an excellent contribution to your own attack efforts.
In the endgame
The checkmate with two bishops and king against king is not a problem (see Elementary Matt leadership ), while you can, checkmate impossible in even the worst game of the opponent with only one runner. Bishop endings with bishops of different colors often offer chances of a draw with a slight material disadvantage (e.g. a pawn) .
Others
- Runners who are restricted in their mobility by their own pawns - because these pawns stand on fields of the same color as the runner - are called bad runners .
- Of opposite colored runners is when White only has only one black-squared and Black a white-squared bishop, or vice versa.
- In the endgame of king, bishop and pawn against king, one speaks of the wrong bishop if the bishop cannot cover the pawn's square.
history
In the chess of the Indians, Persians and Arabs, the bishop did not yet exist in its current form: In its place there was the figure of Alfil ( Arabic name for elephant ) or Fil ( Persian name for elephant ). In Latin , the alfil was usually called alphinus . In Russian the runner is still referred to as слон (slon) - elephant , in Italian as alfiere .
The Alfil jumped diagonally into the space after that, so its range was limited. This move is parallel to that of the knight. The figure was represented by two symbolized tusks of an elephant protruding upwards . With the introduction of the game in Europe, this was then reinterpreted: The French interpreted it as a fool's cap (the French name "fou", the fool, for the runner is a distortion of Fil ). In Great Britain and some other parts of Europe, this soon became the shape of a miter (see the Lewis chess pieces ). The English name of the runner is "bishop".
Another predecessor was the courier (from Latin currere , 'to run'), a new kind of game figure that first moved according to the runner's long-stepping move. In courier chess , mentioned since around 1210 , both sides had two couriers each in addition to the Alfil figures. When the Alfil was transformed into a runner as part of the game reform at the end of the 15th century, the courier probably served as a suggestion. In any case, it is obvious that the German term “runner” goes back to the courier. In addition, it seems that other medieval chess variants (verifiably in the Grande Acedrex ) were experimented with with a piece that corresponds to the bishop.
