4D printing
The 4D-pressure (even 4D pressure ) as the 3-D printing is a process in which the material layer is applied by layer and so three-dimensional objects ( workpieces ) are generated, but here also the fourth dimension, time , is taken into account for finished workpieces. As a result, the objects can move and / or change under a certain sensory trigger such as contact with water , heat , vibration or sound ( intelligent material ). 4D printing is in the early stages of development and combines multiple sciences such as bioengineering , materials science and engineering , chemistry and computer science, and engineering .
Hypothetical areas of application
The possible conceivable areas of application are:
- House and garden (e.g. automatic assembly of furniture, adapting lawn field)
- Building security , architecture , environmental protection and energy technology (e.g. self-regenerating pipes)
- Clothing and textile industry (e.g. for adapting to the weather)
- Aerospace engineering , transport and traffic engineering (e.g. adaptation of the material to environmental conditions, shape-changing spacesuit, self-assembling barriers)
- Medical technology and biology (e.g. implants that grow with the child , bioprinter )
Advantages and disadvantages
By using 4D printing processes, objects can be transported in a more space-saving and cost-effective manner. In addition, in contrast to 3D printing, movement or deformation triggered by sensors can also be caused, which turns the objects into intelligent materials .
The technology is at an early stage of development and many questions remain unanswered. For some applications, other sensory systems are currently more useful or at least cheaper.
Individual evidence
- ↑ 4D printing: 3D printing + time = 4D printing - Golem.de . ( golem.de [accessed December 28, 2017]).
- ↑ Yi-Chen Li, Yu Shrike Zhang, Ali Akpek, Su Ryon Shin, Ali Khademhosseini: 4D bioprinting: the next-generation technology for biofabrication enabled by stimuli-responsive materials . In: Biofabrication . tape 9 , no. 1 , 2017, ISSN 1758-5090 , p. 012001 , doi : 10.1088 / 1758-5090 / 9/1/012001 ( iop.org [accessed December 28, 2017]).
- ↑ a b c Harald Czycholl: Medical technology: 4D printing almost brings products to life . In: THE WORLD . February 22, 2014 ( welt.de [accessed December 28, 2017]).
- ↑ Konradin Medien GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen: Applications of modern printing technologies | know.de. Retrieved December 28, 2017 .
- ↑ Clothing fiber from 3D printer cools the body. Retrieved December 28, 2017 .
- ↑ 4D printing: Researchers present new process . In: t3n News . ( t3n.de [accessed December 28, 2017]).
- ↑ 4D printing: the cabinet builds itself up . ( handelsblatt.com [accessed December 28, 2017]).
- ↑ apa, sda: Printing in four dimensions . ( futurezone.de [accessed December 28, 2017]).